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THE ISSUE Concern, and dismay have been the general reactions, wherever free comment is allow ed, to the complete failure of the Allied main
Powers T agere un the framework of a European peace. Thitty months after the end of the fighting war against Nazism, it appears hrought the world that victory only into another phase of the deep struggle between ideologies, Fundamentally, the issue whether Communism
the broadly liberal democratic prin ciples of the west shall rule in Europe. Russia considers tha
the American dollar is weapon that threatens her inter
or
now
X
THE CHINA MAIL, MON DAY, JANUARY 28, 1948.
"AUSTRALIA
Today in Australia Day, or as It is referred to in Australia, "Anniversary Day." The day comen out of the past history of Australia and arises from the
TODAY
DAY"
his report on his observations of an eclipse of the sun altract-) ed the attention of nstronomersi and, in particular, of the Royn)} Soetoly, which WAR already fact that on the 26th Between the visit of the planning to send a party to the January, 1788, Captain Arthur "Duyfken" and that of Care- South Seas to observe a transit Phillip at Port Jackson, now
Dutch naviga- of Venus across the face of thei tensz, however, known as Sydney, formally tooks tors had reached other portiona sun In June, 1769.
on behalf of the of the western and northern possuasion, Britlah Crown, of the Austra- lian Continent and Tasmania.
It will thus be seen that Fate:
for
Large Bay
N
40
Six
sailed
CARNIVAL
By Dick Turner
тина
TELEPHONE
COPS, 1949 BY MIA RETÈCE, MC, T. AL., NEO, IA, I. PAT. OFF.
11-17
"How come my wife says it's okay to bring you home to dinner? Sho usually says no!"
BARCLAY ON BRIDGE
As a result, Cook was chosen' consta of Australia. Dirck to take charge of the "En. Hartog examined a considerable | deavour,” & 370 ton aquare- Although Captain Cook length of coast near Shark Bay rigged sailing ship, in which generally known Ba the dis- in 1616; three yenra later the scientific party left England ARS
Asstralia in 1770, Hrutman was on the coverer of
Western during August, 1768, Tahiti the Continent Was not only Australian coast for nome time, was renched in due course and, known but the greater portion naming Houtman Abrolhos to the astronomical olservations of the coastline had already the south of Shark Bay; in having been successfully com been fairly well mapped. What 1662 the "Leeuwin" rounded | pleted, the "Endeavour" sailed Cuk discovered, however, were the south-western corner of the onwards to the south in August, The principal economic regions continent, which is now known 1769, seeking the southern of the Continent,
as Cape Leeuwin, as far as continent. In the second century of the King George's Sound where
Falling to And may Christian era, Pufemy of Alex- Albany is new situated. Again traces andria made a map of the then-in 1627 the "Golden Zeepaert" known world, and in it, faraiso rounded Cape Leeuwin, and degrees south latitude, Cook away to the south, he showed explored the coast, for 1800 made for the land discovered a vast land mass which he de- mites, to the western shore of by Tasman in 1642, and now signed "Terra Incognita," the Eyre's Peninsula in South Aus known as New Zealand. thaknown Land. Ptolemy's in- tralia.
and a half months were spent formation may have originated)
in making a
the Burvey of with the Malays, whe rovers outdid the Vikings and navigators to the more arid sec-
Ahad consistently led the Dutch Pensla of both North and South Island. which he cireum. sailed far afick from Java tons of the continent, and the navigated. He then which they had occupieri from reports continued to tell of westward, with the intention of
It seems barren
the eastern very remote times.
const of striking inhospitable shores.
New Heland and then follow- hardly likely that they failed to
These vast desert areas were northern Australia; reach
responsible for delaying the ex-ing it northwards en route to chain of islands ran southward ploitation of Australia for three the East Indies, and thence to to the continent like a series of
England. bundred years. stepping-stones.
But the persistency of the In those days the East Indies Butch, whose Governor-General was a great centre of commerce in the Indies Van Diemen, was ests. In America, a strong force and maritime activity to which particularly enterprising, led to On April 20th, 1770, he sight- of public opinion considers that Jadian, Arab and Chinese mer the despatch of an expeditioned the first Australian land n? Russia's expansion in the form chants journeyed to exchange under Tasman, in 1642, to as a point near Cape Everard in erly independent States of East- their wares and manufactures certain the extent of the con- the far east of Victoria. Pro ern Europe is part of a plan for
for the coveted spices of the is- tinent, and this resulted in the seeding easterly and then to the HOPE HE CAN WIN IT the heart 5 to the Q, which the A world dominatio that can be lands; and they would carry discovery of Tasmania. After north, he followed the conat,
won wetting it one trick, Kost re- countered only by financing the back the story of the Southern wards the winds led to his anli- naming the conspicuous land- Your enemy seems to have you turned the spade to he ruffed by
Lands land spoken of by the Malaysing due ens instead of continu- marks eventually on efforts of non-Communist
April right where he wants you. If he the dummy's club 7. The heart K throws you into the lead, you will was scored and the 3 brought win of Centuries passed before any-ing north, and his next land. 29th, he made a landing in a to live their own lives.
thing more definite was known full Russia has given the Western
was the South Island of large bay. To this was given have to return a suit which the de- the dummy.
clater can ruff in one hand while i concerning this land.
