RED
THE CHINA MAIL,- TUESDAY, DECEMBER 1, 1958.
THREAT IN THE
HIGH
N Tibot's high plains
little stirs except the pravor wheels and the
Tho
her
HIMALAYAS
By James Wickenden
Pakistan and
the Communist world.
This double administration la expensive but 'profitable,
For Morcow's immediate in- terest in these comote regions centres on the rich deposite of ore essential to modern arma- ments uranium molybdenum,
mercury, tungsten · and several others.
But in the mosques today Communists are firmly only a few old men kneel at prayer. The young men Bro dosed with continuous propa- gando from the loud-speakers The main uranium mines are in the village squares, and only about 250 miles north of their god is Communiam,
the Pakistan, separated by In Bokhara, where they western end of the Himalayas, this area Includes some of the world's which In finest carpets, apprentices no Stalin Peak (over 24,000 feet). longer.
Work stop Mecca.
wind moaning through more lively' on the Indian side states between banks of rhododendrons and of the border. deadly nightshade. It has been like that for centuries. established in Kashmir and
But down in the valleys Nepal.
Agitators aro busy running from China. to around Simis, India's former India squat little Tibetans hot weather capital and where are now digging.
best potatoes
are grown Among the tea-pickers of As- They are building a road, sam there is more infiltration of It leads towards west Communist agents. Tibet,, where more digging
Thus right across the northem goes on. In this land of
frontier the Communists are in lamas and levitation, two full swing with a political pres- airfields are nearing comple- ruro compaign. tion-the sequel to the Com- munist invasion of Tibet in 1960.
At that time it seemed to be one of those events which rouse the world's in- terest for a couple of days and then is forgotten.
Now the fruits of that remote thrust are daily growing dangerous. Soon along that road it will be possible to move an army to the passes leading into
India.
+
Mighty Barrier
This will alter the greatest und most unclent strategic fact In Asla the impassability to large armed force of the mighty Himalayan barrier.
4
At the moment In Garlok, Tibet's nearest main city to In- dia, there is only a company of Chinese Infantry. This is known to Indian Intelligence, which is keeping a close watch on the frontier.
And, on the other side of the mountain, is the road which one day may link China's soldiers to India's stocky, discontented mountain peasants.
Strategic planners In Delhi must consider how they спа afford to
divert somo forces from the Pakistan frontier to- words the north - as a pre- cautionary measure.
Pakistan's Problem
While they ponder this prob- lem, Pakistan's army staff have no reason to congratulate them- selves on a heaven-sent diver-i sion of Indian attention.
Pakistan, also, has la distant Communist threat.
It is not as cbvious or as DR the menace 10 pressing India but it can be read in the signs
increasing of Moscow's interest
reuthern Kazakh- stan and Uzbekistan.
and
These southern states of the Soviet Socialist Republics lie directly north of Kabul. the Khyber Poss-the tradition- al invasion route from the West to the plains of the Indian continent.
Indeed, while the Chinese go about their plans without atir or excitement, the alluation is trics,
and
As nominally Moslem coun- they reted buffer
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Instead of government by local-bred officials, as Moscow always boasts, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan * and' Kirgistan ruled by the Kremlin's men.
are
They sit in important offices to keep a guiding hand on the decision of local authoritics.
Round the mines are stationed police posts and large Red Army units every few miles.
The presence of police is normal found apanium, mines, But the Soviet troops are not needed for security. No country threatens the region.
Pakistan and India have some- thing bigger to consider their local quarrel over Kashmir. i wer came, invasion of the great continent could follow quickly and in strength.
