OF
THE CHINA HAIL, FRIDAY, NOVEMBški in vedo aurr
CRIPPS MISSION
0
·N Märch 8 the Japan- ese Army had enter- ed Rangoon. If the effective defence of
Indin was to be organised it freemed to most of my col- leagues important to make every effort to break the Indian political deadlock.
affairs were discussed con- stantly by the War Cabinet. The British Government's reactions to the British- Indian Government's pro- posals were embodied In 1 draft declaration, and it was decided to send Sir Stafford Cripps to India to conduct direct discussions on the spot with the leaders of all Indian parties and com- munities.
Upon the basis of the draft declaration approved by the British Cabinet he conducted lengthy discussions. The es- senth of the British proposal was that the British Government undertook rolemnly to grant full independence to India 1 demanded by a Constituent Assembly after the war. Space docs not allow a detailed ac- count of these negotiations
ta
be recorded here. The result cannot be better stated than in Sir Stafford Cripps's tele- grams.
Lord Privy Seal (Delhi) to
Prime Minister,
TO INDIA
I
CONTINUING
tunable then to Andan agreement, at loost you would
on that into bave public opinion in the United States satisfied that tho Bri- tlah Government had made a fair and real offer to the Indian people, and that
for such failure must be placed clearly, not upon the British Government, but upon the Indian people. I was thankful that events
THE SECOND WORLD WAR MEMOIRS OF BRITAIN'S WARTIME. sponsibility PRIME MINIster, this IS THE NINTH CHAPTER FROM THE FOURTH VOLUME ENTITLED "THE HINGE OF
By
TO-
FATE.“ had already made such an act of madness impossible. The human race cannot make pro-
without Breas
Ideallsm, but idealism at other people's ex- ponse and without regard to the consequences of ruln and laughter which fall upon mil- tona of humble homes cannot be considered as its highest or noblest form,
WINSTON CHURCHILL
discouraged or disappointed by the result. The effect throughout Britain and in. the United States has been wholly beneficial. The fact that the break comes on the broadest issues and not on tangicd formulas about de- fence is of great advantage. am very glad you are coming home at once, where n most cordial welcome awaits you. Even though your hopes have not been fulfilled, you have rendered a very impor- tant service to the common cause, and the foundations have been laid for the future
of the peoples progress India.
From Roosevelt
of
11 April, '42.
On the rame day I forwarded have
long tonight received
President to
Roosevelt the letler from Congress Pres-
text of Cripps's first iclegram dent, stating-thai Congress ·!
end of my reply. of April 11 unable to accept proposals, Rejection on widest grounds The President was dismayed and urged and not solely on defence at the breakdown Issue, although it indicates me to postpone the departure of that while Congress would Cripps in the hope that a final автос that Commander-la effort could be made. Chief should have freedom to control conduct of the war and connected activities
13
President to Mr Harry Hup-
kina (London).
12 April, 42.
sage immediately to the For- mur Defence
Naval Person. Every effort must be made by
Commander-in-Chief and War Kindly give the following mes
Member. proposed formula left functions of
Member unduly restricted.
No hope
fatn ground
of rejection
15,
US
to prevent a breakdown. I hope most earnestly that you may be able to postpone the of India departure from Cripps until one more of- fort has finally been made to prevent a breakdown the negotiations.
of
I regret to say that I am unable to agree with the point of view contained in your mes- sage to me that public opinion in the United States belleves
Government to permit the component Parts of India to secede ofler the war from the British Empire it unwilling to permit them to enjoy during the war what is tantamount to self- government,
Hope of repair
"Pandit Nehru held to his resolve. This picture, made last year while he passed through London on his way to the U.S., shows him with Mr V.K. Krishna Menon (left), Indlan High Commissioner, and Mr Patrick Gordon-Walker, Созд monwealth Minister, (AP Picture)
Had this not
The President's mind was back In the American War of Independence, and he thought I feel that I am compelled to of the Indian problem in terins place before you this issue of the 13 colonies fighting very frankly, and I know George III at the end of the you will understand my 18th century. I, on the other reasons for doing this. hand, was responsible for pre- Should the current negotia rerving the peace and safety of tions be allowed to collapse the Indian continent, sheltering because of the issues 冠指 nearly a fifth of the population presented to the people of of the globe. Our resources America, and should India were slender and strained to. subsequently be invaded the full.