I was New Zealand. He returned to
name "Botany Bay." be discarding a user from the opposite main licks. He saw that, if he Right here is where East put in Powers no option but to act not until the latter part of the Batavia around the north of cause of the many new species one. Or perhaps you will have alone in restoring those parts of fifteenth century that the great New Guinea. A second voyage, of plants and fowern found by lead right in a tenace. In either of won this with the J, he would have
nothing to Europe which are free to accept voyages if the Portuguese, who two years later, resulted in the the ship's botanist, Banks, these cases, you wish your partage
return except another their aid. It is a difficult alter
fundamentally trader rough charting of the coast from
whose recommendationa were could win the trick which the de- heart or a spade. The declarer was marked as being now void of both native to full
Allied co-opera-
rather than explorers, led to the Cape York to the Ashburton subsequently to play no small clarer is trying tion, bun
it is the only one in discovery of the "Spice Island" River in Western Australia. part in Inducing the Brillah you have a card big enough to win those suits, and the dummy likewise. So a major suit return would enable sight.
the chain of the East Indian is
Discouraged, the Dutch de Government to establish a penalit and another smaller than
unseen card, your job is to play the South to discard the losing diamond lands was followed as far as cided to concentrate on develop. colony in Australia.
title fellow, if your partner has the he could be counted as still having. Genocide
New Guinea, the northern coasting their interests in the Indies, Elght days later Cook con- next ranking card to your high one, while he ruffed in the dummy. of which was visited by Jorge nod the death of Van Diemen tinued his northerly voyage, he can win the trick. If he hasn't, Murder is murder, even when de Menezes in 1524-26. Up to 1645 virtually marked the tracing the eastern coastline of at least you have lost nothing. dignified by the name of geno that time, the new world bad
end of Dutch voyages south- the continent and naming the cide. In fact, genocide is mur been arbitrarily divided between ward, Although Willem de landmarks. The waters of the der multiplied by group hatreds the Portuguese and the to infamous proportions.
It is Spaniards, the Spunlards tak. the deliberate extermination of a ing the western half and the
Portuguese looking to the east. race or group of human beings.
Their interest and cupidity beyond the casual slaughter of American Indians in aroused by the rich trade from from the Spice Islands, the an age when conscience had not
Spaniards, who were explorera
goes
conscience.
ments.
were
ready been nanexed by
the
Vlamingh discovered the Swan Great Barrier Reef tested his River in 1696 and coasted seamanship and slowed his pro- northwards to the Ashburton greas, as well as providing an incident that might well have before returning. tô Batavia,
inst Cook his ship. During the S. 10 3 night of June 11th, the "En-H. 10 6 4 Dampier
deavour" struck coral reef, D. KQJ9 quote the late but, fortunately, although the
c. z
In 1688, to
and his
com to
been pursuing a career of sheer
had and
and dotted Strait between Ausemmited such
have Justified the
this
time.
n
and
3 7.6
By SHEPARD BARCLAY
"THE AUTHORITY ON AUTHORITIES"
to make
you
wla. If
➤ame
5. A QJ9
4 2 HAJ92
S. 7 6
H. K Q 1 D. A 10 5 3 C. K 97 6·
N WE $
D. None
C. Q 4 3
3. K 83
H. 8 7 5
D. 4 2
C. AJ 10 5 5
བ་
A little more study showed, East that, if he played the heart 9 in wead of the 1, that trick would be won by the holder of the 10, which might be in West's hand. It was, jo West overtook the 9 with it and raked in with the diamond Q the trick that set Souths three. Note that if South had the heart 10, nothing would have been last, as then a dia- mum) trick would have gone to West to. - the heart one dropped by East.
Tomorrow's Problem
S. AJ 2 FL. J 9 D. AK 10 3
(Dealer: West, Neither side vul-
North
Dbl
Bouth
5 C5. 9 6
11. Q 7 6 4 D), 9 8 4
C. A K 98
C. 7 3 2
S. Q.10 7
5 3
3
D. & 5
N WEA
3
S. K 4 IL K 10 5 2
D. Q 7 2
C. O &
C. J 10 3 4
(Dealer: West.
North-South vul
.
