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THE CHINA MAIL THURSDAY, AUGUST“. 29, 1946,
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CALL TO ORDER
Tension created by the persist- ent provocations of the Jugoslavs against the Anglo-American oc cupying forces in Venezia Giulia reached a point over the week-end where the American Government was compelled to address to Jugo slavia what in diplomatic parlance is familiarly known as an "ulti; matum." This is a ward with an ugly ring, because in the past it has usually been associated with the threat of warlike action in the event of non-compliance with the demands at the expiry of the time limit. No such threat was con- tained or implied in this ulti matum, which, on the contrary, was conspicuous by its studied moderation in tone and substance. The deliberate shooting down of two planes and the detention of the survivors was an act which might well have been made the occasion for insistence on peremptory re dress, All that the American Note demanded Was access by American representatives to the survivors and their immediate safe delivery across the border. In the event of non-compliance the
to
THE FALL OF MUSSOLINI
in
The first atlerings in the plot ' Meanwhile, in November, which ultimately led to over- 1942, Mussolint became gravely throw of Mussolini dato back ill. It seemed as if he would
the summer of 1942. The either die or at any rate be most active though not the come unfit to hold bis position.
figure most important mobillaing and organising In fluential officials politicians and generals against Mussolini was undoubtedly Gen. Giuseppe Castellano, who was assistant to Gen. Vittorio Ambrosio, then Chief of Staff of the Army.
Italian
1
By RANDOLPH CHURCHILL
BY THE WAY
By BEACHCOMBER
The report that Glm actress
urged him,, when Rommel had rivanced to El Alameln in Sep- tember, 1942, to come to Libya in order to ride into Alexan- dria and Cairo at the head of the Italian troops. Mussolini had prudently rejected this frat Invitation but,, when Cavallero pressed him again with the code word "Tiber," he fell for its to be attended by a doctor and As a
a nurse, because she has such an result, he arrived in Many of the conspirators began Libya just in time to witnosa exacting part in a new flim, should to hope that there would ho a Rommel's repulse by the recent be a warning to producers.
This experiment was tried In natural solution by an Act of ly arrived Gen. Bornard Mont-
a atage play years ago. In the At that time, the Fascint
So for some time, the gomery. This loss of face Mus- middle of the big love scene, tho God." party had lost, much of its
plot hung fire. But many in-solini blamed on the ineptitudo young man could not get at the former political strength. Mustrigues began as to who would of Cavallero.
girl because the doctor Was solini's popularity had pract succeed. Munnolini if and when
at snatching her pulso and the The conspirators were now. Many Fascist he died. cally vanished.
zlasa of was holding ablo to reinforce
na go to Mussolini's leaders had been opposed to
Hips. In mak distiko of Cavallero. They let in his exlt, the doctor bumped Italy'a participation in the war
him know, through Clano and character and sent While he was attend- other channele, that Cavalleroi her from the outset, and. by this time, there was curcely any
had been planning to take over Ing her, in
In a corner of the stage, one except Roberta Farinacci the
his job. This preved decisive for fractured hip, a fourth char who was for continuing war. He was more pro-German
with Mussolini and, at the end acter collapsed with shock, and the than Mussolini. But all the
of January, 1943, he dismissed whole thing became ridiculous. There were ribald cries of in com-
Cavallero and, after some daya
"Brandy other Fascist chiefs,
whole Italian
of hesitation, replaced him with
audience. mon with tho
Gen. Ambrosio. people, would, have been glad, by the summer of 1942, to get out of the war on almost any terms.
Germans Watch
in
ther
Brandy!" from the
Mr. Hoote's Call To Action
Unknown to Mussolini, Am- brosio was his deadllent enemy and had, in fact, been "plant-
Mr. From
Emery Hoote," the plotting his downfall.
the conspiracy
astoundingly bizarre Member for this time, on,
Rissole, has roundly accused tho Detailed gathered momentum. plans were drawn up as to the Society. for General Purpodes of Fascist body, "not only method by which Mussoilal's being
hut probably clerical reactionary removal should be achieved and as well." Hn described how 42 Italy manoeuvered out of the children, singing "The Red Flag." war. Up till now, everything broke into a hall where the Society had been tentative and provi- was meeting, and found C. Suet. sional. Henceforward, plans be-
addressing 17 "The Need for Greater
people on came concrete. and the reni leaders of the conspiracy began Mr. Hoote said that if the Home
There seems no doubt that Marshal Cavallero conceived the idea of being Mussolini's auc- ceseor. No evidence is yet avail able as to what were the Gor- mana intentions in the event of Mussolini's death, but there's no doubt that they were watch- ing matters closely and were deeply concerned over this pos- By autumn of that year, Gensibility. They certainly regarded" on him by those who were Castellano's activities had suc- ed Cavallero na "their man," ceeded in bringing into close and there is every reason to default of any touch King Victor Emmanuch, suppose, Gen. Ambrosio and Count evidence to the contrary, that they would have accepted him Clano, who at that timp was
as a suitable successor. still Foreign Minister. Victor
However, Mussolini did not Emmanuel was represented in-
He recovered from his all these preliminary discussions dic. by the Duke of Acquarone, head incas and showed by word and of his household. But as early deed that he intended at all costs to keep Italy in the war as November, the King sent for clano and personally discussed at Germany's side. So the con- with him waya and means of spirators decided that they
must proceed with their plans. Tomorrow I will describe how By this time, all were agreed these plans crystallised and will getting Italy out of the war.
