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Peace Problem
ན
Oil
THE CHINA MAIL TUESDAY, APRIL 16, 1948..
For The Lamps Of Russia
Power-politics, overshadow Iran an all production, a vital element in British economy and in the welfare of the Empire.
Топл Last year--an increase of
•
-Beneath the diplomas. ANATOMY OF A TODAY
tic squabbling of the Great" Powers over Iran flows an undercurrent of nil. Here is the 'back.. ground to Russia's bid. for a bigger share in the world's resources ——
This has been estimated by Dr. By GORDON NATTRASS
7,000,000 tons avar pre-war pro
life or death to duction--mean Britain's Army, Navy, and trade. This oil, too, saves the foreign When the Peace Conference exchange that is so precious to meets in Paris shortly, one of the Britain and goes a long way to
demands
of all the thorniest questions certainly will satisfy the he the disposal of Trieste. The steffing-controlled areas.
a now a production more one studies the various alter-British monopoly, no could
one
reserves
of
FADING INCOME
IN EUROPE
Washington - When Lord look. But he has a enuatie Sir, I am an ordinary middle- Halifax is replaced by Sir Ar- conso of humor which has on. class man whose incomo has re- chibald Clark Kerr on British deared him to all his collongues. mained static since 1997, I am Ambassador in Washington, the When Neville Chamberlian ro married; I have two children. My post of Ambassador in Paris turned from Munich, Sargent Balary is 2000 a year.
will be the only one in 'Grent and other Foreign Office offl- Before the war my incopie tax Britain's foreign service not elals watched
the
scene in wa £23 (I grumbled at held by a professional diplomat. Downing Street from the root Bent and rates amounted to £70 It is true that Alfred Duff Coo- of the Foreign Office. Dig. family fatal cost £150; coal and
allowed per, who has held the Paris post gusted by the unthinking de- light about £10; and
light with which the crowd ap- 40 for clothes.
plauded Chamberlain, Sargent turned to a friend and sald, "You might suppose they were celebrating a major victory in- stead of morely the betrayal of a minor country."
08
By
A
America, from 3,600 fields, has
tons- produced 4,250,000,000 per cent. of the world's oll-to date. Latest estimate puts reser
at ap- Apart from oil, Britain's com- ves in the United States mercial interests in Iran are grea-proximately 3,000,000,000 tons. ter than those of any other coun-
G. M. Leo, chief geologist of the.. Before the
war the Empire's Anglo-Iranian OU Co., as, at the trade was 60 per cent. of Iran's
rate of production of 240,000,000 tuns a year, 12 years' total.
That left about $275, for holl- supply.
the But oil is the linchpin of the Empire, strategically as well as This figure does not take count, oil future and wondering whother daya, doctors, amusements,
car, wages (the "dally woman" RANDOLPH CHURCHILL For some Iran supplies the answer economically. The British-owned of new discoveries.
Outside Egypt, whose oil future three half-days a week), and say- wells that produced 17,000,000 years now the annual total of new
ts-insignificant, Iranian developings. It was a tight squeeze, and oil found has exceeded the yearly ment was first in the field, and we used to say our income Atted since the liberation of France, production.
the present output is more than use like mittens rather than a started The total oil
but we made both ends diplomat, but America, proved and estimated, 60 per cent, of the Middle East glove, total.
meet. may be greater than the proved
Com- The Anglo-Iranian. Ol Yot recent American
But no sooner do you maken political one. reserves.
Bomebody from both ends meet than placed the pany's concession, derived estimates have not
that
obtained by Mr. William moves the ends. 1 have precisely figure higher
Knex d'Arcy in 1901, now covers the same salary, but look at my supply.
100,000
miles In South- But even
aquaro
stato today. Wost Iran.
Oll was first found in commer- oil barons in the
and in 1914 tho British Government ac- States would still be seriously cial quantities in 1008,
More and East quired a majority interest 106 concerned." America looks to the Middle East to secure control over oil reserves per cent, stock ownership) in the on a sufficient scale to safeguard Ordinary share capital of the com-
pany. her future supplies.
