WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 28, 1931.
A HUNDRED YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS
44
Scientific World Picture
of To-day."
BY GENERAL SMUTS.
His Presidential Address to the British Association.
Contiured from Yesterday.)
more
THE CHINA
MAIL.
JAPAN'S
BASIC PRINCIPLES
The following statement was issued by the Japanese Govern- | consistently held to their proposals ment on Monday, October 26. It details those basic or "fundamen-in that sense throughout the recent tal principles" to which Mr. Yoshizawa' referred in the course of fils of the League. The basic principles speech at the League Council's meeting.
discussions at the Council meeting
which they have had in mind relate
to:
(1) mutual repudiation of aggres-
sive policy and conduct, (2) respect for China's territorial
integrity.
(3) complete suppression of all or- ganised movements interfering with freedom of trade and stirring up international hatred, (4) effective protection throughout
(6)
Manchuria of all peaceful pur-' suits undertaken by Japanese subjects,
respect for the treaty rights of
Japan in Manchuria.
1. On October 22 the Japan-ments, in China. have recently at developments, ese representative in the Council tained extravagant
while feelings antagonistic to Japan of Nations proposed have been openly encouraged in the League certain amendments to a resolution text books used at various schools then before the Council with regard in China, and have become deeply Chinese mind. In two questions of, (1) withdrawal of seated in the Japanese troops to the railway zone, definrice of treaties and regardless of all history, vigorous agitation and (2) direzt negotiations between China and Japan. However, these has been, carried on in China with the ofbect of undermining the The ohler mechanistic conception; as now transformed by space-time suggested amendments, as well as
itself fell through, rights and interests of Japan, even of nature, the picture of nature as and the quantum, wo pass step by the resolution
to having failed to obtain the unanim the most vital. As things stand at consisting of fixed material parti- step through organic nature.
present, complete withdrawal Japan-
The Japanese Government believe cles, mechanically interacting with conscious mind. Gone is the timeous approval of the Council.
2. As has been repeatedly em- ese troops to the South Manchuria each other already rudely shaken when Descartes could divide thei
aims and world into only two substances; phasised by the Japancae Govern Railway zone, under the mere as that all these paints, being in en- by the relativity theory--is now
surance of the Chinese Goveniment, tire accord with the being modified by the quantum extended substance or matter, and ment, the whole Manchurian affair
Intolerable situa aspirations of the League of Nations physics. The attack on mechanism, thinking substance or mind. There was occasioned solely by the violent would create an thus coming from physical science is a whole world of gradations be-and provocative attack launched by tim, exposing Japanese subjects to and embodying the natural bagis
tween these two.
the Chinese army on the railway the gravest of dangers. The risk upon which peace in the Far East itself, in therefore all the
On Descartes false dichotomyzone. Certain small contingents of of such dangers is clearly evidenced must depend, will commend them- deadly. Even in physics, organisa-
by past experience, and by the con-selves to the approval of the public important the separate provinces of modern Japanese soldiers, still remaining at tion is becoming more
de-a few points outside that zone, are ditions which netually obtained in opinion of the world. The refusal by the Japanese representativo to than the somewhat nebulous en- science and philosophy were
marented. But it is as dead as the Insistently demanded by the danger China. tities which enter into matter.
which a large population of 4. The Japanese Government are lay these points on the table of the Interaction is more and more re-epicycles of Ptolemy, and ultimate-to cognised to be not so much is the Cartesian frontiers between Japanese in that region are exposed persuaded that in the present situa- Council was due to the consideration tion the safety of Japanese subjects that they should, in their unture, mechanical, as organic or holistic, physics and philosophy must large-in life and property. The presence the whole!
respectsly disappear, and philosophy once of such a limited number of troops in Manchuria can hardly be ensured property form the subject of nego effort being made to tiations between the parties directly dominating not only the function-more hecome metaphysle in the is quite incapable of being repre- without an
In the meantime,sented as a means of dictating to remove national antipathies and involved.
