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THE CHINA MAIL, MAY 12, 1988.
Three Vital Air Raid Lessons From Spain
:
first
In this second article-the yesterday-the appeared
ous race.
the cern.
TENSION IN BARCELONA
bombs from end to end.
REFUGE IN THE TUBES The inhabitants of the
immense
a
Their depth below the surface is seldom less than 15ft. Some of under No one knows what the next hour
district them are as much as 85ft
In all cases they are member for the Norwood Division may have in store. It is best, there- ́
their protected by a layer of reinforced summarises practical lessons in fore, to try not to think about it. refused absolutely to remain there the ground. the realm of air raid précautions The regular life of the city goes any longer. They deserted
The theatres, restaurants, cine- homes en masse and sought refuge concrete varying from about 8in, which have been suggested by his on.
mas and bars continue to be crowd- in stronger buildings.in other parts in the case of the deeper shelters, recent visit to Barcelona.]
Even now, after several shallower ones. SPITE of the rapid advance of ed. But there is an atmosphere of of the town or right outside in the to about 25in, in the case of the
tenseness and unreality about it all. country.
It is the policy of the authorities IN
the Nationalist Army towards All the time people are subconscious- months, less than a fifth of the po- the sea the people of Barcelona arely on the alert, listening for the air pulation of this district have con- to provide sufficient shelters of this sented to return, "and then only kind for all the population of the not downhearted nor even do they raid sirens or for the sound of a
bursting bomb, which is too often after the municipality have begun city whose houses do not themselves under- contain suitable cellars. The task seem to despair of the ultimate vic- The spirit of tory of their cause.
the first warning they receive that to construct an
ground shelter for their protection. of "digging themselves in" is the population is still unbroken.
the enemy is already overhead..
There are in Barcelona a very lengthy and laborious undertaking But it is not everyone who can The Catalan people are a courage-
Their determination to stand the -strain.' There are very considerable number of people who which they cannot hope to complete fight to the last to preserve their many who find it quite impossible are far too nervous to stay above for very many months. They are, quite independence is quite unaffected by to maintain a bold face or to keep ground at night-time. They carry however, proceeding patiently and the series of reverses which their up the pretence of apparent uncon- their bedding and mattresses down persistently, and they seem
This applies more especially into the shelters, cellars and under- undeterred by the thought that the forces have been suffering in
railways. Moreover, the war may be over before their work field. The dangers of battle are to those who live in the densely ground
understand populated working-class districts congestion, the squalor and the air- is finished.
What, then, are the practical les- something which they
with their narrow streets and poor- lessness of these places do not seem and are not afraid to face.
On the other-hand, the ever-pre- ly vulnerable areas have been aya- in successive sent menace of death from the air tematically bombed is an entirely different matter. The raids, and the havoc which has been uncertainty and the suspense of this wrought in street after street is in-
Their sons which we can learn from the lurking peril have shaken the nerve describable. The worst case of all in any way to deter them.
Nevertheless, is probably that of the very poor one concern is to place a good thick- tragic experience of Barcelona? of even the bravest.
over-crowded working-class ness of earth and concrete between Those who are responsible for the realising the importance of calm, and
gallant suburb of Barcelonetta, which, in themselves and the peril from the organisation of air raid precautions every one is making
few sky.
in Great Britain would do well to the effort to carry on unperturbed as the raids which took place a
months ago, was plugged with The tube stations are by far the study in the minutest detail though everything were normal.
most popular places of refuge. They technique of air raids in Spain and Spanish are so crowded that passengers try- the measures which the ing to get to the trains have to people, under the stress and strain step warily between the recumbent of actual war, have found it neces- bodies of men, women and children sary to adopt in order to protect sleeping packed together along every themselves against the menace of available inch of the platform and the modern bomber. subways.
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14
By Duncan Sandys, M.P.
Three things at least stand out CAVES IN STREETS
clearly the importance of plan- For the most part the under- ned evacuation, the Importance of ground railway is sufficiently deep timely warning, and the importance to afford a high degree of protec- of shelters.
J
ion. There are, however, a mem- The best form of protection is ber of stations which are too near dispersal. And the best form of the surface to offer more than dispersal is the removal of all who
In these very superficial security.
can be spared right away from the cases large notices have been put zone of danger. The effect of this reduce ap warning the public of this fact. is to reduce casualties, to In addition, all those cellars which congestion in crowded areas, and are regarded as suitable have been to reduce the numbers of those for set aside as public shelters. The whose safety expensive precautions way into them is indicated clearly have to be taken. Planned evacua- by large arrows.
tion is the surest means of avoid- But there are many areas where ing panic evacuation such as has
and here are no suitable cellars
been experienced in Barcelona.
