CHINESE RELIGION AND RURAL COHESION
6 Ibid., p. 329.
41
7 When carrying out research on lineage villages and communes in 1964 by interview of immigrants in Hong Kong, I questioned respondents on the surname composition of their village of origin. In many cases it was stated that people of a single surname lived in the central part of a village and those of other and various surnames lived beyond boundaries of old village walls, or beyond their previous location where they had been pulled down.
8 Freedman, Lineage Organization, p. 105. But he adds that politically and ritually the lineage was a centralized unit within which the peace could usually be kept.
9 Hsiao, op. cit., p. 329.
10 Ibid., p. 227. As early as the eighteenth century it was found necessary to scrutinize names recommended carefully. It was suspected that officials serving in the imperial capital and who came from the same province as the persons under consideration were inclined to favouritism.
11 Ibid., p. 228 and p. 229.
12 Ibid., p. 228.
13 Ibid., p. 225.
14 On the earth god see E. T. C. Werner, A Dictionary of Chinese Mythology (Shanghai, Kelly and Walsh, 1932) pp. 527-528.
15 Some of these were deified Sung and Ming figures of note and not all stood for solidarity with the Ch'ing dynasty.
16 See his Village Life in China: a Study in Sociology (New York, Fleming H. Revell Co., 1899) pp. 136-138.
17 Hsiao, op. cit., p. 226.
18 Ibid., p. 278.
19 Ibid., p. 279.
20 Op. cit., p. 138.
21 For example, Hsiao, op. cit., p. 280.
22 Ibid., p. 279.
23 Ibid., p. 281.
24 Ibid., p. 231.
25 Ibid., p. 230.
26 Cf. Chan Wing-tsit, Religious Trends in Modern China (New York, Columbia University Press, 1953) p. 81.
27 Some aspects of Buddhist "kinship" are discussed in Holmes Welch, "Dharma Scrolls and the Succession of Abbots in Chinese Monasteries" T'oung Pao, vol. L, Liv, 1-3, 1963, pp. 93-149. At the time of writing this paper little else was available on this form of organization in the published literature and I rely largely on my own research notes and documents shown to me during this research. Since that time Welch has also published The Practice of Chinese Buddhism, 1900-1950 (Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1967) and chap. IX particularly has additional relevance.