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220 yards flat race, open to all ages.-D. Rumjahn, 1; J. C. Barros, 2; A. J. V. Ribeiro, 120 yards hurdle race, for boys from 13 to 17. -G. L. White, 1; R. B. Bagley, 2; A. J. V. Ribeiro 3,
High Jump for boys from 10 to 15.-J. II. Witchell, 1; J Lawrence, jun., 2.
100 yards flat race for girls under 10.-N. Rodger 1; A Brandt, 2,
109 yards flat race for girls over 10-A. Lesbriel, 1; E. Rodger, 2,
Quarter mile, open to all ages.-D. Rumjaho, 1; F. Ellis, 2; C. Ozario, 3.
222 yards flat race for boys from seven to 10.-Ng Wai, 1; P. Maxwell, 2.
Throwing the cricket ball; open to all ages; first prize presented by Messrs Ullmann and Co.-D. Ramjahn. 1, L., G. Vincenot 2.
Hall-mile Challenge Cup-Presented by the Hon. E. R. Belilios. C. M.G.-To be won two years in succession before becoming the pro- perty of the competitor. For boys from 14 to 18 years of age. J. C. Barros, 1; Mr. Gulam, 2. Skipping race, open to girls only.-J. Pear- son, 1, E. Rodger, 2.
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300 yards flat race, for Chinese boys over 15.-H. J. Ahee, 1; Kung Kwok Leung. 2.
600 yards flat race, for boys from 13 to 16. -D. Rumjahn, 1; F. Ellis. 2:
7 Furloug fit race, for past pupils only.-D. Benning 1; R. E. Witchell, 2.
100 yards three legged race, open to all ages. A. Ribeiro and E. Humphreys, 1; F. W. Shaw and R. T. Strangman, Z.
Dog racs-H. J. Alves, 1; Ellis, 2; Chan Yang 3.
300 yards flat race for Chinese boys under 15.-Wong Shin Cheung, 1; Ngau-Sai Cheung,
100 yards egg and spoon race, open to all ages.-J. Lawrence, 1; F. W. Shaw, 2; Hung Kwok Leung, 3.
Two-mile bicycle race, for past pupils only.- A. A. Alres, 1; A. E. Alves, 2.
"THE GRIP ON COLONIAL EMPIRE.
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LECTURE BY MR, J. W. JONES.
On Monday evening the 26th inst., Mr. J. W. Jones delivered a lecture, under the auspices of the Hongkong Odd Volumes Society, in the City Hall, on "The Grip on Colonial Empire."
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The Hou. W. MEIGH GOODMAN, who oo- cupied the chair, said this was not he first time they had had the pleasure of list ning to a lecture from Mr Jones., He delivered a very interesting lecture on a previous occasion on Imperial Federation," and he was sure he had taken a great deal of interest in the subject of the colonies of Great Britain. He could romem- ber himself some years ago a gentleman speak ing about our colonies and asking what was the good of them, for as soon as they got powerful they would separate from England, and that it only required us to keep up a very large navy to protect our commerce, and this gentleman seemed to think colonies were of very little use. There was a school which held opinions of that kind some years ago, but he should think that school was rapidly becoming as ex- tinct as the dodo. If anyone asked what was the good of the colonies he thought he might he told that the rst advantage was that they raised England from the position of a small island to the proud position of a world
power power. Then the fact that we bad to have such a large feet to protect our commerce showed that the commerce existed, and that it was our magnificent colonial commerce of which we were so proud which gave occasion for that protection and rendered it necessary. We could not do without that commerce. And thirdly, if anyond asked what good our colonies were to as he should say the best answer was go to South Africa, where we saw the splendid colonial contingent which had come to the aid of the mother country. (Applause.)
Mr. JONES said The activity which Eu. ropean powers have of recent years displayed in Africa, the increasing influence of Russia in Northern Asia. the acquisition by Germany of the port of Kiacchau in the Shantung Pro- vince of China, and the results of the American Spanish war, by which our American kinsmen have acquired the Philippine Islands in the Pacitis, Cuba and other islauds in the West Indies, but more particularly the recent events
THE HONGKONG WEEKLY PRESS AND in South Africa, have turned the minds of all thinking men to the question of Colonial power, and have emboldened me to discuss this very interesting aud absorbing problem.
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GROWTH OF EMPIRE,
The acquisition of Empire may proceed from various causes. It may be the deliberate inten-, tion of the sovereign power as represented sither by the state or by an individual. Re. publican Greece in the early days of the world's history created Empire and Republican Rome by the first Punic War made a deliberate at- tempt to acquire Empire by the subjugation of Carthage. Of individuals, Cyrus of Persia, Alexander the Great, Tamerlane who created a vast empire in Central Asia, Charles V. of Sweden, Napoleon Bonaparte, and Chaką, the Zulu King, are most illustrious examples. Again, Empire may be created by the expansion of trade, as exemplified by the English and Dutch East India Companies, and the recently constituted Chartered Companies in Africa; and again it may be founded by the persecution of a people who feel their political or religions liberty threatened, and who prefer to migrate to a hostile or inhospitable shore rather than submit to the immediate dominion of an un- sympathetic or tyrannical government. caused the immigration of the Pilgrim Fathers into America in A.D. 1621; but however Empire may be founded the difficulty always has been and always will be to retain and develop the territories in possession of the dominant state.
