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GREEK DILEMMA
THE CHINA MAIL, MONDAY JANUARY 6, 1947.
What Did Mr. Malthus Say In 1798?
19
Managing Editor: W. J. Keates Were one to ask a man in will be over for ever. Suo God
Téléphones:
the street "Who was Mr. Mal- win taught. It is noticeable Editors
24354
thus 7"
I can imagine him that he, the Perfectibilist, As Reporters & General Office 32312 answering, "a bad man; a we know from his relations
(four lines)
malignant person of German with Shelley, wna a snob, origin, who hated his kind and sponger, and a scamp; while had pessimistic idens about his critic Malthus, the realist, economics now exploded; and a was a man of the utmost in- writer of improper books, tegrity. about, birth-control." such! The ideas of Condorcet and an answer there would, indeed, Godwin were, of course, the be the faint echo of old con- ideas in which Malthus had troversies, but it would be been brought up by his father wrong in every particular. and Gibbon Wakefield. The Malthus was of unmixed mature and formidable young English steck. His supposedly mathematician, deeply ponder foreign name is as English as ing the realities in his country an. old Kentish malt-house. His curacy, reviewed those ideas,, earliest known ancestor was a shook his head over them, told puritan divine under the Com- his father that they would not monwealth, and his father was do, and in reply to his father's at challenge delivered his attack a small squire who lived
was upon them in the first "Essay Dorking, where Malthus born in 1766. He was a man on Population." It was publish- of boundless kindness, with
BY THE LORD KENNET OF THE
DENE
During the two years since that micinorable Christmas morning when Mr. Churchill and Mr. Eden arrived in Athens amid the din of street battle, Greece has not yet contrived to set her feet on the pathway to tranquillity. The explosive possibilities of the present disturbed situation in the Northern mountains are illustrat-
at
COD-
ed in 1798 when the Directory was on its last legs, England was threatened by invasion. Fichte was being expelled from
Jena, and Irish catholics were killing protestants on Revolu- tion principles. Se men of sober
mind had had time to review
wise Institutions and social systems founded on a contrary assumption must fall.
Malthus goes further. He undertakes to prave that it is in the nature of things that there must always be a struggle for existence, that in the struggle there must be varying degrees of success, and that the less successful must feel some measure of want. Your plans, he contends, fur an equa itarian society, where everyone has all he needs, with security that it will always be so, are an idio cream. Nature will always de feat them. Even if you were to succeed in estab ishing such a society, it would be unstable. Natural forces. would restore juequality and want.
a
To prove this he examines the naer of the struggle for existence, and describes it thus. Population
increases in
Food sup geometrical ratio. plics increase in the much slower arithmetical ratio only. But it is not possible that the. two ratios should differ widely or for long. There cannot for long be more people in the word than there is food to feed
from differing is want,
CARNIVAL
By Dick Turner
READING LAMP
CONE. THE SY MEA SERVICE, WI. Y, M. RIG SL SSPAT, SAGE
8-32
"An' I suppose if I gotcha th' readin', lamp, the next y
book1" ting you'd want would be a
them. What prevents the ratios the effects of the tendency of throughout, to have his fect on im- population to outgrow suli the earth, and Ricardo his head
provent in the clouds. The two great"
minds differed widely, but the
ed by the action of a local Greek charity for all men, and a deep concern for the welfare of commander in giving notice of his humanity. He was a fellow of intention to pursue into Bulgarian Jesus College, a clergyman of the Church of England," and for territory guerilla bands who re-
and treat beyond the frontier. Whe- 30 years a much beloved ther he had the authority of his trusted teacher of youth Government for such a course the East India College, then at Haileybury. In his works does not appear in the reports, but tions which might result scarcely traception, and not a word that the serious international complica-there is no reference to
etuld bring a blush need emphasis. All the more ur
to any cheek. So for from his gent is the despatch of the fron- theories haying been exx
of the violent posed by some upon, others in sistener; it cannot the benefits tier commissing decided upon by ploded, they are an enduring destruction of a social order in the struggle for existence. It them. the Security Council of the Unit
the name of liberty, equality, is want and all its evils that The course of events since the more they differed the better ed Nations. Jan. 15 has been fixed
and fraternity. The book is a check the growth of population days of Malthus has shown friends they became. Of their Keynes I wrote as the latest date for the departure
It is a pity that his training, the need for another refinement contention octavo, badly of the Commission, but events are
dumpy little printed on bad paper.
led Malthus to give so mathe- upon his theory, in the stark ("Essays in Biography," page Few already pointing to the desir
copies were issued, and theymutical and over-precise a form form which he first gave it. 144) "If only Malthus in- ability of an earlier arrival. It is
are now extremely rare. There to his thesis. It is not neces- Since then applied science has stead of Ricardo had been, the of the first importance that the
18 a good reprint by the sary, and it is not satisfactory," improved our los in civilized parent stem from which 19th truth about the alleged frontier
Clarendon Press). It made a it is. for instance, easy to ob- lands with many new comforts, century economics proceeded," violations should be known with.
