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THE CHINESE DRAMA."
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attention is the play called The Peach Blossom Woman, explaining that Taoism is far superior to both Confucianism and Buddhism. The origin of the name Peach Blossom aman might be free from the fact that the word for peach Blossom and tavist have the same pro nunciation but different characters The play is the story of the lady called Peach Blossom Woman, with the most super- natural power, and of how she defeated the other ethics and religions. evidently casts a sidelight on the yogue It of Taoismu at that time. But one must come to the plays of manners and customs for interestin episodes and circum stances. What happens more often in the plays is the exposure of knave under the light thrown by a wise judge;
The plays to-day admitted as the pro- it shows that the plays were used to ducts of the Ming dynasty are three advantage for moral purposes. The name hundred in number, but the best works of Pae Lungi'u will be found always forare contained in the book calla"The the wise judge; it originated in the fact that the eminent judge called Pao Cheng administered affairs wonderfully in the age of the Sung dynasty.
his parents were on their way to join him when he went to a temple to pray to Buddha for their safe journey, he accidentally picked up the rolled-up pictures of his parents which his former wife had dropped. The portraits were wife, now the beggar, gained admission sent unopened to his house. When the to her husband's house by accident, the truth was revealed after a few misunder | standings; the second wife, who was in she should leave a note for her husband full sympathy with her, suggested that in the study, which, together with the pictures of the dead purents, was enough introduction. The end was, of course, the happiness of the husband and his two wives
The development of the Chinese draina was of a rather late date, when it is considered that the fnot that China had quite a creditable civilisa- tion and literature. 300 years before Christ. Like any other artistic do- velopment, it is not difficult to trace. The Chiness drama came into existence under the Yuan dynasty (1200- 1368)—that is, under the Mongolian rule, The Northern tribes, mest intrepid, almost savage, rushed down like the, sweeping blast over the Chinese dominion, only to brush away the time-honoured eulture and ethics which, with patience and study, the Chinamen had developed to well-nigh perfection. It was a dark age at least, at the beginning of the Mogol rule when the men of wisdom and literature were without power, in fact, outcast to the saddest degrçc: The offices Fhigh and worthy were filled by the Mon- golian called Tichmuer). At that time the proverb "The ninth is a scholar and the tenth a beggar was invented; that means that the class of scholars who led and governed the country during the long thousand years suddenly lost its dignity and respect, to take the low place, that next to the beggars, the last of human society. It goes without saying that the scholars, were then almost starving it was from necessity that they at once mingled with the ignorant masses through whose support they found their tare existence. They clearly wiped off their old history that it was they who taught and looked after the common people, but now they began to cater for tastes and desires, and even, so to say, to wheedle and cajole the masses with their know- ledge of letters. Where they thought of
time, now they studied how to amuse the people; the popular dramas were the most natural things for the men of letters to invent... And there was another reason that hastened the dramatic development that was the general encouragement of the Mogul Government, who came soon to know that it would never be complete without letters and art. To educate the Mogol people in general was thought most important by the Government for strengthening her sovereignty; the music which accompanies the plays when acted made the Chinese culture accessible to even their uncouth minds. And it was the easiest way for them to understand the general customs and humanity of the Han people. The country's peace would bo difficult to attain, it was thought, without having perfect accord between the Mongols and Hana. However, it was the conquerors' dignity to persuade, even command, the Chinese dramatists new in existence to use their own Northern sounds for their work. This sound, as if
Sixty Plays And among these sixty is Northern, always flat, inevitably slow,
pieces, the works of Wung Yencher and as a result highly vigorous and effective,
Tung Liuchuan are said to be of the being applied to the existing six la (upper musical) and six-lz (lower accord) As a re-action against the great
highest water-mark: the especially well- of the original music, created the nine popularity of the Northern plays, thenown plays of the latter are the pieces tunes called Chin Kung. And these nine so-called Southern plays appeared, as it rally called The Four Dreams." Chin Kung are used according to the will be seen, using the Southern sound thing is said to be The Peony Dream. And among those four dreams, the best nature and species of the play to be that is to say, the real Chinese sound, The plot of the play is this: A young Some tunes existed originally of soft and melodious. It was when the lady, so to say hidden within deep little thirty-three notes, some of fifty Mogol dynasty already began to fall and windows, meets in her dream with a four, and again others of 132. There the Ming age started to rise, fore, it takes a tremendously long hour Southern plays had a far wider audience, dies from her longing for him.
The handsome young man, and afterwards: to finish the whole one set of Chin Kung as they would appeal to people of both from beginning to and, and the result South and North; their auference from extraordinary affair goes farther, whoo could be only to let the interest flag. To the Northern plays is not only in the the young man of whom the lady dreamed make the play more strong and compact, sound they speak, but also in the man-
appears by her grave three years later the dramatist used his own liberty, toners of the actors upon the stage, as all and calls her dead spirit to awake. Not select some appropriate botes, ten or the actors sing, unlike those in
only the written text is done in the most fifteen or thirteen, for his work, and to Southern plays, in which only the hero clever style, the story itself is highly un acquit himself before the audience had and heroine are permitted to sing. And
Lafcadio Hearn used it to fime to become sleepy.
