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THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, WEDNESDAY, MARCH 10xx, 1909.
WAR OF SCIENCE AGAINST. THE
DEADLY MOSQUITO.
(Contiated from page 3.)
PARASITE OF MALARIA,
In the early nineties, after my roturu from abrous, I interested myself in the malaria parasite, discovered some time before by Laverun in Algiers. Perhaps I might explain that the malaria parasite is a little or ganism like a miniature amroba, which tros in tho interior of the red blood vorpuscles of the human body. It multiplies there by a process of division, the process being.completed every forty-eight or ovovy seventy-two hours, according to the particular kind of the malaria parasite concerned. Up to that time the process by which the parasite managed to pass from ong human body to another had never been explained, Many conjectures bad been made, but none of them on examination had been found to apply. In 1894-I was very much interested in a certain phase of the malaria parasite, which som authorities, indeed most authorities, looked upon as a moribund condition of the parasite. r what they called the "agony form of the parasite. It only occurs when the blood has been withdrawn from tho human body. Certain forms of the little parasity in these circum stances escape from the blood corpuselos. They become, as it were, agitated, wriggle, und move about. Then suddenly they threw ont long. swinging, bashing arms, many of which may break away and swim about as inopolent votee,
Now as this peculiar phonomenoa ocenrred only when the parasite was withdrawn from the human body, many authorities, as I have said, looked upon this appearance as an indication of the agony preceding the death of the parasite in the abnormal and uncongenial conditions in which it fond itself. I spent much time in watching these Indies, and I ventured to in terpret the facts in quite a different way. I reamined thus: The malaria parasite, like the Filaria, to pass from me to an, must somehow eave the human body. It ja inespably of doing. so by virtue of its own effort, because it is en- closed in a red ccrpuscle of the blood, as the Filaria is enclosed in a sack. Therefore, some blood-sucking animal, probably the moquito, which frequents the haunts of malaria, may this particular spent, and because these agony forms-flagellated bodies they were called- come into existence only when the parasite has beer removed from the humsu body then must be the earliest form of the extra-corporeal phase of the malaria parasito. If you examine a the human bly suffering from malaria, you drop of blood izmediately it is withdrawn from never encounter these wriggling, tagellating bodies. But if you keep it for a little while you may see those flagellated bodies gradually evolve from non-flagellated forms. I considered that in ustural conditions this development must occur in malarial blood ingested by the mosquito. I felt convinced for many reasons, epidemio logical as well as biological, that the mosquito was the intermediary of the malaria parasite, HOUSE in MOUNTAIN VIEW for one just as I had shown it to be the intermediary of
or two years.
tire Filario. Apply
DENNYS & BOWLEY. Hongkong, 28th Juanary, 1909."
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TOS. 2&3, BEACONSFIELD ARCADE, A 6-ROOMED HOUSE Furnished or
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facing the l'arade Ground.
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MOSQUITO-MALABIA; THEORY. Being in England, I was quito unable, for want of material, to testand work upon this hypothesis. But I thon ht the idea, if expresseil, might lead someone else to endeavour to substantiate it, and so I wrote a paper on the subject, which I sent to the British Medical Journal. The editor said the idea soumed a good one, and asked why I did not go to work проп it myself. Uu- fortunately I had to plead res augunta domi. I was unable to spare six or eight months from my practice. Of course, to have worked out the ides I should have been obliged to
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two or three individuals who were to live augst the fever-stricken population, and to rain and the emanations from the soil, but who expose themselves all day to the sun, wind, a 1
were to retire for the night before sunget-that is to say, before the mosquitoes came out to a pacial house, where they would be completely f netting. I said that if these men remained protested from mosquito luvasion by wire-guate healthy throughout the fever season, whilst the people living around them were ill and eren dying of maloris fever, then the mosquito- malaria hypothesis must be correct. At the sme time. I was going to carry out another experiment. Friends in Rome were to send to
e in London by rail mosquitoes which had fed on marin patients, and those insects were to be put on people in London who had never bad inalaris. I confidently anticipated the result. Both these experiments were carried out, and bath wars absolutely snoressful. Dr. Sambon and Low and Mr. Terri and some friends lived in the Roman Campania in the height of the fever season for many montba with absolute inpanity as regards malaria.
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Two people, my son and Mr. Warren, senior!! laboratory Resistant at the London School of Tropical Medicine, ware bitten by the imported Africa will happen elsewhere. Increased mosquitoes which had been fed on malaria facility for apld travel implies the spread of
Two disease. patients in the Roman Campania.