When the A covered the diamond nerable). K lead, he ruffed with his club 3, scored the spade A and returned the With South playing at No Trumps, Q to the K, South cleared why should East play bis when
in a position to draw up a final the Australasian aten, and the Consequently, by 1609 he had der his colours." He returnedtrumps with the K and A and led club is first led from the dummy?
world.
caught up to rough frontier ener gies. It is perfectly illustrated by nature, were keen to discover Professor Sir Ernest Scott, "the ship was holed, a piece of coral} by the purposeful slaughter of Spice Islands that had not at.fshores of Australía received a remained in the opening
the visit from a company of buc- minimised the inrush of water. Jews in Germany, and includes Portuguese. Their voyages, how cancers who included an Eng By dint of steady work at the the techniques of mass killings, ever, while placing, the Solomon ishman with a talent for ple- pumps the "Endeavour" was prevention of reproduction, and Islands and other Pacific islandsturesque writing and an inborn beached for repairs and, after
jove of ndventure-William
a thorough overhaul, was able destruction of the cultural life of on the map and leading to the
nerable). the group.
The conscience of exploration of further sections Dampier. He
continue the journey Ub the world has been startled by of New Guinea and the adjoin.panions on the "Cygnet" had August 6th
West
East Passing through Torres 4 D
Pass this black crime, but internation- ing islands, falled to reach any
Разв August 22nd, Cook(Pass
Dbl al law still has not caught up to part of the Australian continent, piracy in the China seas. They Strait
had stolen the very ship in landed next day on an island, Torres ne although in 1G0G,
sailed, the in- witich they
two miles off Cape York, where body, including his own partner, for
East was highly incensed at every A little over
offences a year ago the only sailed through
ay he had planned to land until a everything that happened up to the General Assembly of the United
tralin and New Guinea that would
tribe of threatening aborigines time of bis own double, and he had Nations declared genocide to be still bears his name.
Spaniards, if they had been an international crime. Later a
however, caught, in giving each of themade him change his mind. On it firmly in his mind that hed he has By
that island, which he named that contract at least three trick, in draft convention on genocide was Portugal had become a province sufficient yard-arm accommoda-. Possession Island, he hoisted order to get a decent score for his drawn up and is now in the of Spain, and the Spaniards tion to end their most nefari- the English flag and formally side, hands of member governments. So were being harassed by the ris-on courses."
Dampier's experience of Aus- took passession of the eastern far only six
New governments have ing powers of the English and replied to the request for com the Dutch: In effect, the voy-tralia on this voyage was not parts of what are now
South Wales and Queensland In order that the Econo age of Torres in 1606 marked considerable, but the country in his Majesty's name and un-c
appealed to him. mic and Social Council may be the close of Spanish activity in somehow
British
to England via Java and the Ad- convention, it is necessary that Dutch now became the most en persuaded the
terprising navigators, Actual miralty to give him a ship, the Cape of Good Hope, thus com-
round the ment Was transferred, on was made. The settlement was other governments send in their ly, during the same year that "Rorbuck," in which to explore pleting a journey comments and support the enact-
January 26th, to the site now almost entirely dependent on "New Holland." Torres almost found the east
Despite the interest aroused occupied by Sydney on Port suppites from overseas in its ment of the convention,
coast of Australia the Dutch
His explorations, however,
early years, so that, when shipa This is more
than a formal yacht "Dayfken" sailed into the took him only along portion of in the new land by the reports Jackson.
of Cook and the scientifle party On that date Captain Phillip were delayed through storma the same barren north-western matter. It is one more small vast bay- now
Court, thence around the north who had accompanied him, the formally took possession, on be or other causes, shortage of ra. step to be taken toward the even- Gulf of Carpentaria.
British Government кля not half of the British Crown, of tions was not uncommon. of New Guinea, and back again tual reign of world law. Cri-
time to set the whole of the easier part via Timor to England. He had prepared at that about effectively minal governments may still dis-
colonising of the Australian continent and Of necessity, those first years not found the country very at- In 1623 Jan Carstensz follow. tractive, and referred to the na. Australla. In fact, if it had Tasmania as far westward as were marked by the developing not been for the loss of the the 13th degree of longitude, of the areas Immediately by the ored the route of the "Duyfken "lives as "the miserablest peo-American colonies as a result of This parallel runs through Aus- around Sydney to augment the
ple in the world." This mark the American War of Indepen- tralia a little to the west of the food supplied from and charted
ed the last known contact with dence at about that time, it is Gulf of Carpentaria on the but it was not long before sufil- principal features along the Australia for 70 years, al-; western coast of Cape York. though French and
doubtful whether a permanent north and just west of the en- cient wheat was being produced English His reports on the country were navigatora traversed the Pael- British settlement would have trance to Spencer's Gulf on the to meet the needs of the entire
been established in Australia south. ao discouraging that the Dutch
addition to colony, in fic from South America, and
barley, authorities were dissuaded from Bougainville, during his Facific even as early as it was.