The move was made to secure Four years ago a Washington-
planned to future all supplies for the Ad- sponsored company build a pipe-line from the Persian miralty.
A 120-talla--long pipe-line from Gulf acrosa Arabla to the Medi- this Iranian field served the com- terranean. But the U.S. com-
Shatt-al- pae already operating
port of Abadan, the biggest refinery in the world--bigger even than the famous U.S. plant at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, whiot before the war produced 10,000,-
than
15
years
If the
reserves re-
natives, the more convinced one deny Russia, or any other nation, Bredented 30 or 50 years' sued
is that the only just solution is for the right to prospect for oil on internationalised.n normal, competitive basis and by Trieste to be
the arraagement with
Govern This certainly is the view of tent of the Shah.
sens of the talk of oil and large majority of British and
to the So American observers who have mineral concessions
vlet, studied the situation on the spot.
Has Russia, then, been using Britain and America will have
her undoubted strategic power in particular responsibility for ensure the Middle East to enter the world ing that a just solution is reached contest for oil beyond Their decision to occupy Trieste borders? last May placed the two power
During the last century, it became one of the busiest ports in the Miiter- ranean, serving as one of the main channels for Central European trade. The countries which made use of its facilities the greatest
and Hungary Austria, Bavaria. After the collapse of
her own
there
The Soviet before the war pro- did not see eye to eye with their refinery at the
War Reduced Soviet Production
000 to a year.
Iran Has Sharo Of Profits
professional
The Left-wing desire to see his appoint Britain represented abroad by ment to France was essentially Socialists is based on the naive, untutored view that there should Forces are now at work to re-be no continuity in foreign move Dulf Cooper from the policy. These Socialists would Parls Embassy. Part of this like to Implement what they agitation comes from extreme describe as a "progressive" for- Socialist Members of Parlia-eign policy, based essentially on ment, such as Konni Zilliacus, co-operation with other like. My £23 Income tax has gone up who would like to see Duff minded countries. What these to 121 25. Od, and will stand, Cooper removed merely because political babes in the wood fail even with. next month's cats. At he is a Conservative. Other to realize is that the permanent £80 15s. My rent (I am lucky to forces working against him are long-terin interests of the Bri- be still in my pre-war house) is those inside the Foreign Office tish Empire do not change from Coni has gone up 100 per cent.who, while they do not object day to day but require essential- —from £2 for ton to £4. My to the Paris post being hold byly the same polley for defense, suit, which used to cost me £8 88, a Conservative, think profes-whatever Government may be in has gone up 100 por cent to siunal diplomat should have the power. £16 10s.
Foreign, Secretary Ernest Be- Zilliacus and hie group wouldvin, to his credit, realizes this The food, for which we queue,
wo remove, if they could, a largal He knows there is no short-cut spending an average of 1
of 15 number of professional di- to the catablishment of world man-hours a day instead minutes on the telephone, has gone plumats and replace them with peace-that it is a cause which down in both quantity and quality. Socialist appointees, This must be worked for over many although it has not increased ap group, many of whom are long months and years. preciably in price.
crypto-Communists, have been has now been in the Foreign But one the rock-bottom neces- most bitter in their denuncia- Office for seven months and has sities of life I am spending £625 ton of recent appointments in- found time to have consultations out of my £600,
the same.
A
the daily
We have abandoned help for ehar, who obliges (when in the mood for two hours a week; but she gets 2s. 6d. on hour instead of la.
jab.
Bovin
duced 30,000,000 tons of o a Government and the project was in a position to find the corrent year-11 per cent, of the world's drow
with Iran's 1
in 1943, a technical dil answe: to the manifold problems total, compared
then sponsored by the mission. of race and economics which are per cent.
Petroleum Administrator, Harold But in the war years her domes. Prior
Middle inherent in the situation.
East and reported that the proved to 1919, Trieste belonged to Austic production suffered serious set. Ickes, surveyed the
backs. L
reserves of the Middle East pro- tria to over 500 years.
