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FOOLISH FATALISM
The French have a saying "To talk of love is to make love" which is often para- phrased, "To talk of war is
THE CHINA MAIL, FRIDAY, MAY 21, 1948.
The 1,000-mile-long peninsula.; stretching from the mouth of the Baltic to the Arctic Circle had an immense stratégie signi- ficance. The Norwegian moun-
tains
the ocean in run Into continuous fringe of islands. Be tween these islands
and the mainland there was a corridor in
territorial waters through which
could communicate Germany with the outer sens to the grievous injury of our blockade.
The
Thirty-first Churchill's Memoirs
Instalment
SCANDINAVIAN
• Almost at this very moment (as we now know). German eyes were turned in the same direc-
was
CONFLICT
their
til April, 1940, that the decision prived with a detailed plan. Hitler, from the range of hostile arti- so for victorious over that I asked for In September, careful of secrecy, affected 1939, was taken. By that time it luctance to increase his commit-
re-lery.
mighty assallant. This surprising The cession of certain Finnish event was too late.
ments, and said he would pre-islands in the Gulf of Finland; Batisfaction in all countries, bel- was received with equal for a neutral Scandinavia. Never- the lease of the Rybathy Fenin gerent or neutral, theless, according to Rheder, it sula together with Finland's only the world. It was a pretty
throughout bod on this very day that he ice-free port in the Arctle Sea, advertisement for the gave the order to the Supreme Petsamo; and above all, the lea Army.
Soviol Command to prepare for a Nor- Ing of the port of Hongo at the tion. On Oct. 3 Admiral yon
wegian Operation.
The conclusion was drawn too Raeder, Chief of the Naval Stoff,
entrance of the Gulf of Finland hastily that the Russian Army Of all this we, of course, knew as a Russian naval and air base, had been rulped by the purge, submitted, a
proposal to
Hitler nothing. The two Admiralties completed headed "Gaining of Bases
the Soviet require and that the Inherent rottenness in thought with precision along the ments. Norway." He asked:
and degradation of their system of Government and society was now proved. It was not only In England that this vlow. taken. There is no doubt
That the Fuchrer be inform- ed as soon as possible of the opinions of the Naval War Staff on the possibilities of extend- ing the operational base to the North It must be ascertained whether it is possible to gain bases in Norway under the combined and Germany, improving our strategic and operational position.
pressure of Russia with the aim of
He framed, therefore, a series tes which he placed before was of notes
Hitler on Oct. 10.
German war industry mainly based upon supplies of Swedish iron ore, which in the were drawn from the to make war.” This is not summer
the port of Lulea of Swedish But there is necessarily 90.
heart of the Gulf of Bothnia, and enough truth in it to pro-
in the winter, when this was vide a reminder that
an frozen, from Narvik on the west itscoast of Norway, arms programme-with
talk about the necessary tools of war-should be ac-be to allow
To respect the corridor would the whole of this shield to proceed under companied by positive think-traffe ing toward peace. And the of neutrality in the face of our sen power. The Ad- sounds of strife from the superior
miralty Staff were seriously per- diplomatic fronts underscore turbed at this important advan- this conclusion.
being presented to Ger- Moreover, in the United many. and at the earliest op- States more than In any portunity [Sept. 19, 1939) I rals- other world country, thereed the issue in the Cabinet.
tage
no
p
and
is today an alarming amount My recollection of the previous of foolish
that the British fatalism-un in-war was sistence that war is inevit-American Governments had had the scruples about mining This comes from an "Leads," able
these aheltered arms and waters assumption that
were called. The great war are synonymous, and mine-barrage which was laid in from such hysterical state-1917-1918 across the North Scu ments as those of
from Scotland to Norway could General
not have been fully effective if Kenney reported elsewhere German commerce and Germon in this issue.
U-boats had only to slip round
are
synonymous.
on
It is equally foolish to the end of it unmolested. urge that arms and peace I found, however, that neither History of the Allied Fleets had laid any terri- minefields in Norwegian torial waters. Their admirals had complained tha! which enormous quantities of la-
the barrage, bour and money had been spent, would be ineffective unless this corridor was closed, and all the Allied Governments had therefore Norway by diplomatic and econo-
can be cited to support the argument that the possession of arms makes men less rea- sonable, more dispused to rely on force. But guns do off by themselves. Fundamentally it is not the arms, but the thinking be-
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T
pul the strongest pressure
hind the arms which deter- mic threats to close it themi- mines their use. The hate selves, of hysteria must be dissolved:
arc
the
same
+
Within the first weeks of the wor, as the author here shows, Mr. Churchill himself and the German naval chief, Adml. von Raeder, were studying the strategic advantages of the Norwegian coast. The Importance of the iron- ore port of Narvik was increased when Russia attacked Finland.
lines in correct strategy,
In these notes (he wrote). I and one had obtained decisions stressed the disadvantages from its Government, which an occupation of Nor
of
to
The Finns were prepared make concessions on every point except the last. With the keys of the Gulf in Russian hands the
frontier.