that the first step must be the attempt to define the roles play removal of Cavallero. Musso-ed by those who took the de-off lini WAS already prejudiced cisive action in the culminating against Cavallero, who had drama.
Two Difficulties
The conspirators early re- cognised two main difficulties. One was how the new Italian
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force but to the Security Council
The
·
to assume responsibility.
+bad
Secretary allowed the Society to continue the peace of the world. would be andangered, Mr. Hoote ended his speech by demanding that the Government should break diplomatic relations with Portugal and Switzerland and Sweden at once.
World Situation--An Inside View
the moment when Italy quit against the Fascist party and militia, and also against the inevitable German reaction. In outward appearance, the Italian generals, strangely world situation is one of hope- enough, were more apprehen- less confusion and inextricable afve of what the Farcists would muddle. At no point can it be do than of what the Germans
Roid that definite progress to- would do. But the politicians ward peace and prosperity is involved in the, plot correctly being made, or that light is. foresaw that there would be breaking through virtually no opposition from the storm clouds. Appearances may be deceptive. Things may ba Fascist party or militia,
If that, if Italy quit the war with the Allies, it would certainly mean war with Gormany.
of the United Nations. That the war was to protect itself at once the least and the most which the American Government could have done consistently with the rule of order in international relations which it is their aim, in common with other well-disposed Governments, to promote.
Recent Jugoslar policy has been all too reminiscent of met- hods, familiar in Europe and else where between the wars, of which the world might have hoped it had seen the last with the defeat
Powers. The of the aggressor Anglo-American 'Notes published earlier last week cited numerous cases of frontier "incidents" of the old type of intimidation and subversive activities promoted in the occupation zone by agents having official Jugoslavia, of attempts to usurp the functions of the Government in the zone, of a sustained cam- paign of abuse and vilification against the Allied Governments and the occupying authorities.
connections
in
All this belongs to the well- known technique of famenting Tel Nas. trouble in order to jump a claim. 31168 In face of it the Allied Govern- 2001:
ments have preserved an exemp 27003
lary patience which is now in CORP. process. of becoming exhausted. Their efforts to conduct the ad- ministration impartially in cir- cumstances of extreme difficulty
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The second obstacle the con- spirators found in their path was the fact that the Chief of the General Staff at that time Wig Marshal Ugo Cavallero, who was staunchly pro-German. They concluded that nothing useful could be done until he had been replaced by some one who was prepared to cooperate with them.
Friday's Concert
A well known Hong Kong musician will come to the stage again on Friday next in "Melody Parade" at the Star Theatre, in aid of Service Charities,
Mias Caroline Braga, a forma er student of London Trinity played College of Music, has the piano right from the start.
time when the piano was not a
a m388 of
better than they geom. healthy tendencies are working, they are obscured by o series) of unhealthy phenomena.
In nearly four weeks of bar- ren proceedings, the Purls Pence Conference has still yielded no positive result. Only three weeks remain for the discharge of its task-the adoption of the peace treaties with ex-enemy states in Europe-before its principal members must prepare to attend the United Nations General As- sembly in New-York. Should it fail in the three weeks to reach agreement on the treaties, it would leave confusion worse confounded.
danelles, Britain and the United States have addressed sharp re- monstrances to Yugoslavia upon her porsistent vilification of British and American policies. The shooting down in Yugosla via of U.S. Army planes has
By
WICKHAM STEED
been denounced in Washington as an "outrageous performance." Armed clashes between Yugo-
slay and Anglo-American troops in the region of Trieste have been too frequent to be attribu- table to accident.