cat splash, frem which the ject that cattle and cereals in and each comfort, as we have what a much wiser and richer ur delay, and that the Security
ripples are still spreading. creage in geometrical ratio grown used to it, has become pince the world would be!"
like man. Council should set with prompti-
not in arithmetical a necessity. We have learned. It would be wholly to misjudge The theme of the book is the ratio. Nevertheless, the thesis that "want" is a comparative Malthus to conclude that he was tude if the allegations are sub-
struggle for existence. Conder is true in substance. Popula- term. Our "wants" are relative, a pessimist of the sort that de- stantiated.
cet held that give man perfect tion is always tending to out- in the standard of living to spatra of all effort to improve our
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Three valuable months have
on a frontier commission when the proposal was first monted, Even on the Russians have only
accepted under protest on
the ground that if Greece would set her house in order there would be no frontier troubles. The internal
part of the foundations upon which modern economics have first edition been built The of his "Essay on Population" is more; it is a milestone on of the analytical the path thought by which the mind of derstanding of his relation to man has achieved, a better un-I nature in general, and to human society in particular. Charles Darwin is the witness, who tells us that it was the Essay which started the process by which his theory crystallised
tion of his observations
and
out of the immense accumula experiments. Malthus's descrip- tion of the struggle for exist ence helped him to understand how in such a struggle it is the Attest that survive.
*
But the Essay is of more
and pussions is incapable of
perfection. There is no evidence in his history or present state that his passions can be elimi- nated so as to eliminate evil. His character can be improved but not perfected. Godwin sup ported Condorect, and added the suggestion that remarkable selence might prolong human life for ever, Malthus raised his eye-brows. There is no evidence, he writes, that such a goal,
use a
the in Malabar.`
be perfect. No, said Malthus. kept in check by want. intitutions and his nature will strip food-supply, and being which we are accustomed in our Fuman lot. It is true that in the To time and place, and so we may first edition of the Essay; to make. Man's nature with its weakness test the truth of that, one may ace population being checked in his case the clearer, he stresses
often imperfect, is always use- ditions
method which, although one part of the world by con- the insurmountable bar to its un-. limited improvement. But in the that encourage it in
(1803), 2nd editien
a much ful. the method of Suppose that all means
extremes. another. Population in our
of times, has, indeed, been checked larger and certainly a less read- able and brilliant book, he increasing food-supplies have in Western Europe while it has writes about how improvement been exhausted, and the world increased in Asia under a far can be achieved and what is to m is producing the maximum. lower standard of living. What be avoided in the process. He Families will stil. tend to ex-is want in Manchester is plenty never wrote a word to discourage ceed two children, and population to increase. There Such are the bare bones ofment; he sought rather to guide fast then be competition for the Malthusian dialectic, our efforts in the right direction'i the means of subsistence, suce skeleton in the cupboard of all What is that direction? Malthus with Perfectibilists..equalitarians, answers the question by a or any of the goals of the Per- ceas and failure and,
Το enforce and planners, of a Utopia in narable. An nak-tree has roots,, The trunk, the in a brilliant passage he lave equality can then only force all which there is no competition; trunic and top.
and a skeleton of which they middle. is the part most useful to the true foundation upon which down together into misery.
man. Roots and top, may be of cannot get rid. to build expectations
no practical use, but they ar future. We must not believe
Wiliam James divides minds necessary to the growth of ther
In oak, and it is no good trying toy
oak without account in this sphere, the tender-minded row
ondition of Greece is admittedly than historical interest; it is a last unsatisfactory owing to the tract for our own times, as well Hfactious intransigence of theas for those of Malthus. To parties. On the other hand, the understand it one must recall Greek Government complains that his background. His father was guerilla hands are not only nat
a gentle but enthusiastle fel- lower of Roussé, of whom he hindered from crossing and re-
made a friend during Rous- crossing the Northern frontiers, seau's stay in England, and he but are given refuge, encourage
brought his son up in the ment and even training on neigh faith. Rousseau and Hume were bours' territory. with a view to to be his idols. He was to ad- aggravating Greece's domestic mire the French Revolution, difficulties. The correctness or and for his tutor his father anything which absolutely con nbserved, was not a factor toj into tough and tender.
otherwise of these charges will be
chose Gibbon
Wakefield, the
fectibilists, is attainable; and failure, want.
of
the
tradicta uniform experience.
ence between that and believing
·
Birth-control, it must be
be taken Into
the subject of the commission's in- Unitarian Minister from Bir. There is a very striking differ- Malthus's day. Had it been, it are for ever seeking to 'frame!
tenst
quiry, but the evidence of un Infficial observers gives them at a primal facle foundation. Denials could be more easily cre dited were it not known that Bul
us from the struggle for improve
ал
them?