The production of octane avia bably exceeded the total proved tion spirit in the cracking plant
side the diplomutic service. with nearly all of Britain's re- reserves in the U.S.
at Abadan (about 1,000,000 tons
Almost the Since then
Middle East's
year) was one of the outstand-
They were delighted when Sir presentatives abroad, have renerves proved
been reing feats of the war
Reginald Leoper, whom, grates without exception, he has been ported the American Senate as At Kermanshah
there
is an.
quely enough, they regard as satisfied with their capabilitice 3,500,000,000 tons. Of the areas other.
smaller.
Fascist, was removed as Am- and is convinced they are loyally refinery which pro- which this oil in
is located, duces 100,000 tons a year. This
bassador to Greece but they carrying out his policy. American interests control 41 per plant receives its crude oil from
Therefore he is turning a were horrified when he was as- cent of the concessions, British Naft--Shah, near the Naft
aigned to Argentina. The ap-deaf ear to extremist agitation and Dutch interests 53 ner cent. Khansh
Sir Alexander Knowing full well that loyal aer- "The car is a thing of the -ast. polntment of and others six per cent.
the
of Northern Iran.
Under- vice from subordinates can be Iran's own share in the
I cannot afford to buy a new one Cadogan, Permanent of Gil
is enormous.
even if I were prepared to wait Secretary in the Foreign Office, obtained only by similar loyalty The royalty payment to the fran- for months and then even on the to be Britain's permanent re- on the part of their chief, he is
"never never." The second-hand
in prescutative ian Government is 4s. (gold) per
U.N.O. also resisting this campaign which, an in-car I used to buy for £36 is now areused their ire. And they were if successful, could only succeed ton, which ton, wak would realise come of more than £0,000,000 on quoted at £350 or more,
more displeased when in destroying the unity and last year's production.
But even if I still had my old Cadogan's job in the Foreign traditions of the British diplo- Anglo-Iranian's contribution to
Czy my motoring would
which, whatever cost Office was taken over by Sir matic service during
exceeded double.
Horse-power tax Lose Orme Sargent.
Its faults in the eyes of Zillia- £4,000,000 a year--something like from 1hs to 258., petrol which
Sargent, a diplomat of the cus, is regarded by nearly all a quarter of the country's total cost Iv. 5d. a gallon now coats old school, undoutedly is some--foreigners as being unsurpassed revenue to say nothing of the in. 1id.
what old-fashioned in his out-in the world. thousands of Iranians
were
As the oil wells yield up their harvest and old wells go dry, the search for new wells must go on. 1000,000 An oilfield producing
to drill tons a year might have 200 exploration wells.
So when Russia was fighting the Austro-Hungarian Empire for existence men and materials 1919, Trieste and the province of were short and drilling could not Venezia Giulia were annexed by continue a before.
And the Germans trampled Italy. The Slovenian population of Venezia Giulia, which amounts the land, bombing and shelling
scorched-earth and
inetics by the destroved
equipment to rather more than half the total defendere rulation of 900,000 were no and reduced output to 25,000,000 happier under the Italians than tons last year.
perhaps, looks west and | Russia under the Austrians. Also, they were now separated from their south to the territoriese occu
ples aqu
to Iran-to meet her brother Slovenes, who had been growing needs.
British, Dutch, and American incorporated in the newly form-
companies have sought all in -ed- Jugoslavia.
ran for many years, but they have sought it in open competiIRAN:
British Refinery The World's Biggest
Today American oil research in the Middle East is in the hands of the variou private companies al- ready operating and holding con- cessions.
Here is a picture of what coun- tries own the oil conecasions and what the proved reserves are: IRAQ: 60 per cent, British, 25 U.S.: 671,500,000
Iran
по
mark of Iraq, and serves |
Vie wir
fruits
who find
work in the oilfields, doing most per cent. Meanwhile,
tion.
toner
More and
of the routine
construction and 100 per cent. Brilim
operational work. 867,000,000 tons.
more stress is being KUWAIT (Persian Gulf):
laid on
on the Jobs the Iranians do per cent. British, 50 per cent. Training centras, cehools, and hos U.S.; 571,500,000 tons.
pitals are springing up,
And QATAR (Arabia): 100 per cent.