Hitler
Wan that
and all his generale meditated profoundly upon the Finnish exposure, and that played a potent part in influenc- ing the Fuchrer's thought.
ཐམས
mo-Franc
•
for the munition
plies and the volunteers, was only one possible route
sup-
there
to
All the resentment felt against the Soviet Government for the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact
was fanned into flame by this latest exhibition of brutal bullying and aggression. In spite of the Great War which had been declared, there was a keen desire to help way by the British would have Meanwhite the Scandinavian strategic and national security of the Finns by aircraft and other for us; the control of the ap- peninsula became the scene of an Fhdaril seemed
-them to precious war - material and by proaches to the Baltic, the unexpected conflict which arcus- vanish. The negotiations broke volunteers from Britain, from the Bufflanking
ot
our navaled strong feeling in Britain and down on Nov. 13, and the Fin United States, and still more from of our operations and
our alr at-France, and powerfully affected |nish Government began to tacks
on Britain, the end We discussions about Norway, Abilise, and strengthen their troops our pressure on Sweden. I al- soon as Germany was involved on the Karelian so stressed the advantages for in war with Great Britain and
of the
the occupation of the France, Soviet Russla in the On Nov. 28 Molotov denounced Finland. The fron-ore port of Norwegian coast: outlet to the spirit of her Pact with Germany the Non-Aggression Pact between Norvik with its railroad over the and Russia; two days mountains to the Swedish fron North Atlantic, no possibility proceeded to block the lines of Finland of a British mine barrier, as entry into the Soviet Union from Inter the Russians attacked at mines acquired a a now sentiment- in the year 1917-18.
the West.
eight points along Finland'a I,- al, if
if not strategic, algnificance. The Fuehrer saw at once the One passage led from East 000-mile frontier, and on the its use ne a-line of supply for significance of the Norwegian Prussia through the Baltic States: same morning the capital, Hel- the Finnish armies affected the
singfors, was bombed by
both of Norway and the neutrality _was Red Air Force.
Sweden. These two States, In The indignation exclted in Bri-equal fear of Germany and Rus- tain, France, and
moresta, had no aim but to keep out vehemently in the United States, of the wars by which they were at the unprovoked attack by the encircled and might be engulfed. For them this seemed thd, only Soviet Power upon small, spirited and highly-chance of survival.
vill civilised race and country, was But whereas the British Gov- soon followed by astonishment crament were naturally reluctant and relief. The early weeks of to commit even a technical in- terri- fighting brought no success to the fringement of Norwegian Soviet forces, which in the first torial waters by laying mines in instance were drawn almost en- the 'Lends" for their own ad- tirely from the Leningrad garri-vantage against Germany, they moved upon a generous emotion, Concerning Mr. Churchill's revelation of President Roose-Faghting strength was only about more serious demand upon both The Finnish Army, whose total only Indirectly connected with war problem, towards a far 200,000 men, gave a good ac- count of themselves. The Rus-Norway and Sweden for the free alan tanks were „encountered passage of men and supplies to with audacity and a new type of Finland. hand-grenade. soon nick-named
"An Absolute Revelation"
Monateur Leon Blum, former French Prime Minister, commenting on one of the extracts from Mr. Churchill'shor Memoirs published in the press, writes the following in the May 5 issue of Le Populaire in Paris:-
"M. Winston Churchill ne se borne pas a fixer des , souvenirs, des impressions personnelles; sur beaucoup. de points essentiels i produit des documents inedits, revele des circonstances inconnues, Le temoignage est rendu pour l'histoire: il est a la fois premier ordre et de pro- miere main."
velt's proposal for a conference to the British Government on January 11th, 1938, M. Blum writes:--
"Je ne hasarderai pas la-dessus de pronostic retros- pectif. Ce qui est sur, c'est que la proposition Roosevelt etail, a tous egards, un evenement de premiere import- ance, de premiere grandeur, et ce que je tiens pour cer- tain, c'est que la France si elle l'avait connue, l'aurait acceptee sans reserve et appuye de toute sa force.