:.
Efort should be directed to grow-
mingham whom Pitt put in
an assertion which contradicts would not have affected thea polity which will get rid of prison for admiring the nothing. but is merely beyond validity of his.
argument the curse of Adam. They looking on cak with as much trunk volution too much. In current
the power of our present ob- People will not willingly within, gec. the unlimited and as le top and roots dš · phrase we should say that the
In abstain from the pleasure of spiritual riches of the human possible. Similarly, because com- formative period of his lifeservation and knowledge. was spent in an atmosphere of short, man always has been ac- children, unless they, already mind in its best examples, and petition for
BARCLAY ON BRIDGE
By Shepard Barclay
subsistence is in
wil
reward
and
and see that the material riches are best balanced, and it is con- of humanity's environment are sequently in that stratum that by no means unlimited. They humanity is best off and most in the plan for a polity which takes productive, especially notice of the limits imposed by richts. So effort should be direct- nature upon human perfectibied to reducing the proportion of lity, and, by seeking an attain the extremes, the upper abe better, avoid the failure; lower classes, to the middle class, cften catastrophic, and theBut any attempt to get rid alto- delay, always mischievous, in-gether of top and roots must fail. main idea is to shut cut the op- volved in the pursuit of an im-In Malthus's me this was
doubt an adequate plan for ponents. When one of these makes possible best. Malthus is the social policy. Since his time our an original bid of either three or type of the tough-minded.
soefcty has gone a long way in
The Authority on Authorities"
USEFUL FOR NO TRUMPS
по
9
human society garia aspires to the annexation of the Left. He went to Cambridge quisitive and competitive, and experience to some extent those plan for a world of abnormally evitable,
want which elevated beings, free from the always have upper, middle, and Greek territory which would af and was a good mathematician, there is no reason to suppose consequences of 凱 ford her a purt on the Aegean, and ninth wrangler. He took a tions will ever make him other-Birth-contro: can only mitigate The tough-minded look without, stratum that effort and
that any change in his institu- make, children Burden. impact of adverse circumstance. lower classes. It is in the middle and thar Jugoslavia favours the fellowship at Jesus with ease. erention of an autonomous Mace He had a share in managing donia with Salonika as the capital. college affairs, and must, fut try The whole situation puts Bri- instance, have helped to tain in an
unenviable dilemma. und keep in order a particularly By keeping her troops in Greece revolutionary and eccentric un- Samuel dergraduate of Jesus, she becomes exposed to the accusa Taylor Coleridge, who run away tion from interested quarters of and enlisted in the Dragoons. interventionist activity which pre- So he passed to a curacy at vents tranquillisation. On the Albury, near Dorking, and to other hand, to withdraw them in the professorship of History present circumstances would al and Economics for 30 years, most certainly lead to the renewal at Haileybury.... of civil war. The suggestion that
That was the surface, but You virtually never see one of four in a suit, he informs his part- Some of the practical applica-reducing the proportion of roots
it was much more.the top class players make an incr that his hand Britain has any other motive bur beneath
is utterlytions which he made of his and top, particularly of top: It is had original suit bid of three or more useless in any circumstance, ex- to hold the ring while the Greek Mathematical Cambridge
from an a hand which can be useful for cept with that suit as the trump his day are still interesting. id to an extent that threatens principles to the questions of srguable that top has been redue- people decide their own destiny turned his mind away and substitute unity and strength the amiable generalities of the any purpose other than with that That message could not be con- He opposed for instance all the health of the tree. Certainly
Friends of Humanity towards suit the trump. If the long veyed with this hand, as it had for weakness and discord is the search for, facts and suit is solid-headed by the ace-terrific value at No Trump play, personal allowances (in his it has affected its beauty. malicious slander. It is not the wards close reasoning from king-queen, it is extremely useful furnishing seven sure tricks if days poor-law allowances) not fault but the misfortune of Bri- facts. He found himself cap-at No Trumps, So with such a North had even a singleton in the given as the direct and pro-comes to an end with two, tain that, her efforts have not souple of great activity of mind, suit, if the entire hand is not suit and could stop the other suits Portionate reward of useful chapters which are a treasure of far produced better results. Clear- and of intense, and prolonged strong enough for an criginal bid before the defense picked up four, work, "They tend to increase our literature. The curate of
onc, then the star players tricks,
population without increasing, Albury realizes that his argu- she cannot walk out so long as application to the observation of of
So South's hand was "strong the means for its support, and ment about the Inevitability of the risk of chaos persists. If other facts and the analysis of the passes and bids strongly later.
