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IN EUROPE
Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower's Own Story Of The War In Europe
Dur
congestion to
poris and harbours.
50
ла the spring wore on the results obtained in the prepara- tory phase were reviewed weekly. Reconnaissance by submarine and airplane was unending, whlie In- from formation W.Os gnifiered numbers of sources, The naval plan involved general protection, mine sweeping, escorting, support ing fire, and, along with all else,
The war-weary British public erection of artificial ports, repair of captured porta, and mainten.responded without a whimper to hese added Inconveniencer and I once of cross-Channel supply.
rivations. Suslained by the cer The euastal defences were studied
ainty that a decisive effort was and specifle plans nude for the
the offing and Inspired by the reduction of every strong point,
xample and leadership of Wins every pillbox. Pictures were stu-
ton Churchill, people checifully died and one: of the disturbing
ccepted the need of using their things these continued to show
W streets and roads at the risk was the growing profusion of
of being run down, of seeing their beach abstacles, most of them un-
fields and gardens trampleri,
31
when some of our requirements demanded extra effort on the part of overloaded British civil agen- cies.
The
Prine Minister would
usually ask his guests to arrive during the late afternooy. Dinner would be followed by a short movie and then, nt about 10.30 p.m.. business conferences would begin. These sometimes insted apartment, complete with kitchen, next morning. living room, bedroom, and secret Axed up for me. until thres the Nearly always present were Mr. telephones, Eden and one or more of the Bri- While I never used or even saw tinh Chints of Staff Every type the place, yet he never censed to WAN discussed and show great concern for my safety, of problem
renched. although paying absolutely 110 often definite decisions
His single arrived attention to his own. messages
air Operational
$11 daughter every few hours from the Londen oppureat desire, during
Anti- headquarters, and Mr. Churchill raid, was to visit his always participated with the Bri- Mary, then serving in fish Chiefs in the formulation and aircraft battery profecting Lon- even don. spatch of instructions,
conferences All our In thon that were strictly milliary.
clearly und sometimes only tactical, in chorac Churchill
cretely explained hir attitude to- : ter,
In such conferences as these I Ward and his hopes for Overlord. He gradually became more op- came to punire and like many of Umistic than he had earlier brett,
he peop.e with whom I was so
but he still refused to let his them DI often in contact. One
expectations completely conquer was Air Chief Marshal Sir Charles his doubts. More than once ho Portal, Air Member of the British
he
der water at high side. Embar waking in long queues for trains drop two divisions of American | Allied mand. Ils distinguish- Paris from the hands
ble. tested in advance.
Sentor commanders used every possible monent in visiting and inspecting troops. Records left by a stan officer show that in four months, from February 1 to June 1, I visited twenty-six divi and sions, twenty-four airfelds, five ships of war, and numerous de- Pots, shops, hospitals, and other Important installations. Bradley. Montgomery, Spaatz, and Teder inaintained similar schedules. Such visits, sandwiched between in seemingly endless series of cón-
ferences and staff meetings, were necessary and high valuable.
Soldlers Hike to ste Who
The Yapps.
SEARCH FOR PEACE
ration su
the
LTS
attempt to operate against our
ing characteristic
Wis
with perfect control of his fem- per; even in the anost inteuse argu- ment I never saw him show anger
other
дя
the
Mr.
con-
of the
enemy, I will assert the victory, to be the greatest of modern times.
con-
As always, the halter of the Aret. Editor: - Ian Mackenzie.