SHIP M
MARS S
Cummings
"I really shall have to get him transferred when we get back—I'm just about sick and tired of these fantastic scories of ONE-headed men on the radar' screen,"
London Express Service
"TRIUMPH AND TRAGEDY"
CHAPTER 15
MY TALKS WITH THE
RUSSIAN
The Prime Minister and Mr
LEADERS
By Sir Winston Churchill
at war with Japan. Gen, once, and he promised to take our two countries. Stalin made Admiral. Horthy had been arrest- Antonov then made a very part in the first one hingell. frank statement about the situation on the Eatsern Front, the difficulties which confronted Russian armies, and their plans for the
Stalin
of
intervened from
S the days passed only slight A
improvement was made with the testering sore of Soviet- Polish affairs. The Poles were
a line of demarcation be-
Keveral expressions of personal cd by the Germans us a precau- regard, which I feel sure were tion how that the whole German sincere. But I became even front in Hungary was disinte more convinned that he was by grating. I remarked that I hoped no means alone. An I said to my the Ljubljona Gap could be colleagues at home, "Behind the reached as fast as possible, and horseman sits black care."
Eden, visiting Moscow in 1944, had secured the presence there of the exiled Polish Prime Min- ister, M. Mikolajczyk, and two
of his colleagues from London. On Oct. 13 he pressed the Poles to consider de facto acceptance of the "Curzon Line" as a frontier with future. Russia. He also urged friendly discussion with' the Communist "Polish time to time to emphasise wing to accept the Curzon Line National Committee," set points
WITH special signi- tween Russia and Poland." The up by the Russians in ficance, and concluded by Russians insisted on the words Lublin.
assuring us that the Rus as a basis of frontier between Rusalu and Poland." Neither side sian armies would press would give way. T ten o'clock the vigorously and continuously
same evening we into Germany and that we would be repudiated by his own met the so-called need not have the slightest
talk of two hours and a Polish National anxiety that the Germans people, and Stalin at the end of Committee. It was soon would be able to withdraw quarter which I had with him
troops from
that he and remarked alone their Molotov were the only two of plain that the Lublin Potes any
those he worked with who were were mere pawns of Russia. Eastern Front.
favourable They had learned and re-
to dealingsaftly". There
doubt with Mikołajczyk. no
I was sure hearsed their part so care whatever that the Soviets there were strong pressures in fully that even their mas intended to enter the war the background, both party and ters evidently felt they against Japan as soon after milliary, were overdoing it.
A
was
the defeat of Germany as
Mikolajczyk declared that he
Stalin did not think it desirable
ment without the frontier ques-
For instance, M. Bierut, they could collect the neces- to proceed with an attempt to the leader, spoke in these sary forces and supplies in form a united Polish Govern- terms: "We are here to de- the Far East. Stalin would ton being agreed.
Hed this mand on behalf of Poland not commit himself definite- been settled, he,, would have that Miko- that Lvov shall belong to ly to a date. He spoke of a been quite willing
the new Russia, This is the will of period of "several months" lajczyk should head the Polish people." When after the German defent.
this had been. translated from Polish into English and Russian 1: looked at
Government.
I myself thought that dif- ficulties not less obstinate would arise in a discursion for a merger of the Polish Government with whose re- the Lublin Poles, presentatives continued to make
Stalin and saw an under- standing twinkle in his ex- THE Russians agreed to an im- the worst possible impression on pressive eyes, as much as mate start in building up us, and who, I fold Stalin, were to say, "What about that stocks of food and fuel in their for our Soviet tenching!"
the
•
Far Eastern oilfields, and to let only an expression of the Soyle:
will." the Americans use airfields and other. facilities in the
They had no doubt also the maritime province) which they ambition to rule Poland, and needed for their Strategical Alr were thus a kind of Quislings. Force. Stalin did not seem În ail eircumstances the best anxious about the effect of these course was
for the two Polish ON Oct. 14 there was a
to return whenco delegations Command Performance fact, he hoped they would make, they had come. I felt very deep- at the Bolshoi Theatre a "premature attack," as this by the responsibility which lay on would encourage the Russians to me and the Foreign Secretary first a ballet, then opera, fight their best. "The Russians." In trying to frame proposals for and finally some splendid the remarked, "would have to a Russo-Polish settlement. Even dancing and singing by a know what they were fighting forcing the Curzon Line upon Red Army choir. Stalin and for."
