WHITHER, CHINA ?
RIYORM AND COUNTER-KEFJAM.
By Archibald B. Colquhoun.]
THE HONGKONG DAILY PRESS, SATURDAY, JULY 6тn, 1907.
anomaly, which has nover seemed su anomaly to the Chinese themselves, alwaye Bocustomed to a gonerous share of provincial self-government and too lacking in homogeneity to develop a national spirit.
tion more effective. One of the most important of these was the Board of Communications, and one of the officiale appointed to this was Tang Shao-yi--the protégé of Yuan Shih-ai-who is well known as a progresive Cantonese, although he was one of the supporters of the "China for the Chinese doctrine. Among other matters referred to the Board of Communications (which It has become chrions, even to those who were has complete charge of all railways, navigation, most optimistic as to the sincerity of the telegrapha, and postal arrangements) was the Chinese Government in promoting reform, that Tientsin-Tangle trak line. The negotiations a wave of reaction has set lu. As a matter of for the Anglo-German loan in connection with fact the actual policy of the Peking anthorities this most necasanry actory of trade ware practi- has never saris. They hate never inckied cally settled in May, 1890, but after long delays reform in any practical up. What they did seemed to be on the patut of completion last year, WAN to smile afficially on certain moments and when they were placed under the Board of to paruit the work of reorgauition which oun Comusications. At the last moment, how or two progressive Viceroys ware aaxious to evur, they were once mom iransferred to new undertake. There luave been innumerable dieta control this time to that of two Viceroys, affecting education, carroncs, uplom- moking,
Ya Shi kai and Chang Chih-tung, taxation, and so forth, and a constitution ha latter being an open opponent of the scheme been promised as soon as the people are roudy This is an interesting illustration of the For it. Naturally diets will not necomplish working of a Chinese" Board," but still further reform in themselves without some machinery details are to hand. Tang Shao-y, who is for enforcing them and without considerable recognised by his countrymen as the leader strength of motive behind them. Still, they orented a reform atmosphors and gare official
of the progressive and patriotically Chinese Banetion to the movement from below which is
party, was regarded with suspicion by the Manchas, and as a Cantonese rond the jealousy the vital factor in Chiun to-day. For the last of the powerful Huanese party at Peking
oran, surprising to official weather has changed, and the wind has laws and in advocating administrative reforms, distinctly est in as opposite direction,
One of the most remarkable svidences of this helped to recars the granting of official degrees and as a supporter of Western, learning" he is found in the action taken with regard to the to the students who had taken it instead of the great sage Confucios. On December 30 and Chinese classica. January 6 he was raised to the highest grado Shih-kai were due most of the
To him and his patron Yuan in the Chinces Pantheon-practically he was promised on the return of the Duka Tesi reforma deified. Moreover, a State-subsidized college Tso. The result of bis inconvenient activity was founded in his honour--at his birth pues, was his impeachment not for any crime or bife-which was to be exclusively devoted to mistake, but for making certain appointments the perpetuation of his teaching. Now, it hap The chief appointment criticised was that of a pers that the descendant of Cafucius, seventy-man who, is a graduate of Cornell Univarsily sixth of bis line, the "holy duke" Yon is a MAD much in favour of Western learning." and 1
and a sindent of railway matters, seemed likely to be very useful on the Board. Tau's reply to by no means inclined to see the college given over the accusation was that his appointments hat exclusively to Chinese classics: but the general have anade on the merits of the officers, but he Chinese opinion is that the action taken is distinct attempt to establish in China a State position, and after more than one imprachment was consured and finally removed from his religion (which she has never before possessual) was stripped of all his numerous offices and and to support it through the medium of this State college an attempt can hardly be beanwhile the Board of Communications exited as Governor to Makdev. successful in face of the rare enlighteneffectively block all railway progress, for the educational ferees already at work, hat it cer tainly ranges the pseudo reforming Garernment hang fire for lack of money, and the Board ch-discussed lines to be built by the Chinese on the side of reaction. A traveller through obstracts all schemes with foreign capital in China, from north to seth, recently reported them. The one exception is the Peking Kalgas that the Confuciau temples were being converted line, which the Government is building with into schools and that the greatest eagerness for Chinese engineers. the Western learning prevailed. Such sion does not imply any secrilege, for Confucius conver- bimself was a sage and teacher, not a god recent exaltation considerably increases the anctity of bie shrines and the diffenty of using them for other purposes without incurring the charge of disrespost
*
Such
A
is
this
Arrest
item in the finances, and can hardly be replaced from any other existing source. Eduon- tion is another matter in which it is dificult to gauge the exact position. The Government han certainly movement which it at
attempted to
the
in
first encouraged. The Confucian gressivo Chinese. There is little doubt that the movement is interpreted
Teking authorities would do more if they dared делее by some of the pro-
te provout the spread of West ra learning. The most they are able to do is to retard it by the removal of Furopoon teachers as far as possible and to endoaronr to giva aducation a Chinose sour.