Polish Election
Dissatisfaction with Pollah electoral arrangements, both in the recent referendum and in view of the general election next autumn, has Indused the British Government to remind Poland of obligations assumed when the was formed with the ascent of Polish Provisional Government Britain and the United States. These obligations were that all elections should be freely and honestly conducted. The Polish Government appears to have formed conditions on which Britain and the United States recognised
and entered inta
diplomatic relations with it: receive a Poland may shortly similar reminder from Washing- ton. The failure to honour her obligations might place Poland in an position.
unpleasant diplomatic
A somewhat difficult situation has also arisen from the failure of the Anglo-Egyptian negotia tions to resch tronty of alliance and a correct agreed definition of Egyptian relations with the Sudan. Half a cen- tury of intense administrative effort on the part of British
Ins administrations
raised
Sudan from a derelict and bar- barous region to an orderly and prosperous province. Bri-
"tain cannot allow this achieve- There- ment to be imperilled. fore she reject. Egyptian de- manda for complete control of the Sudan and the whole Nila Valley. complete Egyptian independente Her recognition of dues not diminian lur respon- sivity to the Sudanese.
Nor do British efforts to promote full independence of India under a Constitution and diminish regret that religious a united Indian government
and political discord between the Hindus and Muslims should have turned Calcutta into a battlefield with heavy loss of life and destruction of proper Indian Congress leaders to form
If in the conference the line of divergence between the West Powers and the Russian group ern Powers and the Russian of states has become increasing y clear, developments outside the the conference accentuate
East divergence between the and the West. The United States have met with no recognition, but and she cannot rcanember tho and Britain refuse to assent to ignored them, although they ty. The apparent readiness of demands formulated in the Rus instead with the systematic ex- aggeration of trivial complaints. familiar friend. Coming of asian note to Turkey regarding Of these the only one with sub-well known musical family she the Bosphorus and the Dar- has many musical frienda and stance was the occasional violation one of them was Professor Dan- of Jugoslav territory by Allied enborg under 'whom she studied aircraft, which they have done before the war. Since then hor their best to stop but which the name has become familiar on the weather sometimes renders inevit- stage and on the air.
Also taking part in "Melody able. Such violations as have oc-
Hong curred, however regrettable, offer- Parade" will be those
"The Foor Kong favourites, ed not the smallest warrant for mans," who have recently com- the shooting down of aircraft plated a most successful tour of without even the formality of
camps in the New Territorice warning that such action was con- and also .on the Island; templated.
where they received enthusi- astie welcomes from the troops. They are veteran troop- ora themselves as well as being
Most of the conditions of the American note have been met and
no appeal to the Security Council accomplished musicians, They
have
is likely to be required, but appeal have touréd the East with or no appeal, the Jugoslavs may ENSA. and, since then perhaps need to be reminded that worked with C.S.E. in giving there is sitting in Paris a Con-entertainments to servicemen in ference one of whose main tasks is many places, from small campa
to large theatres, to find a fair solution of the Venezia Giulia problem, and that attempts to influence or prejudge: the verdict by violence will lead nowhere but to the perpetuation. of an unrest from which no one ¡stands to gain.
DEATH SENTENCE
Madrid. Aug,“” 27. Spaniard, “Amador Prada Bianco, was sentenced to death by Ja Military' Court here today. ***Ele was, Accused of leading the "shooting. Insident outside Bank
of Shafă (in-
in Madrid during May and of trying to obtain large sums 'of messy by thrests from business-
CONSTELLATIONS UP AGAIN
London, Aug. 27. The first British "Oversesa Airways Corporation Constella tion, airlines to fly the Atlantle since the United States : Civil Aoronautics Hoard ordered the grounding of all Constallations because of the danger of fra, in to leave New York on August
Seven weeks of grounding of all Constellations is estimated to have meant a fora of 410.. 1000 warkly, Reubor.
CARNIVAL
By Dick Turner
Interim Indian national government, with or without - Muslim support, leaves unaï swered the delicate question whether in the absence, of British control the leadera would be capable of averting civil war between the adherents of the rival creeds.
Another issue that has been rendered acute is the prospect of civil war between tho National Government, and the Communists in China. Despite the efforts of American media- tora to bring about agreement, a warlike conflict appears in- evitable.
Shining Points
Optimism of an especially robust quality would be needed to draw favourable conclusions from all these untoward cliş cumstances. Yet some points shine with most light" in`a picture of almost unrolløved gloom, One auch poin in the cortainly, that if any sột, the major nations descend, to arm, ed strife, they would very like- ly seal their own doom. Another point is the rosection that the presant chaos may be due to nervous repercussions of many years than to any inteïtion or desire to resume world-wide destruction. And the third point is the fact, hitherto over- looked or ignored, that the principles as impartial ustice have been atšailly,windicated for many months in the trial ore the Gurman, var oriminais at Nuremberg.