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KASHMIR AGAIN!
WEDNESDAY MARCH 1, 1950,
WINSTON CHURCHILL'S WAR MEMOIRS: THE THIRD BOOKĮ
The extension of friction be- tween India and Pakistan from the Kashmir issue to the economic field, and now to the communal sphere has deepen- ed the anxieties of all who realise the crucial im- portance of the Indian sub. continent to stability and prosperity in Asia. The longer the Kashmir wound re- mains
the open, the worse situation will get. It may even become unmanageable.
Once more the Security Council has had to deal with the Kashmir issue. A resolu- tion is before it terminating| the Kashmir Commission, and "appointing a representative of the United Nations to take over its powers and respon- sibilities. His task will be to assist in the preparation, and to supervise the implementa tion, of the programme of de- militarisation and to interpret the agreements reached by the parties for demilitarisation. Some describe his task as that of mediator, and in this respect Admiral Nimitz is re- garded as having been ruled out, since he is mentioned in the the resolution itself as plebiscite administrator. The mediator would have the. right to place suggestions be- fore the Governments and be- fore the Council, and it is thought that General Carlos Romulo may, be, invited to take on-this task.
It was from India that the. APD original offer, of a plebiscite. came, and in spite of animad- version's to the contrary, there is nothing to show that Delhi has gone back on that, Since then a Kashmiri nation- al movement has developed and in many large parts of the State a plebiscite might show a reluctance to accept the present juridical Inclusion of Kashmir in the Indian Union. If a compromise is at all possible in so strained an environment, the plan of the Canadian General McNaugh- ton for withdrawing Indian and Pakistani forces and pro- viding other conditions under which a plebiscite might be held, may contain its seeds..
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We had, as is set forth in the previous volume, already given inodest aid to Greece from the time when also was attacked by italy, and four British air squa drons were operating with some success from Greek Airflolds. It Is at this point worth while seeing what was actually in progress on the German side.
THE GRAND ALLIANCE
Aid to Greece
sures' against England.
Tho' English already_hid milltary contingents on Greek soll, and' it was to be expected that they, would further Increase those contingents in the anmediata future. Germany would not, ate England's gaining a foot- under any circumstances tolar- hold on Greck soll. Please do not go into greater detall-until further notice.
By the middle of January the Russians were deeply perturbed, and raised the issue in Berlin.. On January 17 the Russian' Am- bassador called
substance
of the
By Winston Churchill
Feds are thinking of moving the provincial government from Canton to escape the bombing.
For the local Inhabitants this should result in a period of Canton case..
many out of the immense quan- titles of equipment of all kinds taken from France and the Low Countries a result of the, bat
Dr. Einstein has given to the ties of 1940, The Germans had
Ho therefore plenty of modern wene world a new comic theory. never had the power, to resist, bons with which to arm their has been working on this theory
All this repeat, may fall allies. We, for our part, having for 30 years." upon us in February
Doing this column, I have to or in lost so much at Dunkirk, having March, and all will be open to against invasion and to face all
our home the Germans, even
lame army work a little farter. without moving any large masses of the continuous pressure of the No Russian about. troops from the moment when Blitz on our cities as well, as the Bulgarian
Go-alow airfickle have maintain the war in the Middle
reported: Eart, could only give very and at the cost of other sporingly clamant needs.
preparation
by Soviet workers
We can soon expect to hear of them going, fost
"Occupants in village moving order?"
get
Some were said to be so moved
A that they burst into tears.
been fitted to receive the Ger-. man Air Force, and are occup- led by the advanced aircraft personnel and ground staff. Do We propose jo sit tfl with The Turkish army in-Thrace folded hands' and
watch the was, under these conditions, at n steady
this serious and almost hopeless dis ***** advantage compared with the It seems to that we Bulgarians. If to this danger were should be held gravely blame-
added
even moderate detachments by our respective of German air and armour, the
I wish luck to, this South East nations if we were to fall in weight upon Turkey might well Asia Unicas conference, but I'm ordinary prudence and fore prove insupporta or
deadly stroke?
at the German On January 7, 1041, Ribben-Foreign Ofee, and communicated trop informed the heads of the memorandum:
the
following German mission in Moscow:
According to all reports, Since early in January tho
German troops in great num- movements of strong German
bers are in Rumanía, and are troop formations "to Rum.infa
into now prepared to marcla has been going-on via Hungary.