Our armles had sur- ment, with me. successfully by Japan, with rendered or were recoiling be- been so I would not have hesita attendant serious defeats of fore the devastating stokes of ted to lay down my personal a milltary or naval character Japan. Our Navy had been burden, which at times seemed for
side,
man could bear. it would be driven out of the Bay of Ben- more than a hard to overestimate
the gal, and indeed out of most of The greatest comfort on such prejudicial reaction on
We had occasions is to have no doubis. Indian Ocean. American public opinion.
been apparently outmatched in Nor, as will be seen as this e- count proceeds, were my con- of the War victions and those Cabinet without
their vinilca tion.
Would
OUR
Final effort
It
not
the
the air.
Policy of shame
negotiations as at that point, This was no time for a con- with the understanding thoi stitutional experiment with both sides would make "period of trial and error" to minor concessions, it appears determine the "future relation- to me that an agreement ship" of India to the British might be yet found.
Empire. Nor was the issue one upon which the satisfying of public opinion in the United
was
Melting pot
were
On
the Cabinet bring it before officially unless you tell me you wish this done. Anything ilko
a serious difference be-
The tween
would you and break my heart and would surely deeply injure both our at the height of this countries terrible struggle.
Sir April 12
Stafford Cripps left Delhi by air for Eng- land. A fortnight_Inter the All- Inida Congress Committee met, and confirmed the line adopted in by the Working Committee their negotiations with the Lord They confirmed that it was impossible "for Con- gress to consider any rebemes. or proposals which retain even a partial measure of British control in India.
Britain must abandon her hold in In dia,"
Nehru's stand
the
Still there was the hope and the chance that all could be re be possible paired and that we should not therefore for
to preserve have fall in our duty you to Cripps's departure postponed destruction the vast, ancient from hideous and violent on the ground that you per- Indian society over which
I sent the following reply to Privy Seal, sonally transmitted instruc had
we the President: presided for tions to him to make a final
near. Formier Naval Person 200 years. ly effort
Without the Chequers) to President Roose- And 10
रा common
integrity of executive military ucit, 12 April, 42. of ground
understandinu?
control and the power to govern About 3 am. this morning, the According to my reading an
in the war area hope and agreement appeared very near
12th, when, contrary to your chance alike would perish. last Thursday night. If you
Instructions (about Hopkina's could authorise him to say
health], Harry and I that he was personally em-
still talking, the text of your me about India powered by you to
messagó to resume
camo through. I could not Pandit Nehru held, as Bir decide such a matter without Stafford Cripps had predicted, convening the Cabinet, which to his resolve that the Japanese
not physically possible
must be resistedL On till Monday. Meanwhile morrow of the Mission's depar- Cripps had already left, and ture he said: "We are not going all the e explanations have been to surrender to the invader. In published b by both sides.
epite of all that has happened, thesa circumstances, Harry
We are not going to embarrass the British war effort in India. you, explaining the position, but, owing to atmospherics, to organise our own." he could not get through, He is going to telephone you this The majority of the Congress afternoon and also cablo you a leaders reverted to the total report
pacifism of Gandhi, who wrote You know the weight which I in his newspaper on May 10: attach to everything you say ' The presence of the British in to me, but I did not feel I India is an invitation to Japan could take responsibility for to invade India. Their with- the defence of India if every- drawal would remove the balt, thing had
agala to be thrown Assume, however, that it does Into the melting-pot at this not, Fres India would be better with invasion. critical juncture. That, I am able to cope sure, would be the view of Unadulterated non-co-operation Cabinet and of Parliament... would then have full sway."
World Copyright reserved. Repro- As your telegram was addressed
duction. SVET partially, in to "Former Naval Person," I
language, strictly prohibited. am keeping it as purely pri- vate, and I do not propose to
As I expressed to you in on message, I still feel earlier
that if the component groups States could be a determining undertook to telephone The problem for us is how |
however, that in the view of Congress there should be Immediately a National Gov-
and ernment,
thut withou changes there constitutional should be "definite Assur- conventions which ances in would indicate that the new Government would function as a free Government whose
in India could be given now factor. We could not desert members would act as mem-
the opportunity to set up a the Indian peoples by abandon- bers of a Cabinet in a con-
Nationalist Government in ing our responsibility and leay- stitutional Government."