Army's morale altrusted the con- Business Manager:-W, H. Nolloth stant attention of nil senior com- munders Sonetimit this atte tlon hud to be directed toward purticu-
Visits to Chequers always hnd business as their main purpose, ... 24354tor and specific points. For ex-
But the countryside was so Bien- ample, a columnist estimated that any attempt to land on the do-
sant and peaceful that an occa- fended coast of North West Europe
xionat bour spent in strolling would result in eighty to ninety
through the Belda and woods was per cent losses in the absquiting
concerntrations toward the to launch projects requiring good real recreation. Chequers was at units. This Irresponsible state-
ports, the Southern portion of weather, or of the side possessing one time occupied by Cromwell; mont was sumelntly circalated
England became one vist camp, grent assets, such as strong air its setting, architecture, and fur. to cause doubi and uneasiness in
in- At our re- forces, which depend upon good Biture were all historically the command. Bradley and others dump, and airfield. British
teresting Government weather for effective operations. between this it really bind weather should en- immediately took occasion, during quest the
visits numerous
to troops, to stopped all trafic brand this statement for just what part of England and the remain-dure permanently, the Nazi would It was fearful, false, and com-tor of the United Kingdom, just need nothing else to defend the
United Normandy const! 415 It did between the pletely misguided ailement by
A particularly difficult decision sumeone who knew nothing of Kingdom and Elre, since enemy
sptes abounded in neutral Eire. involved our planned airborne at warfare or of the fuels. Bradley
The government even took the thek in the Cotentin Peninsula. predicted that the attacking losses would be no greater than in any unprecedented step of arbitrarliy The assault agumst in? East exist stopping all diplomatie cominuof that peninsula, to take place on other stiff battle of comparabie kize,
We went so fue na to give nications from the United Kinga bench called Utah, was includ- lor to foreign countries And ed in the attack plan because of his estimate in the pubilelty to
frew down upon itself angry and Brudley, that without it the earl papers and used very other means
Further, it my conviction, concurred in by available in
prevent the prolonged protest, us to
use is capture of Cherbourg would be sbuking withdrew from norimal from doleful prediction
constwise shipping that we difficult it not almost impossible the confidence of the troops.
could employ these immensely Unless we could soon seize Cher The air plan, in both its pre-
valuable vessels for military pur-bourg, the enemy's opportunits paratory and supporting phases.
50ses. This threw an almost im for hemming us in on a narrow wns worked out in minute detail,
ossible load on the already over- beachhead might be so well ex- worked railways. Passenger trafle ploited as to kad to the defeat of practically cussed and even ca- the operations. Rapid and com- sential cominodities were trans-plete success on Utah Beach was, borted with difficulty, Construc-we believed, prerequisite to ren lon of the great artificial harboura success in the whole campaign.
The only available beach on the ngaged the services of thousands af men and added indescribable Cotentin Peninsula was, howeve
already crowded miserable one. Just back of it was a wide jugoon, passable only on a few narrow causeways that Chiels of Stolt. He was & pro-ald, "General, if by the coming led from the beaches to the L-found military student--but with winter you have established your- terior of the peninsula, If the It all a man of action and quiet, elf with your thirty-six Allied xits of these causeways should courteous, of strong conyletions, divisions firmly on the Continent, be held by the enemy our landing
It was a pleasure to discuss with and have the Cherbourg and Brit
tany peninsulas in your grasp, I troops would be caught in a lea him any problem of war, whether procian, this operation and eventually slaughtered or nat 11 pegained exclusively in the world as one of the most gut-
ot the air. He
And then artillery and other fire to which his own field
would add. "And if, in addition they would be able to make little enjoyed great prestige in British he would reply.
military and civil cicles, as well to this, you have secured the port as among the Americans of that Le Havre and freed beautiful 10 prevent this, we planned to from this inlayd paratroopers
balance, kation plans for troops, "quip- inent, and supplies were voluminut rarely arrived, and of suffer heach, with their primary mission
Always would reply, "Prina ous, and exact in detal}, Routes ing a further cut fh an already
Minister, I assure you that the that nothing to seize and hold the exits of the vital causeways The ground was to ports, timings of departures agre
coming winter will see the Allied and arrivals, locations, protection should interfere with the move highly unsuited to airborne opera- or unusual xellement.
Mr. soldiers and
Churchill, on the ment of the
us, hengerows in the so-e-
forces on the borders of Germany and camouflage of temporary
are big, hand, rarely failed to inject in itself. Yost are counting only on country ed "bocage" camps, and a thousand related mountains of supplies we so lavi-
ably consumed. matters were all carefully pre-
After the abandonment of the strong, and numerous. The consol-conferences, some element of our presently available thirty-six determined and, so far lus fensi May target date, the next vonport planes
lines that the vulnerable traumation One British tivisions. We are going to bring
refer to gliders. wouta genern supened to
in ten additional from the Medi- bination of moon, tile, and time have to cross were studded with soldiers, in the technical Innguage terranean, and through the ports
officer. we considered anti-aircraft, af sunrise that
In addition, therent the Eritish staff
we capture we shall soon begin to "bodles." The Prime Minisie ash in an additional forty from practicable for the attack occurred were units of mobile enemy, troops on June 5, 6, and . We wanted in the area and these, aside from interrupted with an impassioned to crus the Channel with our
fle doubted that we could get It was inhuman to talk of soldiers the elbow room to do all this in convoys at night so that darkness mounting anti-aircraft fire, would sperch of cordeonnation-he said the United States." would conceal the strength and paratroopers and gilder troops be in such cold-blonde fashion, and use summer and fail of 1944, and alrection of our several attacks. tore the could erginisa them that it sounded as if they were often observed, "All that is for merely freight-ar worse-corpses later: my statement still holds.** We wanted moon for our air selves for action.