5. With the future welfare of ing but the very existence of the original sense. entities forming it. The emergence under its harmful influence, the China Japan's terms for a settle suspicions existing in the mutual
and mind, ofment of the present difficulties. relations of the two Powers. With both nations in mind the Japanese Government feel that the urgent of this organic view of nature fram paths of matter
philosophy, were Nothing is and
farther from the this end in view they have already the domain of physics itself is thus science,
to diverge further and thoughts of Japan than to bring expressed, in the note of the Minis need, at the present moment, is to a matter of first-rate importance, made
50 that only the re-armed pressure to bear upon China ter of Foreign Affairs; dated Octo-arrive at a solution of the problem and must have very far-reaching Tarther,
ber to the Chinese Minister at by the co-operation of the two coun- now taking pince in in the course of these negotiations. repercussions for our eventual volution
thought would bring them together!
Japanese 3. The
Government Tokyo, their readiness to enter into tries and thus seek for a path of world view.
believe, however, their have, on various occasions, given negotiations with the Chinese Gov-common happiness and prosperity. The nature of the organic whole again.
expression to their firm determina-ernment on certain basic principles Their willingness remains unaltered is, however, much more clearly re- reunion is coming fast,
We have seen matter and life in-tion to suffer no abridgment, or that should regulate the normal in- and unabated to open negotiations with the Chinese Government on the cognised in its proper sphere of biology, and especially in the definitely approaching each other diminution, of the rights and inter-ter-relationship between two coun- rapidly advancing selence of phy-in the ultimate constituents of the ests of Japan-which are vital to her trica: That note was communicated nology. Here too the enrrect view world. We had seen that matter is national existence, and which are at the time to the Council of the has been much obscured by the in- fundamentally a configuration or woven into the complex fabric of League. Convinced that this method vasion of mechanistic ideas from organisation of space-time; and we her political and economic relations of procedure is alone calculated to the physice of nineteenth have seen that life is a principle with China, Unfortunately, the so- open out a way to save the situation Government have century. A crude materialism all of organisation whereby the space-called "recovery of righla" move-the Japanese
lime patterns are arranged into but swamped biology for
organic unities. than a generation.
11:
Home
the
All that
mure
as one
It is now
subject of the basic principles above formulated relating to the normal relations between Japan and China, and on the subject of the with drawal of Japanese troops to the South Manchuria Railway zono,
FOOD PRESERVING. Sanitary Board's Power and-Functions.
OFFICIAL MAJORITY.
At the meeting of the Sanitary The earliest art which the Chiu- Beard yesterday, argument, arose sexvelled was that of moulding between the Chairman (Mr. G. 2. Sacrificial Sayer) and Mr. M. K. Lo on the and chiselling bronze. vessels, bells, weapons and mirrors matter of the Select Committee's re- | were among the objects produced.port an food-preserving establish- Various bronze objects, showing ments.
The Chairman moved that, the re- great skill and beauty have survived
These ancient bronze have servation which he mentioned, but from the Shang Dynasty B.C. 1766-port in adopted with certain re- 1122. an additional interest in that they Mr. Lo argued that the proviso was often have archaic inscriptions on
unnecessary, as the report of the them which throw light on the early Committee, of which he was a mem ber, covered the matter referred to writing and history of China.
Probably it is in the realm of
by the Chairman.
The Chairman's métion way car-
Mr. Wong Kwong-tin, as senior
The next step is to show that, At the Belfast session of this
new world arises which gives to varying type which have been pre- mind is an even more potent em- Association in 1874, a famous pre- decessor of mine in this chair gave bodiment of the organising whole-nature whatever significance it has.duced during a period of at least,
the generosity of many unrestrained expression to this making principle and that this As against physical configurations three thousand years,
we see here the ideal due to
in Hong Kong is embodiment hus found expression of nature materialistic creed, passing. if not already past. in a rising series, which begins patterns or wholes freely created private collectors
being exhibited at the China Ex- must be admitted that up to a point practically on the lowest levels of by the human spirit as a home and that examples of these things are mechanism has been useful as a tife, and rises ultimately to the an environment for itself.