enough to pass and bid strongly thus to. éreate more poor want and. Its consequent evils, Powers would cease their war of conclusions to be drawn from
later." That is what he did, and Pitt's poor-bill of the day, was material and moral, must shock nerves against Greece the prospects them. He was in short,
so his partner wound up in an un-
case in point, and he fell foul the orthodox church-men of his day. and he gets to meet the both of her own withdrawal and realist and a logician, dissatis
beatable 3-No Trumps. If North of it. Pitt, we know, had coming storm by giving an fled with anything out the
had passed on his first turn, and more open mind 'for the new count of his faith. It is East opened, Scuth could have bid subject of political economy much that of a mantheist HQ J 5 3 2-Spades as an overcall, and the then Fox, who thought that it approaches Delty through nature,
pair would have reached the same was a dodge of Pitt's to dish He Invincible 3-No Trumps.
B
of Greek consolidation would be realities of the world as a basis considerably brighter. As things for thought. He also loved 'S. 10 0 are she has no recourse but to good argument; and having HK 108 ignore calurany and to continue argued everything out with his D. 874 her pacificatory efforts. Greece is Cambridge friends he looked C. J973 her willing ward, whom she can into the greates-world to find not consistently with her obliga- Bomebody else to argue with,
and found antagonists tions throw to the wolves.
ready to his hand.
MINUTOLO BACK- IN GAOL
ther
S. 4 3 H. A 9 42
D. 10 9 4 3 C. AQ4:
15..7 6
N WLE
D'AK5 C. K. $ € 2
S. AKQJ8.5 2
·H. 8 7
D. J Z
C. 10 5
(Dealer: South. Neither sidej vulnérable.)
Tomorrow's Problem
S, Q 8 0 4 H. A 7-
D. 6 1 2 C.K.4 3·2
The illuminating little book
AC-
very
who
the
accents... of
course, the Whigs; in this case his doctrines of his church (with the judicial mind was brought to exceptione et eternal punishment) admit that the economists had but he relects the conclusion that the best of the argument, and this world is no more than a u.timately he dropped his policy future and better state. On the of parish-allowances altogether. contrary. It is the scene un Wala which good is realized, as only It' It should be said by the way, can be realized, by conflict with AJ75 that Malthus based his argu-evil Good emerges. he says, H. 10.B.3ments about such practical anticipating Alexander by
affairs on ne narrow academic process in time, and the process basis. He had a clear insight in that by which the mind of into the relations between pro mar, which is the source of good, duction and consumption; simulated into activity by the wages and prices, savings and needs of man, and not least by investment, and of the quantity: his malertal needs. Without want, por efforts without effort, na theory of money. He developed mind; and, without mind, no gand." (Dealer West. Neither side these subjects in a characteris strupele for exirience, la tho vulnerable.)
W
E
D. K J'a
3.9 3. H. 8 5 2. D.A.10 9.4. EA Q10 4
These
were the Perfecti- bilista, and the Perfectibilista
South West North Eget were the torch, bearers of 'the
1.45 "Pass". Pass Pass S. 102′′ Revolution. Condorcet had the New York, Jan. 5.
12:13 S. Pass 4.5
H. KQJ14 "Alfred Minutolo, 34-year-old torch from Rousseau, and
3. Pass. PARS 1 H..
Pass D..Q.7.3 "graduate" of the notorious Al- taught the men, who later beat
2′ 5 PasS""
NTPass C. 7·6. Pass 3 NT. 38 cutraz Island, prison, and one him to death, that all the evils of the nine men, who escaped of man are due, not to defects on Thursday from
in his character, but to defects. There you have the bidding at Brooklyn
party. The declarers at the Dirst | Kaol, was recaptured last night in his institutions. In Englandre ples of a social duplicate ney Hackrack, New Jersey, Godwin caught the fire, and two tables gol set one trick, Jos- almost 20 mites away,
preached the perfectibility of none in hearts, two in dia- Palice claim that Minutolo man through equality. Only monds and one in clubs. helped to plan the outbreak. give us time enough and total At Table 3. sat two high-rank What two factors, as important tic examp's of his genius, A cause of man's hannlness as well The eight other convicts inequality, without any lawa ating players who never crowd the as honor strength, should South Correspondence with Ricardo act his misery. Competitiven is cluding Anthony Aiello, self- all of property or marriage, and bidding of their own. vide et-weigh when pondering an open which began in 1811 and ended the root of all good, as well as Confessed murderer, are still we shall all live together in cept when holding a hand so ing fourth-hand bid on his border-only with the death of Malthus of all evil
in 1934.” In this Malthus seems (Continued on Page & Col, 5} /*** at large. Associated Press, peace and happiness, and evil worthless generally that their line holding?