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1
THE CHINA MAIL, N
SPANISH WAR PRO
Underground Labyrinths As Best
Protection
Barcelona, November 18. Barcelona can offer almost every kind of refuge, or shelter, from bombs. There are great caverns in hillsides and simple open trenches. Some have cost £20 per head of persons sheltered, others £1 per head. There are 1,500 shelters with accommodation for over 600,000 persons. Valencia has even more elaborate A.R.P. shelters. But the Valencia. type of large refuge is not finding favour in Spain. The big one-cham- bered shelters in Barcelona are for the most part unfinished.
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The tunnel type of refuge, com- can be driven into the sides of prising a labyrinth of passages hills, as on Montjuich, near Barce- about 4ft wide and 7ft. or Bft high, lonia, or alongside the port in Car- has proved best. This type is tagena. cheaper and more practical.
In the latter town there are en-
The open trench is not a great ormous refuges, some containing success in Barcelona, for the ob-wooden cabins reserved by neigh- vious reason that here, as in most bours in the town for their parti- Spanish towns, buildings are very cular use. high, running to at least seven or eight storeys.
On the other hand, in the port of Valencia, I have been in refuges It would be useless to dig a which are entirely above ground. trench alongside such buildings. If They are composed of great blocks coping stones began to fly they of concrete. I think they would would probably land in it. In Bri-withstand very big bombs. I have tish suburban areas the trench| never seen one wrecked. would probably be much more prac- Primary need for refuges is In tical.
areas likely to be continuously
Another drawback to the trench | bombed, such as those near ports is that it is open to the weather and or munition factories. They are also unless very well constructed, lia-needed near large and badly built ble to deteriorate quickly. Children or old buildings. also begin to play in them.
Compromise Shelters Barcelona has compromised by constructing a modified version of the trench, a tunnel 6ft high with '6ft of earth left above. As the soil is, for the most part, very firm in the Barcelona area, it is possible to construct these shelters without underpinning.
In Italy, I believe, all new houses must have a basement refuge cap- tants of the building. In any case able of sheltering all the inhabi-
the lower floors of a big new build- ing ought to be relatively safe.
Advantage of Cellars
For wearing h air from here moto
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The Vauxh economical 43.4 m.p.h. Reliability Vauxhall miles in T without los The Vauxh dent Sprin Controlled Constructi May
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The cellar refuge has the advan-two tage that it is unnecessary to go That is just into the street to reach shelter. in which to They cost little, as apart from This must be set against the risk nearly enoug the entrances and the ventilation of the house coming down on top quarter of a holes practically no building ma- of the refuge. terials are required. The expense is virtually that of the labour needed for excavation.
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clouds.
Large refu Recently in Barcelona, Savoia that, if a di aeroplanes, in a daylight raid on and the pro the centre of the town, bombed a enough, the Naturally such "covered tren
slipper factory. The bombers big. ches" will not withstand a direct caught the town unawares by In Alicant hit, but if they are zig-zagged the
swooping from behind thick Spanish tow results from one are minimised.
of a network To withstand the direct hit of a
The bombs fell before the warn- entrances. bomb weighing 1,000lb dropped ing siren sounded. They hit the likely to dan from a height of 20,000ft, 9ft of gate of the factory and killed only part of the reinforced concrete is necessary if
four people who were passing.
Ventilation the bomb strikes vertically. This, If the siren had gone first the this on the fortunately, is not usual.
girls on duty, totalling nearly 1,000, problem. Ge Swifter aeroplanes enable bom- would have come running out tonels such a bers to swoop down with greater make for the neighbouring under-only by a la ease on their objectives. But they ground station. Probably hundreds earth and no also make it more unlikely that would have been killed or injured. crete. the bomb will hit its objective Against this, again, must be set nose first. If it strikes sideways the case of a factory which has
erable extent.
Is. A Month Levy
Almeria ha
•
its effect is diminished to a consid-refuges under the workshops. It tion with ope was bombed and badly wrecked water an em some months ago. But the afren other luxurle Valencia charges every rentpay- went one minute before the bombs shelter. er about 18 monthly for A.R.P. fell and several hundred workers Barcelona has now decided to adopt reached the shelters in time. No the same system, which will come one was hurt. into force in a week or so
HOLE One of the COASTAL TOWNS REFUGES built most re In all, the State has probably On the whole one would say that, time was Gu spent about $1,000,000 on shelters, in British coastal towns, refuges Italian offens but-money flows like water on these should be small and frequent, In such disaster inland cities, where it is to be sup- Ninety refu projects.
In A.R.P. each country must posed that ample warning would be by voluntary solve its own problems. Spain, be-avaflüblajfcit might be possible to the Popular
many bombin Ing short of cement and of steel have fewer but larger shelters. girders, disapproves of the big re- Coastal towns must count them was subjected
the uge, except in cases where they melven fortunate if they receive
oritie