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RICHARD J. SMITH
1: 15-24; Japanese Imperial General Staff, History of the War between Japan and China, 1: 26-29; Vladimir, 255; Wallach, 718.
74 CJCC, 1: 63; Japanese Imperial General Staff, History of the War between Japan and China, 1: 30-32; Rawlinson, 174-177, 180.
75 See, for example, Presseisen, 140-141; Vladimir, 112, 118, 164, 242-243, 260; Wallach, 718-719.
76 Wang Chia-chien, "Ch'ing-chi ti Hai-chün ya-men (1885-1895)," Chung-kuo li-shih hsüen-hui shih-hsien chi-k'an, no. 5; Rawlinson, 186; Vladimir, 281.
77 See, for example, Chang Yin-lin, "Chia-wu Chung-kuo hai-chün chan-chi k'ao," Ch'ing-hua hsüeh-pao, 10.1 (January, 1935); also CJCC, 4: 72-82, 166-244, 245-271, etc.
78 See Dorwart, 112-113; Cavendish, 717.
79 NCH, January 14, 1898; Vladimir, 267-268,
80 NCH, January 14, 1898; Vladimir, 243.
81 For the participation of Tientsin Military Academy graduates in the early stages of the war, consult CJCC, 1: 18.
82 Vladimir, 126, 193, 248.
83 For criticisms of China's officer corps by foreign contemporaries, consult Du Boulay, 8, 11, 160; Bujac, 217; Brassey, 128-129, 139, 143; NCH, October 19, 1894; etc.
84 Cavendish, 722.
85 Vladimir, 124, 153-154, 192, 198-199, 208, 217, 277; also Wallach, 695, 719; CJCC, 1: 236, 256, 276, etc.
86 Wallach, 709, 712-713; Vladimir, 109, 150, 231, 256; Sauvage, 221.
87 Brassey, 139,
88 Cavendish, 721.
89 Brassey, 127.
90 Vladimir, 251-252; Du Boulay, 73.
91 See Rawlinson, 174-185; CJCC, 1: 34, 63-69, 239-245.
92 Rawlinson, 188-190.
93 See ibid., 175-187; Brassey, 90, 92, 99-101, 110, 115, 120, 124, 127; NCH, February 1, February 8, and March 22, 1895.
94 NCH, January 25 and February 1, 1895.
95 See Powell, 71-72; WCSL, 101: 6b-10; Liu Feng-han, Hsin-chien fu-chün (Taipei, 1967), 45-46.
96 Paul Cohen, Between Tradition and Modernity (Cambridge, Mass., 1974), 108, 232.
97 Roswell Britton, The Chinese Periodical Press 1800-1972 (Shanghai, 1933), esp. chapter, 8.
98 Cited in NCH, October 2, 1896. See also Wang Erh-min, Chung-kuo chin-tai ssu-hsiang shih (Taipei, 1977), 122-123, 124.
99 Ayers, 130-136.