There is no rond te olaborate charges of rotro-
is certain that they are out of sympathy with the gression against the Manchu Government, The case against them is proved upto the hilt, and it progressive element among their people. Still, anxious for reform, do not wi b for a revolution, the PAS: majority, oven those who are most They regard the dynasty as representing the forces of lur
law and order, the rallying point in a hoterogenous Empire. As to the personal infla doubt that, however mush her will may have ence of the Daxiger Empress, there is little
By callsl events the past, she is now the
rup.
This lack of roul nations! unity is the great safeguard of the dynasty to-day. One-tenth of the discontent seething in China to-day would have revolutionised any European country. Bat the Chinese who can think and runson on the subject ano clear that the removal of the Manchus would only open the way for the dis- solution of the Empire. The inter proriucial joanies, the wide sud deply-satud rivalries between north and south, east and w, would Rot alew the areopties of any Chine dynasty without friction. Moreover, the Manon dy- of nobility are foreigu to Chinese ideas. There is nasty has no rival in Chius. Hereditary titlos theno Peerage, no Royal Haus whose history gives ordinary dearth of Chiasso leaders is another at a sin on Chluase aleginnen. The extra feature in the situation. Your Shih kat is practically the only modern leader who would command any large fellowing, and he is a Cantonese, nu regirded with the jealousy and auspicion which other Chinese award to his countrymon, whom they raged an enterprising, oliver, and ambitious, but intensely chaunish creature of circumstances and is swayed by find that while possimism is found not
different members of her entourage as they anc the best-informed and meet rospectable people necessary centrepiece in the ust of Mancha Anglo-Chinesa circle but so mong Chiuesa,
ged in. working on her fears. Her principal value to-day is that she at all events provides the are not in favour of revolution or change of dynasty. Moreovor, this class, conservative to a
intrigues. When she goes there may be more displays still the proverbial Ebinose dislike for themselves, with meaning, that thr: Emporor is degree incomprehensible to the Westoruer,
difficulty in keeping the family together in er, port of the dynasty. It is said by the Chinese hustled." If they desire reform they do distrasi and dislike equally their own hot-will undoubtedly be chosen as a puppet. Should not want to be pushed or rushed into it, and they
not likely to survive his aunt. In that evout his successor, who has not so far been designated, lended revolutionaries and the Westerners who seem inclined to hustle the East,"
Kuang ba falsify these reports and once again bold the reins of power ho will be the most inter The gratest feature in the situation, as aesting figure in modern history. It is impossible ment, or the retrograde aotion of the Govern matter of fagt, is not the anti-dgmatic move- meat but the facial condition of the country, and Interest in outside affairs, it seems certain to predict what his notion wight be, for, despite a general belief that he still retains his intellect Despite China's onormons res porces abe is at which lies at the root of all the problems that his nerves and will power have been sapped. the present moment almost bankrupt: Both the evident at Peking, in the reduction of the power I any case the attempt at centralisation now faxation has been pressed to tho nimest dogrockcoal autonomy gen-rally, will inevitably apst Central and Provincial Teasaries are depleted, of the provincial Viceroys and curtailment of indirect taxation, high euongh already, is the fine lalages which has hitherto been maint as a house-tax or best-tax) Teads at once to riots democracy throughout the country. This may incapable of increase, while direct taxation (such ained between the autocracy at Poking and the restoring the balance by internal development. China into separate governments.