There are several tropical ligases, wooks after they were bitten they were notably malaria and yellow fever both roosquito- borne diseases which are still geographically malaria were fouad in their blood. So zoon as
Funished 5 Rooms, for and had many talks with him on the malaria and scientific men, have absolutely confirmed this extend their range; that with the spening
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́ ́HUMPHREYS. ESTATE ANU Moon Kevait, from 1st April to and ofte said he would like to work at my theory on places where malarial lever is rife, the practical of rapid steamiers across the Pacific, yellow fover
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by the British Medical Association for this purpose, on condition that the Royal Society would I pat ap a similar amount, which, however, they could not sos their way to do. So my chance of personally working out my mosquito malaria theory fell throngh.
About this time I mot Professor Ronald Ross, other problems. When my paper, was-gablished his return to India. This he did, working most ouergetically, feeling his way, and going for. ward step by step, hoping to find a solution of inom eure, already been saved by appropriate lief alan is that if measures are not taken to pre-MUTARE, the well known coal mine, nea the problems. At first he had bad luck in some lack of material, after having attained a certain degree of success, amounting in his mind and in my mind to an assurance that we were on the right track, he had to give up the work for a period
Nos. 3 & 5. LYERMOON VILLAS, F4 Top Blora, (over Caldbook MacGregor). of his stations, and at one time, owing to the
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For further particulars apply to→
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[403
bird.
៥
not then proceeded with. Some years age an American Commission, which had been sent out to study yellow fever, took the matter up again, and have shown that a certain kind of mosquito,
THE MORAL
Special attention is invited to the fact that, Karaten, has lately been taken over by the Company, sad is now being worked on erger scale.
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inalaria country. A sum of money was promise suffering from malarial fever. The parasites ofted; that is to say, there are pisces where TSU
the success of this latter experiment was esta- they do not occur. For instance, there is no blished the subjects of it were treated, of course, yellow fover in Asia er East Africa. As regards words they were liable from time to tirar to at Lalands; Fiji for one is free. My belief is that with quinine. But for any months after-malaria. it does not exist in many of the Pacific backs of malarial fever. These experiments, if precaution are not taken in time, both of and the work of Professor Ross and many other these diseases, yellow fever and malaria. will
៥) • mesquite malurial theory, and now. in most the Puro Canal and by the repeated the application of this theory is leading to in will be introduced into the Sandwich Islands, portant advance in sanitation. Many lives hare, Manils, and to the Continent of Asia. My be precautions, and I have not the slightest doubt vent the introduction of fever-carrying mos that it these fute such manuren, vil is in sales, into some countries hitherto free from portant factors in the settlement and civilisation malaria, by and by the countries will be. of tropical lands
instead of healthy, exceedingly unhealthy and malarious-that the experience of the Mauritius HAVANA FREED FROM YELLOW FEVER. The saccess of the mosquito theory, both as
will be repented elsewhere. You know in the time regards filaria and malaria, meant that the idea of Paul and Virginia the Mauritius was a I suggested to him that, failing human sab.of ineoot transmission was not to stop at these veritable heaven por earth. At the present jecte, he might work out the life history of the two diseases: A good maur year ago it on
time, as regards health, this island in cantsinly corresponding parasites in birds, no closely surred to Findlay, of Havana, that the mosquito quite the zorerie. In su avil day the malaria resembling those of man, and after a time of that country might be the agent for the mosquito was carried to the Mauritius, and now Professor Ross took up this idea, which he worked spread of yellow fever, just as I had shown it, to the stud is full of them, and correspondingly, Codes, Al, ABC 5th Ed. Western Uni out to the brilliant conclusion which all the be the means by which tilaria is spread Hunhealthy. What guantes have we that in world knows. He traced the malaria of birds made several experiments, some of which seemed suds under like climatic conditions into the mosquito. He traced it from the to countenance the idea.
Fiji and the andwich Islands- similar cola- Bat the sabject amity way not occur? mosquito's stomach into the salivary glands, down the proboscis, and back again into the To show that the same thing applied
This is the moral I would like to impress upon to the parasite of humma malaria was almost
you, and which I should like some of your men- work of supererogation. It was however, if it feeds on a yellow fever patient daring the bers, who love greater power of expression and quickly clone
the entire satisfaction of first three days of the disease, contructs the virus persuasion than I have, to impass upon the scientific men, capable of judging of the of yellow fever; that if this insect so-infected is public. Discovery in of little use unless it has reliability of the investigation. A erucial ex kept for some ten or twelve days, being carefully practical application. The practical application LODOWNS, Nos. 95, 96 and 97, PRAYA periment was conducted by certain Italian fed the while, and is then allowed to bite of the discovery that these varians insects are AS SUPPLIED TO THE HOUSE OF
scientists, whereby malaria was communicated sousons who has never had yellow fører, it will the distributors or conveyors of disasse germs. to men by mosquitoes which "had" fed on a coufer yellow fever on the individual so is the immediate enforcement of meayares
· Apply-
CHATER & MODY,
malaria patient. The experiment was this: bitten. Furthermore, they came to the cousin which will tend to repress these, permis. Victoria Buildinga.