7
which are far removed from the For those who remain, proper and underground railway.
effective shelters must be provided. In several of these districts the But, if full use is to be made of inhabitants, unnerved by previous these shelters, there must also be bombings, took it upon themselves an efficient system of air raid warn- to provide for their own protection. ings. The population must receive They brought out picks, spades and notice of the approaching raid in crowbars and 'started `digging caves sufficient time to take cover. in the middle of the road-way. In Our immense naval superiori
areas which and the fact that in a future v
some of
*
the
not
I visited, street after street has France would undoubtedly be been blocked to all traffic by the ally would be invaluable assets. great mounds of earth which had the case of London, even if the pas- been thrown as a result of this sage of enemy bombers had burrowing. These amateur excava already been signalled to us from tors, of course, very soon encoun: the Continent or from our ships at tered obstructions such as sewers, sea, our look-out posts would detect water mains and electric cables.. them as they reached the coast. Alarmed by the possible consequen-Upon the promptness with which ces of this promiscuous digging, yet the citizens of the capital could be unable to restrain it, the municipal warned of all the approaching dang- ity has had to step in and either er would largely depend the effec- complete the shelters themselves tiveness of all the other branches or else provide alternative ones. of our Air Raid Precautions system.
In all, there are in Barcelona some 1,200 shelters either completed or in the course of construction. These are capable of containing somewhere in the neighbourhood of 500,000 peo-" ple. Some are quite small. Others have a capacity of several thousands. TO PREVENT PANIC
..
The lay-out and construction of these street refuges varies some. what. For the most part they con- sist of long arched tunnels about 6ft 6in high by about 4ft 6in wide, lined with brickwork, with seats running along either side.
..
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See Page 2.
THE CHINA MAIL, MAY 12, 1988.
Page
SENOR DEL VAYO ATTACKS NON-INTERVENTION POLICY Receives Little Satisfaction From Lord Halifax
Hoping For Early Settlement
Based On Reason
Geneva, To-day.
·R.A.F.- STATION
AT NAIROBI
Mombasa (Kenya), To-day. One hundred Royal Air Force men have arrived at Mombasa from Egypt in steamers, and have gone to Nairobi.
Work on R.A.F. aerodromes at
ing as fast as possible, at an es- timated cost of £1,000,000.—Reu- ' ter.
A vigorous attack on the policy of non-intervention
was launched at the public meeting of the Nairobi and Mombasa is proceed- League Council yesterday by Senor del Vayo, the Republican Spanish delegate, who asked the League to restore Spain's right to buy war materials.
Referring to the Italo-German intervention in HAILE SELASSIE
Spain, Senor del Vayo said that the Spanish
Government was willing to permit any investi- ARRIVES FOR
LEAGUE DEBATE
gations the Council might wish to make with a view to establishing the exactness of his re- marks.
He suggested the first of these¡ debate concluded on Wednesday. investigations deal with the despatch Another protest on part of Senor of Italian reinforcements of men Del Vayo induced the President to and material in the course of the adjourn the debate on Spain, Anglo-Italian negotiations.
Trans-Ocean.
Lord Halifax said that the Bri- tish Government was convinced that non-intervention was the best and only practical policy, and they in-. tended to persevere with it.
BRITISH HOPE
.
MORAL CLOAK
Geneva, To-day.
BRITAIN TO
PROTEST REBEL BOMBINGS
LONDON, TO-DAY,
THE DAMAGE TO BRITISH SHIPS AT VALENCIA ON MAY 5 AND 7 IN THE COURSE OF FOUR AIR RAIDS BY INSUR- GENT PLANES, WAS THE SUB- [JECT OF QUESTIONS IN THE HOUSE OF COMMONS YESTER- DAY.
Mr. R. A. Butler, Under-Secre-
tary for Foreign Affairs," replying, said the Government did not possess definite information of deliberate attack made against British ship- ping on three occasions, but regard- ed the fourth occasion as deliberate.
The British Agent at Burgos had be instructed to lodge a strong protest and to request an immediate to avoid damage by indiscriminatə investigation, as well as precautions bombing.
A considerable crowd at the station witnessed the arrival of Haile Selassie, and there was some
NAVAL HUMOUR applause and a few cheers, which Vice-Admiral E. A. Taylor (Con- the police discouraged.
servative, South Paddington) sug- The Negus, a frail and pathetic deliberately attacked they
gested that if the ships. had been was accompanied by Dr.
in
all
Senor Alvarez Del Vayo delivered ja lengthy speech which culminated figure,
in the demand for the abandonment Martin, Minister in London, and probability would not have been hit of the policy of non-intervention. was greeted by the Ethiopian dele- at all. Contending that non-intervention gation.
There was no answer but loud
Lord Halifax said the British had been used as a moral cloak for It is understood that when the laughter at this supplementary. Government hopes that some settle-interference in Spain, Senor Del Ethiopian question comes before Reuter. ment based on reason and good-Vayo directly charged certain de- the League Council to-day (Thurs- will might soon be found, to spare mocratic countries with having en-day), the Negus will first say a few further agony to the unhappy coun- tered into conspirary with the ag-words and then Professor Brierly, try of Spain and to enable them to gressor Powers and thereby le-who is attached to the Ethiopian play their full part in the commun-galized what he termed as their delegation, will argue that Ethiopia
ity of nations with the vigour and courage they. had always shown.