Poland would exelte criticism.
preparations on the Japoncar. In
On Oel, 15 I had a high tem-
I occupied the Royal Box, and we had a rapturous perature and could not attend ovation from the entire the second military meeting, audience.
which was held in the Kremlin that evening. Eden took my N other directions considerable The only subject dis- advantages had been gained. After the theatre we had place,
resolve of the Soviet cussed was Soviet participation The most interesting and
Government to attack Japan on against Japan, Substantial
con successful military discus- clusions were reached, the overthrow of Hitler was
This would obvious.
have sion at the Kremlin.. Stalin
Stalin first of all agreed that supreme value in shortening the had with him Molotov and.
whole struggle. concert
The arrange- Gen. Antonov. Harriman Wo should
plana, He asked for United ments made about the Balkans [the U.S. Ambassador] States help in building up a two were I Was sure, the best brought Gen, Deane. I had to three months reserve of fuel, possible.
4
our war
Brooke, Ismay, and Gen. food, and tea that if this could andits, action, they thould now
transport in the Far Coupled with
successful
A
ndded that I did not think the war would be over, before the, .spring.
We then had our first talk on` the question of Germany, We humble duty, the discussed the merits and draw- Prime Minister hopes His backs of the Morgenthau Plan Majesty has had a successful for dismantling German in- and interesting visit to the dustry). It was decided that the armies in the Netherlands European Advisory Commission and is now safely back home, should study the problem in He trusts His Majesty is well detail. aller these exertions.
Here in Moscow the weather
Is brilliant but crisp, and the
political atmosphere is CX-
tremely cordial. Nothing like WHILE flying home I gave the it has been seen before. The Widen further details of Prime Minister and Mr Eden in our talks." their various talks
with
Marshal Stalin and M. Molotov have been able to deal with the most delicate problems in frank, outspoken manner without the slightest sign of giving offence.
Д
The Prime Minister attended a special performance of the balict, which was very fine, and received a prolonged ovailon from an enormous audience. Presently, when Marshal Stalin came into the box for the first time in th war and stood beside him, there was an almost pasrloraté demonstration.
22 Oct., 44
Prime Minister to President
Roosevelt
On our last day at Moscow Mikolajczyk saw Bierut, who admitted his difficulties. Fifty of his mon had been shot in the last month. Many Poles took to the woods rather than join his forces. Approaching winter conditions, behind the front would be very hard as the Russian Army moved forward, using all transport.
of
law, but he replied if there were no trials there must bo no death sentences, but only lifelong confinements,
of
We also discussed Inform ally the future partition Germany, U.J. wants Poland, Czecho and Hungary to form realm of independent, anti- Nazi, pro-Russian States, the nrst two of which might join together, Contrary to his
expressed previously view, he would be glad to see Vienna
the
capital of 1. federation of South German Stales, Including `Austrin, Bavaria, Wurttemberg, and Baden.
He insisted, however, that If Mikołajczyk were Premier, he (Blerut) must have 75
the percent
Cabinet. Mikołajczyk
that proposed At or after the very lengthy
each of the five Polish parties with very numerous feasts,
has been cordial toasts, it
should be represented, he having four out of the five to touch en many.. possible
of their best 'men, whom he in on casy gravo malters
'would pick from personalities fashion. The nights are very
not obnoxious to Stalin. late, lasting till three or even four o'clock: but the Prime Minister also keeps late hours. and much work is done from about noon onwards, with con- ferences of various kinds..