60
British: 142,857,000 tons.. SAUDI ARABIA and BAHREIN
ISLAND: 100 per cent. U.S.; 285,000,000 tans. Little wonder that the Russian exports are worried
03 more and more of Iran's young men are educated so will their country's share in the development of the ollfelds in-
creage,
Obviously Russia wants to about their' share in this development.
Forms! They Have Their Uses
When we think of Red Tape, most of us see Forms, and then we see red.
SAYS REX PEIRS
That is the personal
And I can drive on the basic Fation only 40 miles a week in- Blend of the 200 I used to cover
My ten cigarettes a day used to cost me 6d, They are 1s, 2d. now. I used to keep a bottle of whisky in the house-one used to last us a month. We still get one a month, but it costs £1 Gs, Od. instead of 123. Gd.
We used to spend a fortnight_al the sea; and for that holiday for the four of us I used to budget carefully: 24 guineas and lodging and 25 for extras,
*
even
BY THE WAY
By BEACHCOMBER
Captain for board
To get the same this summer would (not will, for I shall not
Foulenough, who seems to be going through on of his periods of Intense socia activity, is now at Shrillwillie |Hall, in Wigtownshire.
оп
fessor Slopper gave them his. monograph the Dzilbacen dialect of the Huahua Indians. Wolf hounds bit two mayors.
Glut Of Housos
At last some way has been discovered by which the super- fluity of houses can be dealt with. A number of houses and
at.
Hearing a crash in the middle farme are to be destroyed a beadache may prevent à na. be able to afford to ge) cost me of the night, his host, Sir Archi- Bristol to make room for a run-
tional bellyache.
£50 instead of £30..
h
Trieste declined in importance under Italian mismanagement and
The oilmen of the Soviet have neglect. Its trade continued to
to the fore, but now be with Central Europe rather not been than with Italy or Jugoslavia. they are reported to have been Bexploring the northern provinces. To understand the importance who today both claim it. tween the two wars, 8 per cent of Traninn oil you must know was Jugo Romething about Middle East ol of Trieste's trade sinvian, 12 per cent Italian, and generally. To understand the po- the remaining 80 per cent Central tentialities of the Middle East, European. It is clear, therefore, glance at the world oil story. that on economic grounds neither Italy nor Jugoslavia can establish a satisfactory claim to Trieste. Ethnically, the situation is ex
the tremely complex. Whereas population of Trieste and the
bald MeCaber, came downstairs, way for an air-liner. That lab It is not only governmonts One of my pleasures during my He found the Captain search-mere beginning. Obviously the coast of Venezia Giulia is over
and other authorities that use red holiday was 4 glass of stout in 80 per cent Italian, all the hinter
Parlia- the morning. It cost ma 8d.;ing a small cupboard in the din-solution of the housing problem is to have bigger afr-liners. tape and its forms. A They Forms can be misused. land of the province is over-
Then there would be no point in service. mentary candidate is often asked now it's 1s. 1d. I liked to buy the ing-room. "What is it?" Politics often are; but they can be use whelmingly. Slovenian.
fil, even essential. They can also But if the Government wants to by local political organisations to boy a spade and bucket: Gd. for asked. "I thought I saw building houses for which there
To ghost." said the Captain, "and how many houses and
the further complicate the issue. Some be a safeguard to the citizen
spade, is, for the bucket. day, 2s. 6d. for a spade that I followed it." "Only a very per cent of the. Italians are
Dry pedantic and ill-designed, schools are needed, the certificates sign a form called á questionaire.
breaks after two days and 3s, for small ghost could get into that bere: we are not in- of birth and death will help, Communists, and their ideological they are a
can be estimated
"It a bucket that leaks. From them
cupboard," said his host. We don't fill them in terested.