In 1825 the boundaries of the maize and other garden pro- The loss of America as a land colony of New South making further attempts to ex-
Wales duce, while the livestock were voyage in 1766-69, actually ploit the new land. Carstens sighted the breakers on a sebe transported soon brought 120th degree
to which British convicta could were extended westward to the also growing steadily in num- wrote: "This is the most arid on of the Great Barrier Reef about an overcrowding of Bri- which is now the boundary be
of longitude, bars,
Immediately after the estab- and barren region that could be
and altered his route to the
South Australia and Hshment of the frat suttlement, found anywhere on earth; the north, passing around the north ish prisons, making it neces- tween Inhabitants, too, are the most
sary that another land be foundį Western Australia.
Captain Phillip had set about wretched and poorest creatures
to which prisoners could be During this period Phillip exploring the Aurrounding that I have ever seen."
Captain Cook
transported. The new land in was also exercising extra-terri-| country to see if better and It is thus clear that when the South Seas offered a solu- torial jurisdiction
New exlated for agricultural pur Captain Cook, who la generally tion, and approval was oven. Zealand, which appears to have poses, Ho diacovered and The latest mails bring Intel- a bonus on indiscriminate blood-known as the "discoverer" of tually given, in 1786, to the or- become definitely British terri- named the Hawkesbury Riverbed ligener of a bill having been pre-shedding there was this further Australia, sighted the castchn ganising of a fleet of ships to tory only in 1840, when the and the Blue Mountains, the sented to Parliament for the evil, that the mode and the only shores of Australia in 1770, the transfer, the first batch of con- boundaries of the colony of precipitous ranges to the 'weat purpse of abolishing the claim mode of ecmputing the numbers
New South Wales were extend- of Sydney that were to confige of head-money for the destruc- of the stain was as unjust to the continent was not only known victs to Rotany Bay.
a but the greater portion of the
ed eastward to embrace the_la-j settlement to the coastal regions tion of pirates. As well-wishers national exchequer as it was
lands of Now to our gallant Navy, and recken- dangerous trap for the conscience coastline had already been fair-
Zealand. Now for many years. But the first ing ourselves amongst those who of the quarterdeck.
Zealand, however, remained a explorations of any importance Cook was a Yorkshire lad] Command of the fleet was dependency of New Sosta were around the coast, cul- At Canton, all continues quiet. who had served his time on entrusted to Captain Arthur Wales only until 1841.
shipa plying across the North Phillip, an officer who худа
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ganized conscience of the world.
100 Years Ago
(Fram the files of the
"China Mail")
CO.
have the honour and purity of
the Service at heart, we sin
cerely rejoico at this measure,
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known as
the
Arid And Barren
and
named the
of New Guinea.
·
ly well mapped.
Botany Bay
If only for tha good effect it Stolen, during the night, from Sen to Norway and the Ballic, selected as the first Governor of
must kowe in relleying the char-the premises of Messrs.' Mac- acter of our, naval commanders, | vicar
&
Co., Spring Gardens, and who joined the British Navy the new colony. On May 18th,
Sydney
over
overseas.
minating in a complete circum- navigation of the continent. by Flinders in 1801-03.
Since the epic. voyage, of
In the meantime a settlement] Flinders, Australia has passed"
in Eature, from the foul imputa-three turkeys-robbery effected to fight against France during 1787. Phillip and his fleet of tion of trading in human blood, by getting from the railing over the Seven Years' War. He eleven ships sailed from Eng-had been systematically eatab through all the growing, painaa J J to which the claim of head-money a wall near the food house. served with Wolfe at Quebec in land, carrying approximately lished on the shores of Sydney of a new Continent, until to-day has hitherto served to expose it
1759, and later, was entrusted 1,500 persons in all, including "Harbour, and despite diff in her own right she has obtain- That claim was an unmixed evil A Macao passage-boat on her with the charting of the coast nearly 800 convicts. It was cultion arising from the lack of ed national recognition, and the In whatever light we view it. way to Victoria was bearded by
the eight months before the ships farmers and villed tradesmen National. Day is one that is ob- Apart from the great primary pirates near Cow-chow who, af Newfoundland objection that men engaged in ter landing the passengers. and neighbouring islands. While reached Botany Bay, on Jan- amongst the members of the served any public holidaysandyyyEZ chillend warfare should be paid crow, carried her off.
'angaged on this survey work uary 18th, 1788. The settias original party, steady progressla'day of rejoicing
and
1