Bulgaria, having as their goal The movement of troops is be-
the occupation
worthy of Bulgaria, ing carried on with full con- currence of the Hungarian and
Greece, and the Straits. Thore Rumanian Governments.
enn bo no doubt that England For
will try to forestall the opera- being-the troops will the time
tions of German troops, to be quartered in the South of
occupy the traits, start Rumania. The troop move-
military operations against ments result from the fact that
Bulgaria in alliance with Tur- the necessity must be seriously contemplated of ejecting the
key, and turn Bulgaria Into a theatre of operations. English completely from the whole of Greece.
German troops have been provided in such strength that they can easily cope with any military task in the Danubian region and with any eventuall- tics from any side." The milli- ory measures being carried out aimed exclusively by us are
The Soviet Government has stated repeatedly to the German Government that it considers the territory of Bulgaria and of the Strails as the security zone of the USSR, and, that it can- not be indifferent to events which threaten the security in- terests of the USSR. 'In view of all this the Soviet Govern- against the British forces get-
ment regards it as its duty to ting a foothold in Greece, and not against any Balkan coun-
give warning that it will con- of any sider the appearance try, including Turkey.
foreign armed forces on the As for instructions for con-
territory of Bulgaria and of the versations, in general a re-
Stralis os o violation of the served attitude is to be taken.
security interests of the USSR. In case of urgent official in- quiries it is to be pointed out, Ambassador was called to the On January 21. the Russian depending on circumstances, German Foreign Office and told that such inquiries are to be that the Reich Government had made in Berlin. In so for as not received any reports that conversation cannot be avoided England
contemplated occupying an opinion in general terms is the Straits. Nor did they believe to be given. In so doing our that Turkey would permit Eng- having reliable reports regard-lish military forces to enter her ing larger and larger reinforce- ments of English troops of all kinda in Greece may be given as a plausible reason and the Salonika operation of the last World War may be recalled."
Concerning the strength of the German troops, mainten- ance of the present vaguendas Is desired for the time being, Later on we shall presumably be interested in making known the Balkans, which had the sola Certain troop concentrations In the full strength of the troops purpose of preventing the British and, beyond that, ir stimulating from galning any foothold on exaggeration. The
for Greek soll, were therefore that will be given at the proper progress.
The
Reich Govern- time.
action ment believed that this was also serving Soviet Interests, which would be opposed to Eng- land's gaining a foothold in these regions.
cue
Schulenburg, the German Ambassador at Moscow, replied on January 8: ...
Rumours circulating
me
sight. Even now πο have walled too long.
Proposal
"The
in an or-
ond
AL
four in the morning He crept up the stairs, When suddenly upright Stood all of his hairs. For a volce' called out "It's well past four!" "Twas then he discovered, ' - Right street, wrong door.
hope afraid it will only, result in a PI only throughout this phase of the ever-in the sky.. extending war ganised plan of unliing the forces Adrift. I therefore propose to you,
of. Yugoslavia, Greece Mr. President, that you and I Turkey, and this we were now should repeat' in defence of trying to do. Our aid to Greece Turkey the same kind of mea- had been limited in the first place sures which the Germans are to the few air squadrons whiels taking on the Bulgarian air-had been seat from Egypt when felds. My Government wish Mussolini first attacked her." to send to Turkey at the ear-
Hol The next singe lest moment when accommo-
been the offer of the technical units set out dation can be provided, at least in the Chiefs of Staff telegram, 10 squadrons of fighter and which had been declined by the bomber aircraft, apart from the Greeks on grounds which were five now in action in Greece,
If Grecce should surrender
by or be beaten down wo
will transfer these other five alr squadrons to Turkish airfields, and, further, we will fight thế air war from Turkish bases centrate the largest army of with ever-increasing air forces | manoeuvre or strategie réserve of the highest quality. Thus possible in Egypt. we shall help to give the Tur- In this condition we reached kish Army the additional air the month of February. support which they need to
no means unreasonable. We now reach the third phase, where it seemed possible to make
Д
safe and secure desert flanit at and beyond Benghazi and con-
•
Talking about corsets, yester- day's report mentioned Catherine de Medici donning a metal shouth which "squeezed the thirteen-inch waistline by severo leverage." Tell that one to the Marines. It's
waist of,
time talking to me about-puch unlucky numbers.
London observers think Moscow cano
atno off second-best. In thi Sino-Soviet treaty negotiations.