Or si le Foreign Office en a ete avise des le matin du 12 janvier, et M. Chamberlain dans ́la' soiree du meme jour, je crois pouvoir affirmer que le Gouvernement Français n'en a jamais eu connaissance. Pour ma part je n'en avais jamais entendu parler-avant-de-lire-le Figaro du 30 avril et cette lecteur a ete pour moi une revelation absolue."
problem; he asked me to leave another led across the waters of the notes and stated that he the Gulf of Finland; the third wished to consider the quien-route was through Finland itself tion himself.
and across the Karelian Isthmusi Rosenberg, the Foreign Affairs to point where the Finnish expert of the Nazi party, dream- | frontier was only 20 mlles from ed of "converting Scandinavia to the, suburbs of Leningrad. the idea of a Nordte community embracing the northern peoples under the natural leadership
of
enormous
коп.
even
"The Molotov Cocktail."
our
(To Be Continued) From the end of the year World Copyright reserved. fighting died down all along the production, even partially, in any Finnish Front, leaving the Finns fanguage. strictly prohibited.
Ro-
Kenney Thinks Soviet Will Start A War
New York, May 19.
Slow Jap
The immense barrage took ̄ ̄a This is much more than a long time to lay, and by the time matter of words. It is no it was finished there was not good to ery peace, peace much doubt how the war would
"Germany no when there is no peace. We end" or that
longer
hostilities cannot ban
possessed the power to invade By Scandinavia. It was not,
how- refusing to speak of war.
ever, till the end of September, But it is well to realize that 1918, that the Norwegian Gov- there is no inescapable war
ernment were persuaded to take action. Before they in the differences between
actually Russia
carried out their undertaking the and the United
wur came to an end. States. Because the war left a power vacuum, their res- pective spheres of influence have in many places reachedtion of my colleagues, after
On Sept. 20, 1939, at the Invita-Germany."
Early in 1939 he thought he out to a common border. But whole subject had been minutely
had discovered an instrument 'n neither is vitally threatened. examined at the Admiralty, In hetween many countries drafted a paper for the Cabinet
reviving and, given upon this subject. time, will become buffers.
In Europe particularly there is
potential avast "third force." Wester Europe, aided by the Mar- shall Plan and brought into greater unity, would itself have greater economic power than Russia. Many obser- vers are convinced that it is this process though barely begun which has already put the Soviet on the defensive. Much of the evidence on which official calculations in Washington are based in- dicates that Russian nation- alism has over-extended it- zelf.
General George C. Kenney of the Strategic Air Com- mand said today that Russia would attack the United States as soon as the Russians...."fool they can win in a conflict against us.” (The three Baltic States were occupied under pretence
Speaking. before a meeting Legion Air of a Mutual Assistance Pact, of the American as related in an earlier instal Service here, General Kenney ment.]
said, "The question today is the extreme Nationalist party in Leningrad and half the Gulf of will that
Thus the southern road to quite simple and direct-when Communist crowd Norway, which was led by a for- Finland had been swiftly barred start operations"?" mer Norwegian Minister of War against potential German ani- That would be just as soon as named Vidkun Quisling. Contacts bitions by the armed forces At the end of November the were established, and Quisling's the Soviet. There remained only they believe they are prepared
ch through Finland ! Gulf of Bothnia normally activity
to win, General Kenney was linked with the the ann freezes, 50 that Swedish Iron plans of the German Naval Staff
Early
General MacArthur "They are leaving no stone un- org can
be sent to Germany through the Rosenberg organisnone of the Finnish statesmen who turned in the endeavour to solve told the Japanese that the So- only through Oxelosund in
And the
of 1021 German Naval At- had signed the the Baltic, or from Narvik attache in Oslo.
pease of with secrets of atomic energy and it viet Union had taken advent- the Soviet Union, went to Mos-will not be the north of Norway. Oxelo-
more than o few age of only a fraction of the Quisling
and his assistant cow. The Soviet demands were years at best before they sund can export only about Hagelin came to Berlin on Dec, sweeping: the Finnish frontier on possess
will shipping offered to repatriate a stockpile of one-th of the weight of ore 14, and were taken by Rueder the Karelian Isthmus must
atom Japanese prisoners of war from he bombs, which may tempt them to Soviet-occupled arcas. Germany requires from Swe-
to Hitler, to discuss a political moved back a considerable dis- start bombers on the way to den.
stroke in Norway. Quilling ar-tance so as to remove Leningrad smash our
Of course, such
niatters
In winter normally the maln trade is from Narvik, whence abips can pass down the west coast of Norway, and make the whole voyage to Germany without leaving territorial waters until inside the Skager- rak.