a come assaults. We needed appro
1 aunt confess I always foll the In reply to my insistence that the The whole project was muen xunately forty minutes of day argued from its first proposing,me way about the expression. picture I painted him was not loo light preceding the ground as cult but Bradley and Major General but on that ecusion my some rusy, even if the. German
Thies were with the staff officer: tinued to light to the bitter end, to complete our bonbing and pre- Mathew Ridgway, our senior saratory bombardment. We had American nirborne general, al-
who to his own obvious embar he would smile and say, "My dear because of beach obstacles which to attack on a retailvely low tide
ways staully agreed with me as I rassnient hed innocently drawn on | General, it is always fine for a leader to be optimistic. I applaud loits, necessity and its feasibility. himself the displeasure of
Prime Minister. had to be removed while uncover-
At an carly date it was approved
most other Drillsh homes, your enthusiasm, but liberate Paris retinered. These principal factors dic- for inclusion is plans and I sup there was a guest book in Chry, Corns and none of us can are directing operations: tated the general period; but the posed the inalter settled, but it
On April 7, General Mont- tion of neglect or indifference to depend upon weather forecasts.
to an every time he entered scarcely be invested with a
fashion, just before D-day."
the house Once brotrip to the Renery was rea-ly, with co-operat- days none of the three
ing air and naval stais, present "reater sense of irony than at them on the rart. of their corn-
manders and invariably interpret should prove satisfactory from the co-ordinating, and recording all
The staffs that were developing, Southern coast, 7 drooped in at n visit, evca a brief one, as evid- standpoint of weather, consequ- these details were,,
Chequers in ke Mr Churchill fore completed picture of the de- for them. Didence or modesty molt terrifying to contemplate, with numerous agencies and per-
to the door continue theainst the beaches. A huge con
ference was arranged in St. Paul's mand never blird the commander to his duty of showing himself to Secrecy would be lost. Assault sanalities in London and Wnth-fourney. Just as I gained the School in London and there an
troops would be unloaded in Germany is being progres- his men. of penking to them,
andington. During the preparatory rat, of my ear I became awareentire day was spent in presenta- rly intensified; the Dutch mingling with them to the extent crowded back into assembly that the family buller, in all his
et physical Umtallons. It Dave
enclosed in barbed wire, where officers from Washington visited dignity, was standing by to speak of detall.
to me. He said, "Sir. you havs hare chosen this time to
their original places would al- our headquarters to provide in-
The plan carried the troops hje dividends in terms of morale.