If he does so, thus supporting On my wife's birthday and our was the ghost of a baby,” said prejudices prevail over racial pre-
not only the number of house fall in their purpose. and they ference: they would rather be with humanity.
the and schools wanted, but the behind
um- a certain policy, and then as wedding anniversary we aised to the Captain. "It could hardly chimneys, black- Member votes for A under Tito than under the pre-brain that conceives them,
they ber of bricks,
different go to the West End for dinner, sent Italian Government. On the can the imagination, gain boards, atlases and what-not, and policy, he can be confronted with theatre, at a film. Our 4s, dinner walk." "Hum," and Sir Archi-
will be his signature and, perhaps, ne with a bottle "The Shape also how many workers
of
wine used to cost bald pensively. and show other hand, some Slovenes, parti- clear
required to make them.
cused of hoodwinking the electors. 1; our seats 25, Ed. each; our to Come." cularly the middle classes, would of
Then, let me remind you of
the citizen safeguards fares another be. the soul of forms,
This year I kept up the tradi- leave Venezia Giulia rather than They do three things-give evid-, Bullysnub, the official at the himself.
of Total Security. You What we call Hea Tape 1stion: it was to celebrate Stay under a Communist regime. ence, discover qualities and qua know his glare and his overbeat-therefore not necessarily a bad My cinema ecate were
servo personal and
Ing manner. It obviously would not be a satis-į tities
thing
Rather, it is a good thing each; the bottle factory solution for Italy to have public purposes.
Do you think you would get) which may be mi;us:d-like the couldn't afford was £3; the dinnor/ tana de Brayo on the eastern who had called to ask her why The simplest form evor. Trieste, and Jugoslavia the hinter vised is the postage stamp. This your rights if his was the last acroplane or atomic
energy.. No system is perfect word? "Not likely!
N land, though that would be ethni- tiny form takes any letter
man is Infallible. Watch for im- cally correct. Trieste under that where collected, carried and de-
perfections and failings and be way fares (no cheapday returns arrangement would be without livored.
quick to
them; but don't, now) were up by 60 per cent. correct communications to Central
Bo glad, therefore, that you in ignorance throw out the baby have filled in forms. They are in with.
When bath water.
int. pause and consider
10
Europe, and would merely con-
tinue its commercial decline. If
to
and
do
any-
know
Mr.
carried tion and protection.
*
Thus
peace.
da. Od.
of wine
Wo
was 6s. instead of 49.
there WDS R
*
The Strabismus Expedition
was no room.
Not Lantern-Metal This Time
While the Gallup poll people. were asking Mrs. Dulcie Bil- bound whether she was for or against democracy in Korea a Social Investigator arrived to measure the space available for the Regional Assessor who is to be billeted on her. An official
To
dining-.:
norio-Rouflaquette through his metal," and was met by indign- used to have my lunch in the telescope. They kept on crying ant denials, City for 28. Now the price is "Chiquimula! Champerico and
39. 6d.
if
I'm wearing pre-war shoes, and
a re-sole and heel I wait for a
I send them to the cobbler for
Latest cable: Landed at Quin-
coast of Yucatan, and struck in- teaver land for the tiny settlement of the had no aunt, or uncle living and not of 1s. a head; my ́rail-] San Bartolome de la Villa Her. With her was in the
In the kitchen was an- mosa de los Fuerzos del Río de 100. Lagartos. Unleaded stores and other official who wished to engaged native porters for the know detalls of her amusements long trek to Popacatinaket!. In In the hall was the official who If you want your particular your file. You can appeal.