Mosquitoes were allowed to feed on a person sion that this is the only way in which yellow Why does dump get the credit of caus Hongkong, 1st February, 1909, · [264
suffering from malaria. After an adequate time fever is communicated, and that the infecteding disease? Damp is not the came of disease. bad elapsed, these mosquitoes were fed on other mosquito retains its capacity for the transmission It is damp in the form of paddle and swamp men who were free from malaria, the other men of yellow fever for an indefinite period certainly that is so admirably suited to the mosquito, a TO LET
in due course got malaria. This proved the for two months. That discovery has rid Havana dap-losing insect. Why does dirt gut the theory conclusively. But, notwithstanding the of yellow fever, and that discovery is enabling credit of breeding disease? It is not the dirt public were by no means willing to accept the confirmation by this direct experiment, the the Americans to construct the Panama Canal, but the tick and other parasites which are car- The sucess of these investigations the maseriers of germs, which thrive in dirt. I should theory or to apply it practically, and, indeed, of the mosquito has stimulated further work on j like you to encourage the spread of this rudi- there was the objection of the possibility other bloodsmoking hots, and now know of a mentary, axiomatic idea in the etiology of dix- of fallacy owing to the oireamatance that good many other diseases which are so ease. Get peoply thoroughly to grasp hese these Italian experimenta were carried out transferred. We know that a certain tick ideas, and then they will act upon them. Pre- in amalarious district Many Langhel, conveys an important disease of cattle - Texas vention is better than care, and do not forget regarding the whole thing in the light of fever-which prevails in many parts of the the hint of the prevoutable, calamity which I a joke. They ridiculed the idea that so feeble world, making serions inroads on pastoral indus. consider is hanging over Asia and the Pacific by Portions of MARINE LOTS Nos. 31 & 36
and insignificant en insect as the mosquito by. We know that a similar disease in dogs is the possible, I would say probable, spread of 101 PRAYA EAST. Approziniste AREA CHILDREN OF FAR. CATHAY could so seriously damage so big and lordly an conveyed by ticks. There is proof that the yellow fever to the former and malaria to the 43,000 SQUARE FT. 999 YEARS' LEASE.
animal as man,
For a long time the ides tse toy acts in a like manner as regards the flylatter by the introduction of disease-carrying For Particulars, apply--
was poohed, and abeoiately denied
diseases of cattle and the fly disease-the rects. ME. CHAMBERLAIN'S PROMPT ACTION. alcoping sickness of man We know that Sir Patrick Manson resumed his seat umid at there was one was in England at that a certain kind of tick is the medium by prolonged applause... to who recognised to the full the importance which a most serious kind of African forer- of the discovery, and who realised the necessity relapsing forer is conveyed. We are fairly anes of bringing it home to the public. That man that other diseases are conveyed by bags and Secretary of State for the Colonies. When I discovery of this description is being made, and was Mr. Joseph Chamberlain. He was then lice, and so on. Almost every month fresh asked him for a sum of money to enable me to doubtless the result will be practical measures carry out certain experimente, which I thought which will tand to minimise the dangers of these could not fail to carry conviction to doubters diseases, if not actually succeed in preventing and sexffers, he at once placed the necessary them. Hundreds of workers are nak busying fund at my disposal.
themselves with these problems.
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[399
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A SOCIAL AND POLITICAL NOVEL OF AHORMING INTEREST, By CHAS. J. HALCOMBE (Formerly of the Imperial Chinese Customs Service, Author of The Mystic Flowery Land," etc.).
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OOMS in HOTEL MANSIONS, suitable for Pages, and includes a Sketch Plan of WE VOLUME which consists of 461 historical interest showing the disposition of the Forces at the battle of Kweilin, is dedicated to Sir ROBERT HART, G.C.M.G. and Dr. A RENNIE.
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I was asked about that time to give a lecturo at
TERRORS AND BENEDIES OF THE FUTURE. the Colonial Institute upon the subject of malaria.
Those of us who have seen the progress of In the course of this lecture I told my audionce events of late years in Africa fare been struck that I was convinced of the truth of the malaria with the remarkable way in which diseases mosquito theory, but that the public were by no which had hitherto been confined to very means of the same way of thinking. I said I had limited areas are gradually extending over received a sum of money from the Colonial greater part of the Continent. This, un To be obtained from Messrs. KELLY & WALSH Office, which I was going to devote to two doubtedly, in the result of the moving of the LTD., Messrs. BREWER & Co., or from the experiments, which, if successful, must carry population, of increased facilities of travel Printers and Publishers, the "HONGKONG Conviction. I was going to send out to the most and 80 forth--the opening up of the DAILY PRESS" Ofec.
malurious part of Italy-the Roman Campania Dark Continent. What is happening in
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