The
day before yesterday from London are, Was All Folar Day". Our lot as your Majesty knows, decent but feeble, but the delegates from Lublin could hardly have been under any illusions as to our opinion of them. They `ap- peared to me to be purely fooit, and recited their parts with well-drilled accuracy,
I cross-examined them fairly sharply, and on several points Marshal Stalin backed me up. We shall be wrestling with our [London] Poles all today, and there are some hopes that we. may get a settlement. If not shall have to hush the matter up and spin. It out until after the American] Presidential election.
There are all many sub-
Burrows, head of our Mill- East
be done and the political issues be effective in saving Grecce,cts to be discussed, like the tary Mission In Moscow. could be clsetted the US.S. and I had no doubt that our would be ready to attack. Japan
his
was the ur future by tening them about three months after: Cher-palent to pursue a 50-50 jointure treatment of Germany. our future intentions in many had been defeated, best solutions for our dificulties humble duty, remains Your
Mr Churchill, . wäh North-West Europe, Italy,STAN
In view of Tito's behaviour and Maicsty's faithful servant. and Burma. Denne followed aineidsing the maritime Bulgarian forces under Russian
He promised to pre
to prepare of the arrival of Russian and with a statement about the provinces for the US, and Soviet command to help ›-his- cdstorta campaign in the Pacific, and, Strategie; Air - Forcos, gave an outline of the sort receive) American
of help which would be planer arid pleieacto
As you know, the idea of Vienna becoming the capital of a lorge Danubian - federa= tion has always been attrac- tive to me, though I should prefer to add Hungary, to which UJ. is strongly op posed.
As to Prussin,
JJ, wished
the Ruhr and the Saar de- tached and put out of action
Under and probably
Inter national control, and separate State formed in the Rhineland. He would also İlke the internationalisation of the Kiel Canal. I am not onpored to this line of thought. However, you may be sure that we came to no Ахед
conclusions >pending
the triple meeting.
I was delighted to hear from U.. that you had aug- rested a triple meeting," to- wards the end of November a Black Sea port, I. think this
a very fine idea,
let me know hope you will about it, in duo cœurso. I will come anywhere you two de- sire.
and
1am now in the air above, Alamein of Blessed Memory. Kindest regards.
Laler, at my request, Stalin Baw Mikolajczyk and had an hour and a half's very
talk. Stalin friendly
pro
and leaving after this pro- mised lo help him.
foundly Interesting *. fort- Mikolajczyk promised to form
*** night, in which we got closer and conduct a Government to our Soviot Allies than ever
friendly:
to the before or since I had written. He cxplained his to Stolin:.
st plan, but Stalin, made clear that the Lublin Poles must have the majority.
Eden: ond I have como away from the Soviet Union refreshed ond fortified by the had discussions which wo Stalin
with you, Marshal Stalin, and with your colleagues. This memorable meeting in Mos- cow has shown that there are no matters that cannot. be, ndjusted between us, when we meet together in frank and intimate discussion
After the Kremlin dinner we put if bluntly to that unites Mikolajczyk trad 80-50
himself the plus Western World would not be convinced that the transac tion was bona fide, and would not bellova that an independ- ́ent › Pollsh... „Government: been set up. Stalin at first repiled he would be content with 50-50, but: rapidly cor- rected himself to a worse Agure.
"
had
Meanwhite Eden took the
- samo, lino with Molotov, who seemed more comprehending, I do not think the comporl- tion of the "Government will prove (uninsuperable) ob stacle, if all else is settled.
On major
"able"line" There, must
thou %. There is no doubt?lhat in: our?
with an ON the evening of Oct
Sheld our last mowling.
thei
particularly valuable from a Meetings between the narrow circia wex Tht Bóviata, once they word ons
100k an
Russian hospitality, which is renowned, excelled - itself.. on the occasion of our visit. Both in Moscow, and in tho Crimes, where wo
apont somo enjoyable hours, thero considera- was the highest tion for tho, comfort of 'my- self and our mission.^)I am most, grateful to you and to all those who werejürisp alble :: for: these trarran ments. May we soon meet "again"""
Cont „Tomorrow).