Among the human values thus hibition to be held in the City Hall first approximation and fruitful as conscious mind which alone Des- a convention of research purposes cartes had in view in his pacifica created science ranks with art and on November 5, 6, and 7,
rellion. In its selfless pursuit of But if even in physics it has lost tion. I have no time to follow up truth, in its vision of order and Its savour, a fortiori has it become the matter here beyond making a
beauty it partakes of the quality few remarks, out of place in biology.
f both. More and more it is be- Realm Of Values. The Space-Time Concept;
to make ginning
A profound Mind is admittedly an active, The partial truth of mechanism is always subtended by the deeper conative, organising principle. Itaesthetic and religious appeal to truth of organicity or holism. So is for ever busy constructing new thinking people. Indeed it may fur from biology being forced into patterns of things, thoughts, or fairly be said that science in per- ofhaps the clearest revelation of God a physical mould, the position in principles out of the material
its experience. Mind even
more to our age. Science is at last com- Physics future will be reversed.
of the will look to Liology and even than light in a principle of whole-ing into its own
to
It differentiates, dis-supreme gods of the human race. psychology for hints, clues and making.
Hefore, I complete my picture of and criminates and selects. from its biology suggestions. psychology it will see principles at vague experience, and fashions and the world of science I wish for a work in their full maturity which correlates the resulting features moment to go beyond sciente. Ceramics that Chinese art has made can only be faintly and fitfully re-into more or less stable, enduring have so far dealt with certain con-its greatest appeal to Europeans.riet,
wholes.
cepts of science: the quantum and Chinese procelain has been highly cognised in physics. In this way
blind space-time on the physical level, prized since it was first introduced Chinese member of the Board, was the exchanges of physics, biology and psychology will became fruit- troplsins, reflexes and conditioned and roughly corresponding thereto, to the West and many of the first then appointed to a Committee of
Was reflexes, mind in organic nature life and organic evolution on the pieces received there were mounted three to exercise the Board's powers ful for the science of the future.
A living individual is a physio-has advanced step by step in its biological level. Is there a similar with gold or silver. It
Charles VII of France logical whole, in which the parts or creative march until in man it has and corresponding pair of concepts eagerly sought after by kings and organs are but differentiations of become nature's supreme organ of on the human level? I would sug- princes.
Queen Elizabeth this whole for purposes of greater understanding, endeavour and con- geat mind, and the maturation of asked the Sultan of Egypt to send
subjective human personality, by which I him examples. efficiency, and remain in organic trol;-not merely continuity throughout, They are human organ, but nature's own mean the unique conscious whole received from Lord Burleigh
of white porcelain garnished with parts of the individual, and not power of self-illumination and self. constituted for each of us by our New Year's Day 1688 a "porringer independent or self-contained units mastery; "the eye with which the psycho-physical-make-up.
Our personality craves for cer- gold and from Robert Cecil a universe beholds itself and knowe It which compose the individual,
tain goods, for self-expression, for cuppe of grene parselyn',”
The earliest ceramic wares of is only this conception of the in- itself divine.".
The free creativeness of nature freedom, knowledge and the like. dividual s a dynamie organic
for inner wholeness, China were merely pottery vessels whole which will make intelligible through mind is possible, because It craves the extraordinary unity which the creative process is concerned, and value to be integrated and which have no interest other than characterizes the multiplicity of not with the making of material harmonised into wholeness through an antiquarian" one. functions in an organism, the stuff, but with patterns, with ar- the attainment of harmony with the mobile, ever changing balance and ganisation, the evolution of which principles of order and beauty in interdependence of the numerous involves no absolute creation of an the universe. Just as organie, ad- from vance is through the individual or regulatory processes In it, as well alien world of material
The purely structural ganism in the biological world, so as the operation of the mechanisms nothing. by which organic evolution in character of reality thus helps to spiritual advance is only possible
render possible und intelligible through personal attainment. brought about.