He added that the League might be held to have peculiar qualifica- tions for acting as an organ of conciliation.
If at any time there was anything which the League could contribute towards bringing together the two contending parties in Spain, nobody would be better pleased than British Government.-Reuter.
WITHDRAWAL OF VOLUNTEERS
the
intervention.
is not conquered, and will suggest For fully 30 minutes he referred the despatch of a commission of tion on part of Germany and Italy, to alleged instances of interven- enquiry.
Lord
sent
Halifax (Britain), M. and asserted that, despite its Georges Bonnet (France) and M. agreement with Britain, Italy had Maxim Litvinoff (Russia) will then
further reinforcements to state their attitudes.-Reuter. Spain.
Paris, To-day, inau- Before leaving Paris for Geneva, his gurated the policy of non-interven-Haile Selassie lunched with tion
did so with a desire to see wife, the Ex-Empress Manen.
The Ex-Empress and her son left Spain's internal affairs settled by the Spanish people and not by foreign Paris for London in the afternoon. assistance.
-Trans-Ocean.
He said that those who
PROTEST TO BRITAIN
WILL AMERICA
In the view of the Spanish; French
Government, he added, the agree- ment reached between Britain and Italy to the effect that Italian troops
M. Georges Bonnet, the Foreign Minister, who rose to ad- dress the Council after Lord Hali- fax had concluded his speech, said that the French Government was prepared at any time to take part
war
and war material should remain in conflict, was of such Spain until the termination of the farreaching
REMOVE ARMS EMBARGO?
BRITISH ROYAL VISIT TO PARIS
Paris, To-day. With the approaching date of the visit of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth to Paris, elaborate preparations are under way to ac- cord
a great welcome to their Majesties.
The remnants of the world ex- hibition will soon disappear.
•
The Cabinet Council will give fuller details for the reception of the Royal guests on Thursday. Trans-Ocean.
FRIENDS MARVEL AT HER FIGURE
Since She Lost 45 lbs.
in an
International arrangement importance that the Government likely to prevent the Spanish from developing into an European strong protest with
has been compelled to lodge a
of Unwanted Fat conflict and was still hoping that
the British
London, To-day, Government.
Less than a year ago this woman the plan for the withdrawal of for-
Questioned on reports of possible weighed 12 stone 10 lbs. But she Non-intervention, he maintained, removal of the embargo on arms found a way to get rid of her ugly fat, eign volunteers would be translated had proved itself to be nothing else for the Spanish Government by the yes-45 lbs. of it and get back her into reality.
The New Zealand delegate, Mr.publican Spain. For this reason told the Commons yesterday that good trial, I take this opportunity to
than an instrument damaging Re-United States, the Prime Minister girlish vigour. Here is her letter:
"After giving Kruschen Salts a very Jordan, then spoke in support of Senor Del Vayo requested its re- the United States Government had tell you the way in which it has restor Senor Del Vayo's arguments and placement by one which would en- not announced their intentions and led to me the good health I used to expressed the hope that the prin- able the Spanish people to decide it was impossible to say whether joy as
a girl. For many years I ciples of international law would their own fate and to enable Re-the joint resolution of Congress in a lot of expense for various treat- was a victim of rheumatism, resulting be applied to the Spanish situation.publican Spain to purchase war ma-prohibiting export of arms toments. I also put on, weight. Less.
terial abroad.
Spain would be repealed, amended than 12 months ago I was 12 stone 10. LITVINOFF SUPPORT
This, he maintained, would be in or left unchanged.
lbs. Now I am down to 9 stone 7 lbs., accordance with international law. In a supplementary question, Mr. They say. You must have that Krus- and all my friends marvel at my figure. A support for Senor Del Vayo
Chamberlain was asked if there chen feeling, and I reply That is just was also voiced by M. Litvinoff
were any foundation for the state-what I have got, for I have taken Krus- after Senor Del Vayo had declared In his reply Lord Halifax said ment that the British Government chen in real earnest and now I would that he would reserve to himself the it would amount to an abandonment were trying to discourage the
not be without It (Mrs.) E.M.G.
Kruschen is a saline not a drug; it is right to bring the Spanish problem of non-intervention if the Bri- United States Government from an ideal blend of mineral salts found before the Council again,
tish Government supplied arms to taking any action.
in the aperient waters of those Euro- The Council President stated that one side and refused them to the He replied: "None whatever."-
pean-Spas which have been resorted to the Council had hoped to have this other. Trans-Ocean.
from time immemorial for the relief British Wireless.
of various ailments including obesity.
BRITISH POINT-