-and there seeing no immediate prospect of yet bring about that oft-threatened division of The reason for this state of affairs is simple. For years China hus been living on her capital, her protégé made tho position of the Viceroy him lifteen millions sterling in 1904 and thirty-three The attack on Ynar. Shih Kai's lieutenant and imparts exceeding bor experts by more than an unpleasant one. The readers of the millions in 1995, while her expenditure seriously Blog Post will doubtless remember the exounds her revenue. The tor and silk industries sensation produced some eighteen months ago are declining, and silver has to be shipped to by the military manmvres in which the Indis in considerable quantities. Despite the u Northara Army, raised by Yuan Shih-kai, torious exactions levied on imperis the Troumry The religious question has not hitherte played displayed Üheir powers to fordigu correspondents. does not profit proporti nately, since the taxes any part with the bulk of the Chiuose people, The Viceroy of Chibi had been at work for ara collected in the proverbisi Chinne eiere, sad with the Government it has been inextric several vote raising these troops, and he Moreover, China has had expensive wars, and is ably mixed with politics. The natural religions maintained them in toleration of both Government and people has officiones by having them not only drilled but But the last straw is the sixty-five millions "state of comparative st present sufering from a dreadful femine. been obscured by the fact that Christianity came paid. The weak point in the system was that sterling exacted by the Powers as cotopenastion to them under oircumstances and in a guise there is no adequate and legitimate source of after the Boxer trouble. To meet the expendi which made it a political and social nad pot revcaue for such an Army, and to raise the tore on interest and redemption of this enormous merely a spiritual fore. It was hoped, some funds he bad to resort to the time-honoured debt the Viceroys and Governors bare boen what illogically, that the Roferm eta see the Chinese objecticus to Christianity of the Dynasty he had won the confidence of a half millions sterling year during the would Chinese custom of "squeeze." Asu u holder obliged to raise an additional sum of over two removed, and the attitude of the Empress the Empress Dowager, and the writer of this Dowager towards missionaries encouraged this article was convinced that bis Army was intended essured on the Customs receipts) and the
Fears 102-10
For the interest on Icars belief. At the present time, however, competent to protect China from internal revolution as well indemnity (secured on the balance of Custains observers in China are convinced that the pre- as from outside attack. But Palace intrigue is receipts, sive Customs at epos ports, and all stronger then ever. The Government still the potent weapon in China, and Mancha revenues of salt gabelle alone on six raillions judico believes that Christianis leads to democracy, jealousies have deprised the Dynasty of its chief sterling yearly has to be paid. While the a and are encouraged in this view by the fact that support YHAD was impeached revolutionaries frequently attach themselves to medhs ago on account of acid a couple of final expenditure is so burdened the ferai tara. mission centres to
expanditu & A lion has been farther inernsed by the ear to the China for than thoes it was intended for. the Chinese doctrine, regard the position and
A Commission years. Every change means a larga payment to was sent to look into resentment. Thus the forces of reaction in the and has lost most of his offices. The
was again impoached, somehow. Government and those of progress among the control of his Army has been relegated relations between East and West of which the There is no chapter in the history of the Chinese people and their leaders are united in to the Beard of War. opposition to the Western foreigner, who cannot imagino the reason for all this. Yuan had great this sixty-five millions indemnity, and there is It is not difvlt to latter need feel less proud than the exaction of Je
regarded apart from his faith. It is a sis niti dieulty in paying his men end getting their rotbing, Forhape, which, directly and indirectly. cant fact that all the Western tencbers have arms and equipment, and bis contribution to been dismissed, although some have served the the king Court undoubtedly suffered. This long been the professed desire of Enzene (at all is more likely to widen the gulf which it has se Chinese with esclute delity, and that the fear was the money which was "diverted to other events) to bridge. At the present moment it of Chrisjuuity being taught in the schools purposes." It pechably does seem "reckless ex- would be hard for China to raise any mere prevents the employment of Westerners in the petiture" to a Chinese Monarch to pay money. She has mortgaged up to the hilt her Fast educational system now being established regularly the wages of a number of common aithengh the scarcity and incpotezce of a diers. Evidently the Board of War will have stability she owed to su Englishman. In the one great ussat, her Maritime Customs, whese native teachers is cricus. Japanese teachers to be more resscuable if its subers intend to present uncertain condition of the Castoms are employed but no Westerners, and the same retain their offices, but one wonders if the same service that asset may even prove to have policy is olearing out all departments of State. spirit of sweet n ascuableness will pursuade the been overrated. Ever the provincial Viceroys have dismissed alliers to do without their pay. Report says lanato, as reform involves expenditure and their European and Amstiesa employees with that much dissatisfaction is felt among them.
