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司公限有行銀安永港香
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LIMITED.
HEAD OFFICE, HONG KONG
26, Des Vœux Road, Ctl.
General Wong Shiu-hang. above, was recently appointed
Pacification
Kwangsi.
Commissioner
can profit
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CHINA'S INTERNATIONAL HISTORY
Date
Nation
1517-Portugal
1575-
1680Britain
1719-Russia
1783-Britain
1793-Britain
1840-Britain
AT A GLANCE
-Explorers first went to China.
Pope sent missionaries to China. East India Company entered com-
mercial relations.. First commercial treaty signed
with Chinese Emperor. British sailor strangled by Chin- ese, causing an outburst in England.
First British Minister to China
appointed a
Trade with England abolished. War followed. Hong Kong ceded.
1858 France, Britain, U. S. Chinese defeated in war.
1863-Britain
1893--Russia
1912—
*.
Russia
General Gordon subdued rebel-
lion.
First loan to China. Russia lends
£16,000,000.
Joint advance of
£16,000,000.
Three years later same coun- tries lent £7,400,000.
Boxer rising-
Russo-Japanese War over Man-
churia.
Fall of Chinese Dynasty.
7
CHINA'S TREATIES
Treaties exist between China
and the following 23 Foreign
Powers:-
Great Britain
1842
United States
1844
France
1844
Norway
1847
Sweden
1847
Denmark
1863
Netherlands
1863
Spain
1864
Belgium
1865
Italy
1866
Peru
1874
Brazil
1881
Portugal
1887
Japan
1895
Mexico
1899
Chile
1915
Switzerland
1918
Bolivia
1919
Persia
1920
Germany
1921
Soviet Russia
1924
Austria
1926
Finland
1927
PROPS FOR CHINA
Foreign loans to China, often in the form of consortiums of two or more Powers, have play- ed a prominent part in East- West relations for the last 40 years.
Down to the Sino-Japanese. War of 1894-95, China had al- most no foreign indebtedness. A few of the chief transactions since then follow:
1895-Franco-Russian loan of 400,000,000 francs to pay Japa- nese indemnity. Secured on cus- toms receipts.
1912-Six-Power Consortium, from which the United States withdrew in 1913.
1920—Four-Power Consort- ium of the United States, Great Britain. France and Japan, to finance all future loans to China. Agreement still in force...
CHINESE DYNASTIES BA
Patriarchal Period 2000-2205 B.C. Hsia" Dynasty
Shang Dynasty
Chou Dynasty
Ch'in Dynasty
Han Dynasty
San Tai, or, Three
States
Wei
Shu Han
Wa
230-265
221-265
222-280
Lo-Chao, or Six `Dy-
nasties
Chin
Sung
Chi
Liang Ch'en
Southern
2205-1766 E.C.
1766-1122 B.C.
1122 255 BC 255- 206 B.C. 206-220 A.D.
220- 280 A.D.
265- 589 A.D.
265-420
420-479
479-502
502-557
557-589
Northern
286-535
534-543
535-557
550-589
557-589
way of those who by a higher education.
A significant step taken by the Government last year was the beginning of a complete pro- gramme of compulsory educa- tion for every child of school
age.
A
For a good many years, the question of compulsory educa- tion was a burning issue. great deal of discussion ensued, and a good many proposals were brought up; but the immensity of the problem seemed always to have defeated the efforts made. It is, therefore, a thing to be specially remembered that the Government last year, amid general depression and other difficulties. set going a plan for the gradual accomplishment of universal compulsory educa- tion.
Under the plan, it is expect- ed to bring in several million more children of school age to primary schools every year. The length of compulsory education is one year in the first five years it will beginning from 1935;
1940, become two years from and four years from 1945. In other words the scheme contem plates that one year's compul-
will sory. Instruction
become universal for all the children of " school age of the country (es timated at 40 million) in 1939; and that the two years' compul- sory instruction will be so by 1944, after which date the length of compulsory instruc- tion will be increased to four years. Under very great financial difficulties, the Government
1896 Germany, Britain
1900-Britain, Japan
France, Germany 1904 Russia. Japan
appropriated for 1935-1936 $2,- 400,000 for this purpose, with another half million for the border provinces: and the Brit- ish, American, and French Box- er Indemnity Foundations con- tributed between them $300,000.
One can imagine what 2 change the realisation од 2 national scale of compulsory education will produce in the social and political life in China. In secondary schools there is the problem of too few voca- tional schools. In 1932, there were a little over 250 vocational schools for the whole country as compared with 1,900 middle schools for the same year. This
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problem is not merely one of smallness in the number of yo- cational schools. It is rather a result of failure to give voca- tional training its proper im- portance and of long neglect on the part of society. The_posi- tion of the normal schools is somewhat similar to the voca- tional schools. There were in 1932 only less than 900 normal schools.
There are many educational problems, which cannot be dealt with here for lack of space- such, for instance, is the pro- blem of training of teachers for ́secondary, schools and primary schools and the problem of adult schools and other forms of social education. While it is true that each of these problems is serious and needs
a great amount of attention and effort, the way is clear for their solu- tion. Taking the Chinese edu- cational problems as a whole, one may say that after years of trial and experiment, the fundamental directions have been marked out. What appears to be needed is a resolute and forceful pursuit of the lines of policy adopted.
many
"Northern Wei Eastern Wei Western Wei Northern Ch'i Northern Choo Sui
T'ang
H'siao Wu Tai, or Five Small Dynas ties
589 618 A.D. 618-907-A.D..
· 308 959 A.D. Hou Liang (Later) 908- 923 A.D.
Hou Tang
Hoa Tsin
Hou Han
Hou Chou Sung Dynasty Yuan Dynasty Ming Dynasty T'a Ch'ing K'ang Hsi Period
923-936 A.D.
.936-946 A.D.
947-950 A.D.
951, 953 A.D.
960-1279 A.D.
1280-1367 A.D.
1363-1643 A.D.
1644-1912 A.D.
1662-1722 A.D.
Yung Cheng Period 1723-1735 A.D.. Ch'ien Lung Period 1736-1795 A.D. Chia Ch'ing Period 1796-1820 A.D. Tao Kuang Period 1821-1850 A.D. Hsien Feng Period 1851-1861 A.D. Tung Chih Period 1862-1874 A.D. Kuang Hsu Period 1875-1908 A.D. Hstan Tung Period 1909-1912 A.D. Republican Period
............. 1912 A.D.