So I am now waiting, with a smile ok quiet confidenço, for.
sustain their famous military invasion preparations Stalin and Vyshinsky to go for.a
qualities.
At the end of 1940 Hitler had seven-weeks indoctrination course realised that Britain could not to Peking be destroyed by direct air assault. The Battle of Britain had been His first defeat, and the malignant bombing of the cities had not cowed the nation or its dovern-
But, more than that, we shall place Turkey in a position, once our squadrons are on the However, they were informed that England Intended territory,
Turkish aerodromes, to then ten to bombard the Rumanian and was about to gain a foothold on Greek territory. It was their
ollfelds if any German advance unalterable intention not to per-
Is made Into Bulgaria, or if the air personnel already in Bul- ment. forces to mit English military establish themselves on
garla is not speedily with- Greek
drawn. We will territory, which would mean a
undertake threat to vital interests of Ger- many in the Balkans." -
In
There for the moment the mat- ter rested,
Letter to Truman
Numerous rumours are al- ready circulating here concern- ing the sending of German troops to Rumania; the num- ber of men'in the movement is
A few days Inter I addressed even estimated at 200,000. myself to the President of Tur- Government circles here, the key. radio, and the Soviet Press Prime Minister to President “have” not “yet, taken up the
Inonu, Angora, 31 Jan., 41.9 matter.
The rapidly growing "danger to Turkoy and to British In- terests leads me, Mr. President, to address you directly. have sure information that the Germans are already establish Ing themselves upon Bulgarian aerodromes. Hutments being prepared, and advarice servicing personnel numbering. several thousands have arrived,
The Soviet Government will take the strongest interest In these troopa movements, and
will wish to know' what` pur-. poses these troop concentra- tlons serve, and particularly to what degree Bulgarla and Tur key [Straits] might' affected by them:Please give possibly be
me appropriate" Instructions."
are
The German Foreign MinisThis has been done with the ter answered the same day.
I request you not to broach the question of ingreased Ger- man troop movements to Ru- mania with the Soviet Govern- ment.
Should you be approached regarding the matter by Herr Moletov or some other influen- tial person in the Soviet Gov ernment, please. Tany
that according to your Information the sending of German troops was exclusively a matter of precautionary military mea–
full connivance of the Royal Bulgarian Air Force and un- doutedly of the Bulgarian Gov- ernment.
Very soon, perhaps in a few weeks, the movement into Bul- garla of German troops and air squadrons will begin. The air squadrons will only have to fy from their stations in Rumania to the baser they are preparing In Bulgaria, and will immed- ately be able to come into ac-| tion. Then, unless you pro- mise the Germans not to march against Bulgaria' or against their troops passing through Bulgaria, they will bomb is- tanbul, and Adrianople the same night, and also dive bomb your troops in Thrace,
with
The preparations to invade Russia In the early summer of not to take such action from 1641 absorbed much of the der Turkish airfields except by man air-power. The many
agreement with you.
2 very severe ralds which
0.11
There is more to come. The suffered fill the end of May to aititude of Russia is uncertain, longer
represented the full
.
Myrtle's grandfather defined a At the club the other day
pedestrian as a has found a parking space den
car owner who
Australia is to suggest that boomerang throwing be included in future Olymples. Pleas
Somebody obviously) make a come-bac
wants to
Sad scene at the Colonial Office, when one yes-mas" said "with" A
und Creech, "Arthur, where art thou, Arthur?" eggs
A
and it is our hope it may strength of fibfchemy, Tous Mako no Jonde about it visa pili
loyal and friendly, they were most grievous, but they remain Nothing' will more restrain were no longer the prime thought Russia from alding Germany, either of the German High Com- even Indirectly, than the pre- I mand or of the Fuehrer, -BETICO of powerful British To Hitler the continuance of
bombing forces which could the air attack
Great Britain Interesting advertisement : pub- from Tirisey] attack the ofl-was a necessary and convenient Hahed locally shows a metal can helds of Baku. Russia is de cover
to the concentration of pilsener with, on the label, the upon the supply from against Russia. pendent
His optimistic words: "Milwaukee's first bottled these oilfields for a very large time-table assumed that the beer." part of her agriculture, and Soviets, like the French, would be far-reaching. famine would overthrown in a six-week cam- follow their destruction paign and that all German forces the Commos are increasingly. In view of the invasion, plans, Thus Turkey, once defended would then be free for the final disappointed that American aid, to by air-power, would have the overthrow of Britain in the the Nationalists stopped so TS means perhaps of deterring autumn of 1941.