This is particularly uufor ihe exception of a few who are retainer, without So much for the Board of Communications the Chinese themselves are net in lied to take internal development awaits capital, sul Mcial status, as advisers" and on a precarious war the Board of War. A third Board remains any risks with the capital they have themselves
which deserves a passing mention. This is no new got together, often creation, but the Board of Punishments."
abnormal thrift. Large still among the recognised legal motbed of ex have entire faith. A few unlucky experiments in It is asserted on good authority that torture is the Anglo-Chinese banks in which the people sums ora invested at a low rate of interest in traeting videre. At Walang not any ative investments have made them aby of their months ago & Chiness who happened to lawn railways or of aey off fally-managed under- Christian, and who was already implicated in crine, was fortured to extract further confes. sinn. This notwithstanding the edict abolishing such methods which was promulgated se ago. Among other futile reforms" wo may some time nestion the Treaty Revision Bureau, established
people, ending secure protection, while the and for diverting money to purposes other continual changes of officials during the last few
nostications there is one reassuring factor and Amid all these gloomy forebodings and prog
Chinese themselves the patient, hard-working, self-respecting race a little known to the that is the three hundred and fifty millions of
dweller in Treaty ports. There is evidence that this great reserve of strength and riches Education-the one thing needful-is penetra- actually awaking to ile own possibilities. ting the most remote corners, and the genius of the Chinese people is at work on this
optimist in China to-day is the men who, of vast problem of their own reuasceroe. It ia
all Europeano, has shown himself the most a significant fact that the eng foreign
acute observer and the most truthful prophet of Chineso affairs. Dr. Morrison never ceases to hear evidence to the fact that, despite all obstruction sud difficulty, forces are at work which are impelling China on an upward path. Law and ordor, enforced by local police, pravail in countless cities and villages in this teeming opened where the nearest approach to Western education that can he got is eagerly sought, and country. Hundreds of modern schools are being
great efforts are being made in all the centres of population, and even in country places, to increase their number and eficiency. The learving or change of sny kind have given way immemorisi apathy and aversion towards new
than their small village or district. thousands of years, have had no wider outlook widening every day for people who, for
schools are being established for girls, while the female education is receiving attention and ETAN
Anti-footbinding Lesgue is making progress.
porsersions of the Christian Church with Letive į and eventually the Chib-Ji Treasury, Poking, which has to be got out of the province to a real deeiro to learn, and the horizon is
tenure.
The period of official friendlin to reform inaugurated a great movement of students to Japan, and, like many pets of the Manchu Government, has brought consequences little fhonght of yite promoters. The Japanese policy of carefully selecting indents who were sent in pairs to the different universities and to study professions and trades in Europeso and American cities was justified by its results. No such sekens was carried out by the Chinese authorities. The students in Tokyo, whose
uuzabere have now swelled to Efteen thousand, have formed a little Chons for themselves, and they sut at the fest of the revolu- tionary leader Sun Yat-sen until he was expelled from the country after the plot to blow up the bouece of certain Genzen vati va Mauchus at Peking. It is imposible for 20 large a community of raw Uliness to benefit by the superior civilisation and envirenment of a Japanese university. They never got the advantage of leaving their own country bebind them, and the most leg sto in to attend a certain aunber of lectures and to get the most surface education in the rudiments of what is cu hemi stically termed "Western harrisg" Jt is from the ranks of these students that young China" ja recanifed, and it le they were Icthening teati dynastic movement through eat the country.
missiovers iwa foreign and two zalive) in sme years since at Shanghat (with four Com linge block offices with a Jurge clorical staff. After many months of work, when valuable results were in sight, each negotiation, wex brcken off by telegrams from Peking. No IDASON Was ever given and the result of all the work and expenditure has been simply uil.
II.