'sueh' letter specially delivered with in- In the inst resort or can write When next you have a ferm to
ita The prozent I always liked to habitants danced the old Maya had some to weigh her hens for
statistical purposes. the Peace Conference were to de dividual Care And
certainty, to your M.P., who can put a ques: purpose. You will, then complete give the wife at Christmas was a dance, the trait, in our hor Mrs, Bilbound said courteously,
it Intelligently. You will have good handbag. 1 used cide in favour of international another Hittle form-Registration tion in the House.
to pay our.Strabismus let them look trusteeship, it would not be neces--will go with it and get a receipt. The Minister must make In- discovered long ago that there is about 30s. for it. Last Christmas at Aubergine de la Goudron-I suppose It is about lantern-
Peatmaster-Gonoral has only quiry. He will send for your pleasure sary to internationalise rail.com- munications from Trieste to Cen- he
county the stamps sold and file, and those forms the evidence pently in doing things intelll-1 bought a dud for $3.
will have a good idea how will be there for your justifien.
been many letters have
gave her hemp and vanilla and LIVERPOOL COTTON BLAZE tral Jugoslavia. The United Na
BRITISH MISSION TO Ministers are asked daily a
little hats made of chiapo. Pro- tions could guarantee fair transit and can check bis "takings."
and public service is diversity of questions in. Parlia
MIDDLE EAST- conditions for all goods into an
ment. Civil Servants prepara
Liverpool, Apr. 16. birth most
of the anawers on the basis
London, Apr. 14. month, and pay 81. Od. I used to
Thirteen thousand bales of cot- a form of certif- of thousands of forms filled in by The primary goal of a Board pay os. Dd., and get them back doubled. I used to keep a dog ton, worth over $300,000, awkward and insoluble problems cate is issued which serves him people in all walks of life.
until rationing made it impos. damaged today by fire, at one of of Trade goodwill mission which in three days,
for Iraq and other Good government, like good will leave dropped in their laps, but here is all his life. It proves his age.
If I bought a pair of new shoes sible; but a puppy today would the largest sorting debots in Lan- It admits him to and releases business, is wise planning band Middle East countries next week I spent about 25s. Today I mist cost me nearly $10, unless I want cashire the inland sorting depos one in which they really would
they
him from school, it entitles him on accurate information. Bo the is to encourage intarest in the spend a couple of guineas. to a dog's home.
of. Mersey Docks and Harbour have a change of achieving to his vote and finally gives him Civil Servant socks facts from United Kingdom as a source of You must be tired of letters One of our hobbies Lara game Board at Kirby 12 miles from sounding success. All the exhis panalon,
mines, mills, movies, men, money supply for both capital equipment about laundry coste-my wife is of cards in the evening with two Liverpool. and the rest, and the Minister's and consumer goods."
helther young enough, benses involved in the policing and
But even that costs A mass of twisted girders Hea answers are based on them and The mission will be gone six onough, nor han she the equipment more today. You can't get a tonight across - hoɑns
of cotton occupation of Trieste could easily
of Government is much
wooks. Other
countries to be to do all the washing at home.
smouldering among debris. Also visited, In addition to Iran,aro. Our biii la up by the 50 por good, pack of cards for less than merel Bride Bag (5 three hun- habitants of all races could feel wither and, if any trouble, ivere polley. instance,
dred Jeeps and three-ton vehicles the amount of Syr Lebaron and Cyprus cent, tax, and (I haven't checked sped to apend 20. 3d..
that im gho mission will Tod by by obsolutely secure, and Trieste fomented from outside, the Unit food grown Hera play
my old laundry book) I bo As I see it, we shall become not, and several air compresenze,
Sayeral sheds packed with gone. might become a model of how to ed Nations would be in a position ported, divided by the number of Lord. Davidion, director of many leva the Itons have gone up a the new Door Are were the old
ahabby-genteell-but the new al merchandise solve difficult racial and economic to hold the trouble makers action available for each person man Long Co., Lid. Con Aleg, postwar laundry doesn't alumiindeed, survive and are
Wore saved am tha people, gives the amount of the Industrial firms, including Dor- little as well; problems. Once the matter was countable before all the nations of ago, the forms that give you and structional engineers Associated stay clean as long as pre-war - at 11/119 (kamp withheld by blown away Gues acrtled, Italian and "Jugoslavian', the
mo," the mer and the importer,! Prasa,
United Nations may have many is
out of Central Europe.
The Rucker's
be aised by local taxation, the in-apitation, almost certainly would
strong friends.
The radio Lope is to be request), Surbiton.
woro