WEAKNESS OF ONE MAN EMPIRE,
Such
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[March 31, 1900.
to the immediate lord. It is clear, therefore, that as one man cannot administer a whole province; he must depute his authority to subordinate deputies, who within their own districts, bave equal powers to the deputy himself. Such a system of government is, extremely incomplete and responsible for much oppression. Again, it frequently happens that remote provinces held by such slender ties to the central govern- ment may revolt and may even become separate independent states, With European dependen. cies the case is different. Separate officers are appointed to discharge particular duties, and although subservient to the Governor of the province are still more subservient to the Cen- tral Authority.
SPAIN
The discovery of America opened up a new sra in the world's history, and Spain, the pioneer of adventure rapidly acquired a world-wide em- pire. In the 16th century the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, the Duchy of Milan and the Netherlands and the greater part of the New World were subject to the authority of the King of Spain. These distant dependencies were too remote from Spain for direct control, and therefore they were governed by viceroys with almost absolute powers. In the govern. ment of alien races. Spain displayed no tactful discrimination. The revolt of the Netherlands was dus to the following causes. '(1.) Forcing ́ ́ Roman Catholicism on a Protestant people; (2.) The constant employment of Spaniards in offices of emolument; (3) The fear of the nobles that their influence would be extinguished. by Spanish aggression. All the European de- pendencies of Spain paid, tribute to the domin- ant state and maintained such troops as sher quartered in their territories.
SPAIN IN AMERICA,
We invariably find that Empire which has been built up by the military genius of one man soon falls into decay, for the simple reason that there is no one of the same commanding genius to succeed the conqueror and administer the territories that have come under his sway; Conquest is one thing; administration is an-
But it is to America that we turn with other. Conquest may be comparatively easy;
much attention, inasmuch as Spain held vast one pitched battle and a country is acquired; dominions there, even to the beginning of this while good administration demands constant century. The government of Spanish-America care and watchfulness and a succession of able was strictly dependent upon the Spanish Mo- men extending through generations. The Em-narchy. All officials were Spanish born. Her pire of Alexander the Great fell to pieces shortly after his death, and Napoleon saw his own Empire crumble to pieces even in his own day, Mahomed raised Empire by the power of the sword, but it exists even to our own day, not so much by the wise administration that charac- terizes it as by the religions fervour which animates the followers of the prophet.
CHANGE OF CONSTITUTION,
viceroys lived in great pomp, splendour and power. They possessed almost regal authority and were alone subject to the Royal Council of the Indies, founded in 1518, which supervised all the Colonies and with the viceroys enacted all laws. The authority of the Royal Council ex- tended to all departments, logislative and executive, and with it lay the final selection of officers nominated by the viceroys.
The Royal conucil was the result of necessity -a supervision on distant and almost absolute governors-and doubtless was the procurser of our Colonial office.
SPANISH POLICY,
Other
In the growth of Empire the constitution of the dominant state often undergoes a change. Republican Rome turned readily to the rule of the Cæsars. Political representation was un known in that day; moreover monarchy has a way of rewarding its adherents that a Republic
Spain created colonies for her own aggran disement. The welfare of the colouists them. has not. Kings of a subject territory will micro readily obey a dominant monarch than they will selves was a secondary consideration to the & Republic, for much of the pomp of the sove- mother country. They were her plantations. reign lord is reflected upon them. Politicians Her policy was to sell dear, and to buy cheap. in a Republican State often among themselves.
She obtained a royalty on all the gold and sil- quarrel and strive for the supreme power, neg
ver produced in her Colonies and raised mono- lecting the interests of the subordinate terri-polies to a fiue art; monopolies of individuals; tories; and even among those States that have monoplies of ports, monopolies on point of the highest fo m of the Republican Government time. She reserved the trade of her colonies to in the life of such a nation it may occur at times herself and thus choked progress. that although Republican in form the Govern. European countries in the treatment of their ment is almost despotic in practice, During colonial trade followed in her footsteps. Eng- the American Civil War of 1860, Abraham land and France, however, ouly in a lesser de- Lincoln was elected to the supreme magistracy groe. Spain was the exponent of commerce in the 16th century and looking at her wealth and power others followed in her methods. By the decimation of native labour in her colonies Spain was unable to develop the vast resources of her colonial Empire. The numerous creoles throughout her dominions found their means of acquiring wealth curtailed. The power of the church was dominant. Revolutions and ware in Spain where succeeded by revolutions and wars in the colonies. Enfeebled Spain was no longer able to dictate her policy to her colonies. They fonght and conquered and South America became a conglomeration of Spanish Republics European aud Oriental forms of government and the power of Spain was gone. The inhabi- over dependencies. In Oriental Empire distant-lity, to develop the vast territories that came and even near provinces are governed by de- into the possession of Spain was the main canse of her downfall. Develope or stagnate is the paties, who, within their own provinces, are absolute. They possess the full powers of a significant teaching in Colonial Empire. Re sovereign; they levy taxes. raise troops, decide tard development even in the slightest degree and the more enterprising colonists when they questions of life and death and administer the
feel themselves in a position to do so, will throw off the yoke of the mother country and develop their possessions under their own lawa.
of the Federal states with almost unlimited powers. He called forth troops in such num. bers for the prosecution of the war that Napoleon even in his greatest distress in the cam- paign of 1813 never dreamt of; and Gambetta, in the life struggle of the newly created French Republic of 1870, after the defeat at Sedan, wus virtually dictator of that nation's existence and called all men to arms and made generals at his will.
ORIENTAL AND EUROPEAN GOVERNMENTS. But let us tara to the consideration of
iaw.
In fact they carry on the whole routine of government on their own initiative with this one exception, that all surplus taxes are remitted