takings. The most fertile course of financial trouble however, is the confusion in the cur rency. It is years since currency reform was sl. method, far from being improved, bas been mooted and promised, but to-day the old lack of aggravated by the wholesale in us rebed
coinage from provincial winte
8
The demienu note among Europouss in tridehose regarding mining, carronoy,
the unfulfihti promises of reform made by the It may be interesting to recapitulate some of Chinese Government. First, the conversion of Foreign Office. All that was done in reality the Tsung-yomes into an effective, modera was to alter the name to Wai-ww.p. change, plus c'est to même chose. Then there were the provisions of the Mackay Treaty, China to-day, and even in many of the best-likin. The Mackay Treaty was a dead letter marks, carigation of inland water, and pesemism. In the first article we sat some good solutions may be mentioned the Imperial informed inte circle, is one of doubt and almost before the ink was dry. Among other if the setrepade steps of the Government in ediot declaring that all official appointments the act few months. The obstinction planed in masi ba wada for merit and qualifications, the most enlightened Chinese officials. Bat the making appointm uts ou this basis Tang Shao- 13. way of progress and disgrace meled out to trained men being given the preference. For It is extremely difficult to estimate the extent
attitude of the Government towards reform was ri has lost his place. CE this movement. Undoubtedly the Peking expened in these columns), genuinely favour to epium reform. There is no doubt that the never, in the opinion of the writer (frequently It is more difficult to speak with certainty an suthoriticare siously alarmed akent it, and amig other measures have reently cstablished thorities at Teking temporised with the Bcials in against the opiar bakit. One of the
10 propres and Western
learning. The sense of the best Chinese, of the Prew, and many an Intelligez ce Depurineatsimilar to the Russian situatier, and yielded what was necessary to greatest lessons learnt from Japan is the Fecel Fenice. A detective police and extra placate their zubjects and to make a showessity for grappling with this national vice
Bre maintained at the palace, while an alica.pt of Piese censorship is made to surpress
before the Western world which they hoped There are ulterior The cilentation of zumous likely to lead to dia- tions imposed on
would seeurs them release from the restric suppress the importation of Indian opium, and reasons for desiring to imbance. it caLuot be doubted that the
them, particularly the it is necessary to take these into consideration, Chiste people have good reach for dissatis country. As there was no immediate sign of the large class of Chinese
extra-turitorial rights of foreigners in their but this does faction with the nasty, which is at presut any relaxation of the West towards China in
But vitiate the case entirely infinanced by a small group of Man- this reapse, and as Western writers have never The clus. The famine district, where 20 adequate ceared to point ent that administrative reform among
nuinely davire to suppress the trafic.
habit is decidedly allin
the taelief work, and was the only basis for any reccnsideration
classes. The the people are not permitted to emi-relations with China, the Government at Pek unequal,
official enforcement grats, is naturelly full of discontent, actively ing, always vacillating and short-sighted, is no
of the antiopium Jaws fon ented by the fecret S
Cbibli Province Societies. But, apart off on from it at, the recent action of the Government Wretera it makes a bid for the allegieuce of its the babit, but in the rest of China the conditions
new tack. In so far sc ite.
In thorough in Canton and in impeaching popular Chinese cificials is caus- subjects, who are in the throes of the birta of of administration make the local enforcement of is auli Kwangsi there is also genuine repression of ing grave diaffection among the northern national self-consciousness and are inflamed by the anti-opian laws merely a matter of chance. The the "Chice for the Chizcee" propaganda. But The greatest hope lies in the conversion of the Peking Goverment is doing vil it car, under where they oppose progress or education, where official classes, and although this cannot be done the guise of administrative reform, to ein they attempt is centralise government in Pek-in a few months it is certainly making progress. tralize
power, and this is not only contrary to ing, they are in direct conflict with the rising In a Chinese tradition but is geographically imprs. tide of democratic feeling. China has always population and area, public opinion is the only sible with a capital so far removed from the been a democratic country in the structure of reliable faster for effecting a genuine reform of
country like China, with centre of Empire.
ber acciety, with one curious anomaly-the national habit. A grave difficulty which On the return of the Duke Tsai Tse from bia Lutoosulio Government at the apex. That this undoubtedly clogs Western four certain new Boardx were establanteersoy has se long been exercised by these of Government coach in this matter is the foot isled with the avowed sim of making administra- į alien blord is only auaccentuation of theapparent that the revenue from opium is a considerable
shera ben mado at
trerps and in the sci
Bruikein provinces.
How more
the
In
upper
the
who
it
wape
BO Feat
wheel of
ܐ܂
iR
the
progress
the popular deraand for educational reform, will more than outweigh the spasmodic reaction One thing is certain. The pressure from below,
from shore. Whether the forces and reaction will collida or whether by degrees
of
possible to predict, but it may safely be said that they will fase into barmonious action it is not in her renascence, as in everything else, the genius of Chins will be that of the giant-big, originality. And the Western world cannot blundering, slow perhaps, but full of force and control, cannot influence, and can only watch it.
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654
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