-Germany-from---- overrunning- Meanwhile, the obstinate They are not ungrateful, hur
Bulgaria and quelling Greece, nation was to be worn down, first ever, and would like to any and of counter-balancing, the by the combination of the U- "Tanks again." Russian fear of the German bost blockade sustained by the armies,
If this declive post long-range air, and secondly by the first, during, January tion is to be saved there is not air attacks upon her cities and February, the enemy were triks an hour to lose, and en receipt especially Ber ports,
as
and
of your assent his Majesty's For the German Army. "Sea trated by bad weather, and Government will immediately Lion" (against Britain) was now; apart from attacks ou Cardin, give the necessary orders. for replaced by "Barbarcasa" against Portsmouth, and Swansea, our our advanced personnel, either Russia, The German Navy, was Civil Defence Services rañéd "a In uniform, or in plain clothes, instructed to concentrate on our well-deserved breathing - space. "formPrefer, to start at once Atlantic traffic and the German by which they did not fail to pro-
Further, we are prepared AF Force on our harbours and at
to their approaches. This was a for send you a hundred A.A. guns, more deadly plan than the indis- which are now either in or on eri
criminate bombing of London their way to Egypt. These and the civil population, and it would be complete with per- was fortunate for us that it was sonnel, neither in uniform, if not pursued with all available -you so desire, or in the guise of forces and greater persistence. -
Instructors.
Viewed in retrospect, the Blitz - All other measures which | of 1941 falls into three phases. : In . have been discussed with Bar- shal. Chakmak, and also..the naval measures, will at the right moment be brought into, operation
The victories we have gained in Libya will enable us to give 1a far more direct and Imme- diate measure of aid to Turkey. in the event of our two coun tries becoming allied in war, and we will make "coinmón cause with you,' and use · OUT growing strength to aid your vallant armies.
Perilous position
No doubt they would hope either to reach Balonika un Greeks to make peace opposed or to compel tho Italy and yield them air bagas In Greece and In the islands, thus endangering the com
I understood at this time how munications between our ann les in Egypt and the Turkish perilous the position of Turkey Army.mer would deny the had become, it was obviously im
possible to consider the treaty
·uzo of `Smyrña: to our Nov; we had made with her before the they would completely
the trol the exits from the Dard war as binding upon her in danelles, and thus complete the had broken out in 1938 the Turks
altered: circumstances.
es. When war ancirclement of · Turkey – In Europe on three sides. This had mobilised their strocis, good, would ..., also facilitate. their brave.
army. But this was all bared attacks upon Alexandria and
the conditions of the Egypt generally now, Mr. Pres were s
The Turkish Infantry Of course I
Alns in thi ey had sidant that confronted with been, and their Held artillery wai these mortal dangers, Turkey prosentable" But they had norie
As "The Times" sees it, the Kashmir dispute is the gravest among the issues which are embittering all relations be- while the Americans them- tween the two countries, from selves are not taking kindly which the Communists alone to Pandit Nehru's attitude to can gain. The Council has toward the ideological conflict. persuade the parties, by some However, patience and good- means to accept a compromise will must be given full play over the procedure for a in the present crisis. This plebiscite, br confess its need not blunt pressure on the inability to deal with the dis- urgency › pf a "break in the pute. This in turn would be deadlock. tantamount to failure to dis-
The main thing to do is to charge, the most important try and divert the course of duty yet entrusted to it by the events into more favourable Charter the resolution of a channels, It is often forgot- situation which holds the ten that India Imposed upon threat of war between mem-herself the plebiscite plan. ber-States. The risk is serious, She recognised that the accus- and every day that the pre- sion, took place at a time of sent acute tension lasts adds grave disorder, and accord- to the danger. Both countries Ingly conceded that the ques- stand to kain much by allow-tion should be settled by a Ing the Council to help them reference to the people as soon fit, necessary to hand over to commoved to out of the impasse, for until as law and order had been re the future of Kashmir is stored. If India did not want settled there can be no peace a plebiscité, there was nothing In the Indian Sub-Continent to compel her to and no security in South East self to it. Thứ
stands-only
It is all the more lamentable 'on wh that the issue has even caused rom
'n strain ihiwidó
* would: déclare war. "But, why of thể
the enemy tho - enormous adobe'decisive,
1940, were
vantage of being able to secureAviation was lamentabi
ever
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