This conception applies not only the free creativeness of life and
Beginning
mere ns
B
to individuals, but also to organic mind, and accounts for the un- societies such as a beehive or an limited wealth of firat patternn
CHINESE ART.
ants' nest, and even to social or which mind freely creates on the Bronze, Porcelain. and
ganizations on the human level.
responses
basis of the existing physical pat-
The highest reach of this creative
Paintings.
on
It is not
until we arrive at the Han Dynasty (B.C. 200-A.D: 221) that any con- siderable development takes place. It is claimed that, porcelain was first invented during that period. which gives the ceramic ware of It is of course the use of porcelain China a unique position in the art
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Mr. Lo again raised objection, to be Official members of the Board.
official majority on the Committee. He proposed that in the event pointing out that there would be an
any dissension regarding to he- fusal of applications, the matter should be brought before the full
The Chairman replied that the
the report of the Select Committee,! Committee would be governed by
Mr. Lo agreed, but emphasised which was entirely unofficial. that he wanted an assurance that sension, the disputed matter would in the event of there being any dis- be brought before, the full Board.
Board,"
of the world. Some of the most Dr. R. A. de Castro Basto second- beautiful wures were made during ed Mr. Lo's proposal, which
the Bung Period (A.D.-960-1280). carried.
They are noted for their thick,
&
high-fired glaze in rich and delicate monochromes, though some, notably
Was
As the concept of space-time terns,
the Chun Yao are splashed or great veneration for the art of
Thoir greatest phin destroys the purely spatial charac-
China's art and civilisation rank
flambe. During the Ming period painting. ter of things, so the concept of the process is seen in the realm of organic whole must also be extend- values, which is a product of the with the oldent in the world. The (A.D. 1863-1644) the art developed tors and poets toe, lived during the ed beyond the organism so as to human mind. Great as in the Egyptians and Sumerians reached till further by the introduction. of Tang and Sung periods, though include its interaction with its en- physical universe which confronts a higher standard earlier than the painted designs in blue and at the earlier paintings survive notably vironment. The stimull and us as a given fact, no less great in Chinese, but they passed away end of the period by the use of one by Ku K'al Chih who was born which render them our reading and evaluation of it in while the Chinese still survive, and coloured enamels. In the succeeding about A.D. 344 and this shows that mutually interdependent constituto the world of values, as seen in their output of beautiful things con Dynasty during the reigns of Kang at that time a very high standard them one whole which thus trans-language, literature, culture civili-tinued through the centuries.
At present their art is still suf- Hai, Yung Cheng and Chlen Lung had been reached. In judging the climax of Chinese porcelain was Chinese pictures. Europeans must cends the mere spatial limits of the sation, society and the State, law, organism. It is this overflow of architecture, art sciences, morals fering from the decadence which reached and the plenes decorated in put aside all their preconceived
and religion.
set in at the end of the reign of vivid blue ar glowing enamels have notions of art and perspective, The organic wholea beyond their ap
An Immense: Empty Shell. Chlen: Lung (O.D. 1785-1795), but never been surpassed, Europeans Chinese artists have great love of parent spatial limits which binds
this revaluation. of given peace a renaissance might mostly prize those of the early Nature and this in largely to be all nature together and prevents it from being a mere assemblage of inner meaning and signficance, the easily come about. We have no Ching reigns though they are be seen in their landscapes, "It was separato interacting units.
external physical universe would, museum of Chinese art in Hong ginning to appreciate the simpler The World Of Mind,
be but an immense empty shell or Kong, and most people are unable 'gung so long valued by native col-
lectors crumpled surface. The brate fact to see and study for themselves que
thentic and good specimens of the The Chinese, themselves have here receives ita moaning, sad
It is time however we pass on to the world of mind. From matter;
Without
not the plastic, the purely visual.
side of landscape which inspired
these painters, but rather the mood, the spiritual content of the scene.""
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