It must be understood that ish an adequate supply of S iron ore is vital to Gen.. ny, and the interception or pre- vention of these 'Narvik up- plies during the winter months,
can be miscalculated. In the present atmosphere there are always risks... Mr. Marchall_Le,, from October to the end of
evidently refuses to belleve that it is safe how to count on Russia even for an agree- ment to disagree peaceably, But it is worth noting that there have been plenty of sparks which did not start a fire, and, more than a little evidence that Moscow does not want a fire.
The conflict of ideas will go on. But defensive men- sures need not turn it into warlike channels. Indeed if it is successful in deterring Moscow's pressure, it will leave the Issue more clearly than ever to peaceful 'decí- sion in the economic and po- litical, the mental and moral
April, will greatly reduce her power of resistance.
For the Arst three weeks of the war no iron-ore ships left Narvik owing to the roluc- tance of crews to sell and other causes outside our .control. Should this satisfactory state of affairs continue, no special nction would be demanded from the Admiralty.
Furthermore, negotiations are proceeding with the Swedish Government which in them- selves may effectively reduce the supplies of Scandinavian bra to Germany. Should, how- ever, the supplies from Narvik to Germany start moving again, more drastic action will be needed.
There was general agreement realms. So Instead of accept upon the need; but I was unable Ing the foolish fatalism of to obtain ament to action: ---The Inevitable war, the free peo-Foreign Office Arguments about ples should mentally rearm neutrality were weighty, and I themselves to prove the will be seen, to press, my point isguid. not prevail. I continued, sa. tty of their way of, by every moans and on all oc- super
casions. It was not, however, un/
tlon
CARNIVAL
in October Mr.
By Dick Turner
to work now, Parsons-hero's a "papor-"
weight!"*
enough said.
Repatriation
Tokyo, May 20.
today
In an effort to speed the re- centres of industry patriation of. Japanese to their and population."
homeland, SCAP l:as offered the Diskuised Threat Soviets shipping space, adequate General Kenney reviewed to complete the movement of only the tremendous production of 100,000 persons a month, an off- Soviet aircraft and
alal statement issued war
carly this
materials, which he said went afternoon said.
on despite general betler that
"Thus far, Russia has token ·
the Communist nations were advantage of only a fraction of
4ackward mechanically."
'threat is
Communism
this
avaliable shipping. During the 13 days beginning May 1,
masquerading as a doctrine of Russia requested the use of ship. progress when in reality it is a ping space sufficient to move
movement of reaction. Like 14,000 persons to Japan.
many other tyrannies before it,
SCAP furnished space sumclent
it in relying on many disguises and to move 10,700 and 12,021 Japan- false philosophies to justify at ese were actually returned from....
Soviet-controlled areas,"
tack on human freedom,'
Official American estimates of
香
He said their new political techniques must not be dismissed the number of Japanese lightly, for the Americans might awaiting repatriation from Soviet "read of more Polands, more areas include 103,082 on Karafuto Czechoslovalcias, more Finlands, and the Kuriles, 487 in Northern and eventually begin to wonder Korea, 3,000 in Dairen and 480,215 when it is our turn to be invited in Siberia.
the
spider's parlour.** United Press.
into
The repatriation from all areas outside the Russian zone of in- fluence has been virtually com- pleted, General MneArthur sald.
This statement? followed the
ECONOMIC CRISIS tong story in the Japaness press
IN GREECE
this imorning, in which a “re-
Athens, May 20, second, leutenant^ accused the Mr. Dwight Griswold, head of Russians of repatriating only
cently repatriated Japanese
those who accepted Communismi. --Reuter.
the American military aid mis sion to Greece; was leaving here tonight for Washington_ with a letter from the Greek Premior, M. Themistocles Sophoulis, ask ing him to tell the Government at the United States "about" the The Indonesian Republican economic altuation in Greece, the Moslem Party has sent a messu go Atbons news, agency, reported.
The letter save the Greek Go Arab League, Abdul. Nakinan to the Secretary-General of the vernment's 'vlow on the roláźtori
Batavia, May 20.
of Greck.economy to the Mars Assam Pasha, expressing fym- shat Plant points out her pre-ine, It was reported today froms- -pathy with the Arabs-in-Pales-- sant noods for reconstruction and
for. funds to fight the guariling Jogjakarta, the Republican, cap!=
Reuter