As I said bofore, the Northern sound the materials they used for the plays were advantage for one of his stories, doubt- is heavy in comparison with the Southern vastly different, as they were borrowed less through the Japanese version, and
or adapted mostly from the stories of the called it The Peony Jantern. - sound. The instrument used on the stage Tang dynasty. What can be well com popularity of this Tung's work may be is-raninly the lute of high pitch, while thepared in the Southern plays with The seen by the fact that he has many insta Southern plays, which are a later development, principally rely on the
Story of the Western Pavilion among the tors; for instance, Wu Shihcho with his flute, delicate and sad, to fit the Southern Northern plays is, without any discus Four Dreams; but Tung's dream plays. Bound. When the so-called Southern son, Kao Tse Cheng's Pachi, or are admired by the Chinese critice, who plays became popular side by side with Story of the Guitar, which is ranked by say that there is none to compare with the Northern plays the Chinese drama many admirers as the finest of all Chinese them in the past, and they will have no
It is variously arranged in parallel in the future. might he said to have reached completion; plays.. but it was natural that it started with various editions in twenty-four or forty-
dynasty for artistic development in the Southern taken with the text, long passager having the Manchus (thin Manchu plays. Among the Northern plays the been interpolated and many other changes dropped its final curtain only a fow most highly respected and widely known made. Its first performance took place months ago), the best-known Chinese piece is rising Chi; or, The Story in 1704. The play, it is said, was based dramatist was Li Weng, whose famous of the Western Pavilion, written by Wang on the true story of the author's friend, ten plays influenced nearly all the Of his who actually rose from poverty to high Japanese novelists of the Tokugawa Shih Fu, in sixteen scenes. history almost nothing is known except rank. A brilliant young graduate and feudalism. Beside this, Li K'ung Yoo the his lovely wife were living, as was cus- with The Peach Blossom Fan, and Hung. the fact that he flourished in thirteenth century, and has thirteen plays tomary, with the husband's parents, Fungshi with The Eternal Palace, are to his credit. If, as a certain Chinese before he set off to the capital to take his widely known names. The Peach Blossom critic remarks, this play, si Hsiang Chi, final degree. He left his young wife and is a beautiful story. The young lady deals largely with wind, flowers, snow, parents in the kind care of his benevolent culled Li was once attacked by a ruffian, and moonlight, it is only a euphemistic friend. The Emperor instructed one of and to defend herself she used her own way of saying that it is a story of passion his Ministers to take the young man, ian, which accidentally wounded her and intrigue. A lady was staying at a when he gained the coveted position of white brow. With the blood she shed a certain temple, perhaps for devotional Senior Classic, as a son-in-law; and his famous artist drew the picture of a exercise, where alsu a young, comely refusal, on the ground, it is said that peach-blossom; that is how such a title the feet of the Minister's daughter were was given to the play. In the play the student happened to be living. It was this student who saved the two ladies too large, was ignored, and the marriage inner life of a king who lived in Nanking was carried out by force. In the most is minutely drawn, casting a sidelight in from falling a prey to brigands, and was promised, as a proof of their gratitude, effective scene of the wedding the young the history of the age when the Ming the hand of the daughter in marriage man was asked by his new wife to sing, dynasty declined as a fallen pagoda, When the mother resented the daughter's and he sadly sang Far from his true e Eternal Palace, as based on Po engagement, the young scholar was left love and, again, when he consented to Chu-i's famous ode called The Ever- sad and disconsolate. The young lady's sing The wind through the pines," he lasting Wrong seng an. Emperor's maid served at this juncture to bring the cried, singing instead. Oh, for Dy lamentation over his mistress' death, play to a happy end, after a series of home once more.".
In the meantime the family he had left and then a strange communication with her spirit from the world of shadows clever schemes.
The whole nutaber of the plays written behind had been overtaken by various beyond the grave. It is a subject the under the Yuan dynasty amounts to 549, misfortunes. The old father died soon later poets and dramatists often used. but many of them are lost in China. Iafter the mother's death, the young have upon my table Yuan Ch'u Hsuan devoted wife he had left at home did not Chiang Tsangyuan is one of the three Tea Chi"; or Miscellaneous Selections know how to buy a coffin except by selling eminent writers the Manchu dynasty pro- of Mogol Plays," in eight thick volumes, her own long hair. The next difficuity duced; he bas nine plays to his credit. which contain 100 best-known plays. was to raise à tumulus over the grave; But, after all, this dynasty, which lasted They are divided into three classes the she fell asleep from fatigue when the more than three hundred years, added historical plays, the plays of manners was attempting to do it with her own nothing to the Chinese dramatic develop- to-day when the dynasty has fallen to and customs and the plays of love and at the Genii of the Hille were ment. The question we wish to put passion; and, besides, we have seventeen moved by her filial devotion, and sum- plays I mean in that miscellaneous tuned the White Monkey of the South give place to the Western idea of Re-.
She Will the Chinese drama change to with Taoism, and the Black Tiger of the North, who publicanism and Democracy, is this: selection-which deal Buddhism, Cenii, and Ghosts. The plays completed the tumulus at once.
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of love and passion are most distinguish started to the capital it search of her Western form? Or, in another expres od in the point of literary achievement; lost husband; the portraits of her dead sion, Will Chine soon adopt the or seems that such a they help us to understand the way of parents that she drew were a means of Shaw or others as Japan her neighbour humanity of that age. The plays dealing her obtaining alms, and she sang most is doing to-day! with Taoism, Buddhism, Genii, and
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