similar to our own ing them to anarchy or sub- Letter also states that pleture
of government under jugation. That was at least a of proposed immediate ar
.the Articles of Confedera- policy, but a policy of shame. rangements is not essentially
tion, with the understanding It was our bounden duty to different from old ones. The
that following the termina- send all possible aid to Indian whole object which we have
tion of a period of trial and defence, and if this were so we in view that is, to create a
error they would be enabled should have betrayed not only then to determine upon the Indian peoples but our own a new psychological approach
their own form of constitu- soldiers by allowing their base to the people to make them
tion and to feel that their own national
valiant determine, as of operations and the freedom had come, that they
have promised them Indian Army fighting at their already, their their new-
future were defending
re- side to disintegrate into a wel- lationship with the British ter of chattering politics and won freedom would bo
la impossible for American. frustrated when It
Empire, probably a solution bloody rula. completely
old picture public opinion to understand could be found. they
Happily I had all my prin aaw this
is such that why if
there is willingness If you were again, which
to make such an cipal colleagues who had studied part of the Brlish effort and if Cripps were the Indian problem in
#gree- Congress cannot it into. B."
Þúcre ́ ́ is clearly no hope of Vagreement and I shall start,
home on Sunday.
A new point
And further on the same day: You will have heard of refusal
of Congress upon what lɛ al-- most a new palat But dit- ficulties cannot be explained | by telegram,
We have done our best under
the circumstances that exist here and I do not think you
that negotiations have broken down on general. broad issues. Here the general
essence impression is quite the con- trary. The
form feeling is held almost universally that the deadlock has been due is the British Goverment's un- wlilingness
the to concede right of self-government to the Indians not withstanding the willingness of the Indians to entrust to the competent
British authorities technical military and naval defence control
on the
THEY
you
SEEK
OF
BRITAIN
MOREIGN-BORN scien-
tists, working on top- secret atomic research
reed worry about my visit in Britain, are profoundly having worsened the situa- disturbed by the' disap-
of
In the last few days the tem- effect on public opinion.
per has, I think, been better.
My own view is that despite
statement for total war
These scientists аго
now
WAYS
THEIR
TO
He was alone or almost alone.
(MORE TOMORROW)
ASSURE
LOYALTY
By Sidney Rodin and Joseph Garrity
Country:
still
anu
not procd that the holder
is not a sɔy.
"Fucks,
for example,
not go abroad.
did
"An official declaration re-
"We
be
tion from the point of viewpearance of Professor
Dr affirming the Government's morale or public feeling Bruno Pontecorvo and its study of atomic physics in this ment at Harwell. During the in electronic physics; and
u might alloy any war, he too, worked on the N. Kemmer, leading nuclear trust in MAX BORN, original - PROFESSOR
atom bomb at Los physicist at Cambridge.
public fears about foreign- 68, hold's the chair of Alamos..
born scientists. But wall meant aged
Fuch the Typitying
attitude of and much appreciated as Natural Philosophy at Edin- fallure the atmosphere has British citizens. Many of them burgh University. He fled from PROFESSOR 'J. ROTBLAT, most of them. 52-year-old Dra move would be, it would improved quite definitely.
no guarantee that feel that the British Govern- Nazi persecution and was one a 41-year-old Pole, is another Robert Karl Eisenschitz, render stil Nehru has come out in a ment should issue a statement of the first of a group of Ger top-ranking atomic expert who in theoretical physics at Lon- Britain's faith is justined.
came to Britain in 1939 ddon University, sold: "I was man theoretical physicists to Arst
when he could not speak a born in Vienna and against Japanese; Jinnah has testifying to their loyalty.
have already declared came to pledged me unwavering sup- In addition to those still and refuge in Britain.
word of English.
Britain in 1933. I did Gecret our loyalty. There is bo other Moslems and Sikhs, engaged port of
atole work,
af demonstrating чулу
our ↓ He was one of the first men and other minorities will be number hold oppointments at to befriend Fuchs. They work-
After returning from the war work in this country.
integrity but to continue to on the whole relieved, and universities. or in industry. ed
project at Los together
theoretical bomb оп
have a sister living in Justity Britain's trust in us.".
Another German born into close physics in Edinburgh for two he became director of nuclear
"The suggestion back has been the internat feelings are equally perturbed.
alom men, years before the war, and he physics at Liverpool University. Berlin, but I would never go
there voluntarily, and atomist sold: : guided Fuchs into taking up and a consultant to Harwell.
would
Government should certainly keep away that the In Congress itself; hence
At
present he is at St.
the publicly testify to the integrity Vienna because trom to war
Bartholomew's Hospital Medical.
of foreign-born scientista Russians are 'there.":, ? the veering of indications of Russia followed closely on the was naturalised in 1939.