forgotten the book,"
South
against the launch military action in In- and morale, riven rough equality ady have been taken by those formation on the avaliabillly solemn tone meant to me that he shore of France with the Ameri-
to follow f other things, is
In subsequent waves, needed items, confirm dates of Jonesia which have shocked
supreme on Complicated
found it difcult to forgive me movement tables shipment, discuss plans for per oversight, I corrected the min-Cardians on the left. The ex- ans the right, the British and the balllefeld. world opinion,
would be scrapped. Morale would sonnel replacements, for security.sion and sped upon my way. even among
As the time came for shifting drop. A wall of at least fourteen for photographic coverage, and u
treme right "ank of the assault such sections who give full
In spite of all his preocrue was against Utah Beach on days, possibly twenty-eight, would thousand related Items. weight to the provocations the
tions. Mr. Churchill constantiv) Cherbourg be necessary-a sort of suspended
Jingula. General Somervelf
The One of ernment in its fight against animation involving more
evidenced an Dutch have experienced in a
Intensely human, dank at noroximately the mouth than principal assistants, Major General ide, When Fondon had to endure the river Orne. The entire two-year bid to find a less des- the Reds, nor a reorganisation 2,000,000 men! The good-wen- LeRoy Lutes, remained with the "Little Blitz" of Februfion of attack was over sixty perate solution: in China, the which is likely to have any ther period available for major Britain several weeks, investigat- 1944 he took frequent occasion
miles long. campaigning would become stilling orrangements for insuring the urge me in encupy outlook is equally disturbing. appeal to the Communists shorter, and the enemy's defences uninterrupted flow of supplies all specially built underground shel- It is true that Dr. Sun Fo's were peace feelers to be would become still stronger! The the way from the factories in the
theters in London. He even went to address to the first meeting of thrown out seriously. The only whole of the United Kingdom United States to the front line. the extent of having an entire his new Cabinet carried the alternatives which stem to would become quickly aware that At various times we had conter-
sometiring had gone wrong and implication that he will find lie for Sun Fo is to fall in national discouragement there and Eden and Mr. Bevin of the Bri
ences with such people GR Mr. a way to secure peace if this with the intransigence of the In America could lead to unfore-tish Cabinet, with Mr. Stimson is humanly, possible without Generalissimo, or to regard soon results. Finally, always lurk and Mr. Stellinius from Washing- too great a sacrifice of the his present Cabinet as a care knowledge that the enemy was man, and Mr. Biddle, American
ing in the background was the ton, with Mr. Winant, Mr. Harri national interest, but it would. taker government, prelimin developing new, and presumably representatives in London, and be folly to place faith in any ary to negotiations which effective, secret weapons on the with General de Gaulle, who came such an accomplishment un might, lead to some form of French coast. What the effect of up from Africa for the purpose. der existing conditions. In temporary but genuine coall-would be on our crowdedi These conferences had to do with harbours, especially at Plymouth every type of subject, including China. It may be as certain tion. In the former case, the at- and Portsmouth, we could not that of future plans for control!- Chinese quarters suggest that titude of the Western and even guess..
ing the areas in which we intend- It was a tenso period, made even a-strugglo-is-proceeding beSouthern Provinces. appears
ed to operate fand for governing worse by the fact that the one Germany and Austria once hind the scenes in Nanking to be uncertain for although thing that could give us this dis- should reach those countries. between those demanding that no direct evidence of arly such natrous setback was entirely out- During all this period my per- the civil war be fought to the project has appeared, there side our control. Some soldiersonal contacts with the Prime have been rumours of talks neutral." Nothing could be more able. He took a lively interest in once said, "The weather is always Minister were frequent and profit- last ditch and those seeing no prospect in further destruc down South contemplating the untrue. Bad weather is obviousiv every important detall, and was ilon of the national economy formation of a separate mili- and are desirous of cutting the tary alliance of the Southern loss and making the best of provinces. In such an event. a bad job. There are, pos- the Communists might be pre. sibly, those who will attach pared to accept a compromise Importance. to Sun Fo's de-in spite of their powerful claration of determination to military position, knowing continue fighting until a rea- that before long, they would sonable peace is obtainable, be able to seize full control but if this is intended as an by political means. It is hint- olive branch, it is not at all ed frequently that certain in- clear how it comes about that fluential political leaders in his new Cabinet consists of Nanking are inclined to take practically the "Old Gang." | the risk of concluding peace containing no leading Leftist with the Communists, as a members, nothing which is in lesser evil than, continuing 'the least bit suggestive of a what now appears to be a ·ongnies (where coalition grouping. On the hopeless struggle. This, how this ploture was faken? The 4h+ other hand, those who make ever, remains a realm which | swer is in Page up Sun Fo's are far from en seems to ignore a number of | Nide. titled to bo rogarded as a personal factors, da well as. strong war cabinet. It is, in the fact that solutions which fact, neither one thing nor the appear to be polific and rea- other; It is neither a consolida sunable by Waterstandards. tion of vigorous minds to are not always feasible · in' strongthen the National Hot: China,
The traditional Christmas message: "Peace on earth and
"oodwill towards men." could they properly resent any indica-selection of the chumi, day would was to come up again in dramatic quers. Enely guest was expected / ask for more ""
this Christmas, 1948, when
Hongkong
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Colt'se,
There are so few signs of good-ence of the caminander's concern ences would ensue that were al- working In constani co-operation ten minutes, after which I dashed tolled plan for the ground assault
ot
Wo
the enemy of the side that seeks able to lend us an effective hand
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