College, London, applying his
working on British secret their decisions. . . .
confession of Dr Klaus Fucks DR FRANZ BUGEN SIMON, atomic knowledge to medicine.
In recent years he has been projects la a most laudabla Wo are not depressed, though who betrayed secrets of aged 67, reader in Thermo- He is now a British subject.
idea.
On
To which bring them I hope to some extent assured. The real difficulty contact with the
their
discussions and long
sad at the result. Now
Pentecorvo's journey
wo atomic
agents.
must get on with the inb at
work.
Professor
Born
research to Russian dynamics at Oxford University,
... · : མn5
another German who working in Britain before the war. He was in the
defending India. I will tell Prominent foreign born took British nationality shortly
you as to this' turn. Cheerio.
on my re-scientists
Important service
Alamos
in
to the Contingat only twices.
The offer by some of the Koreign-born scientists to give
дго
not
up their British pasporta in- FROFESSOR LEON ROSEN- volves a great sacrifice.
"But I, personally, do All good wishes. are concerned that they should first British Atom bomb team FELD, aged 40, is a Belgian have been named os friends and his work hastened the who took British nationality in
For it is obvious that visits think it is necessary, I feel no more obliged to co-prove my of these two men.
of the Fuchs abroad, enable them to main- loyalty because production of the bounts, P 1940.
Contact with of tain
scientide case and the Pontecorvo ca) PROFESSOR BARUDOLF He holds the chair In the intensity of the
of theoretical physics at Man- thinkers in other countries and than British-born scientists did PEIERIS, now ProteRNOT.
such contact
often after the Nunn May case: struggle for life from day to
DE Mathematical Physics at Bir- chester University."
"We shall do all in, our day and despite the fact that
They are anxious that it mingham Univerally, was
Other Dr
notable foreign-born, essential to their work, 7 had 400 milion helpless
at the universities
Many have attended scientiae power to demonstrate our people
to defend from the should be made clear that men Simon's closest associate in his physiciate
・! Include
Dr. Erich Wohlfarth, conferences in Europe in recent loyalty. We can do no more." horrors of Japanes conquest, I working closely together in the work.
Pontecorvo cása ··and The necessarily isolated He was born in Berlin and of Germany," naturalised years, or beed on holiday the public misgivings it has was able to boar this which I had thought probable elrolo, at the Harwell atom was naturalised hero, in 1940, 1947; Frofessor Herbert Frohs
there.
aroused are believed to have with station -- are, bound beginning,
to bocoma His wife was Roselan-born. fich, first at Bristol University, from the
'discussed' when the and bound to be- Re, too, was a friend of Fuchs, an advanced theoretical physics it should be stated that all been Philosophy...I knew how bit- acquainted,
Atomic Scientists" terly Stafford Cripps would roano more or less friendly, The professor Worked for centre, and now at Liverpool foreign-born scientists recently, British
1015: A. 5. haluralised were coger and Association met in London feel the failure of his Mission, but not to the extent of know three years during the war on naturalised in and I sought" to comfört himi ing the innermost thoughts of the atom bomb at Los Alamos, Boskovitch, Cambridge leo willing to answer all questions recently.
Most of the atomic scientists Ainlater too! Lord their scientific colleagues, United States:
aturer who che, Crom his put to theming ve Prime
Some of the perturbed as DR OTTO HOBENT malve Rusia 1925. Privy Seal.
One of the most eminent of a Britain belong to the associa
Shy and 11 April, 43. scientists feel that as a token USCH, Bad 19- Professor of De Reinbout Firth, the foreign-born, solentists in flor
Are Lord “Cherwell, who pah Bir You have done, everything: fa oftheir loyalty they should Natural Palosophy Own naturalised Czech; Dr N, Kart, Britali saldia et
human power and your true surrender their British pam- heldge, helped a build Britain's aged ER Antitrulided!' Hun- Esther a man is a foreign Churchill's “ca city,✨-pertaverines-and zu: ports: mind not go abroad. Not atomic pile Ho la Aus
Bottrcefulness:
have it proved. Here are the names, quaii- filan by birds three years ago.
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