WEDNESDAY, JULY 27, 1927,
“DEMOCRACY."
Sun Yat-sen's Three Principles Expanded.
SECOND LECTURE SERIES.
The Bearing of History on China's Affairs.
RELATIONS WITH FOREIGNERS.
In the first of the second series of the late Dr. Sun Yat-sen's lectures, the "Father of the Republic" elaborates his three prin- ciples of Democracy and Nationalism. He draws a parallel between the position of the China of his day and that of other great nations who changed from the monarchial to the Republican form of Govern ment.
POWER OF THE PEOPLE.
as
AR
Growth of Monarchy,
The ancients heed that the first duty of a government was to perform religious ceremonies and the second to make war. Thus we find a struggle in progress be- tween the priest kings (such as the Emperor of Japan who is still known as 'King of Heaven' and the 'Son of Heaven' in China) and men. of war (such as the Tokugawa family). Sometimes
THE CHINA MAIL.
kings to govern except in the interest of the people. Moreover China has only been a democracy for thirteen years, and one cannot have an Utopia all at once.
The Mongols have already sub- how when he was a boy he dream. stituted revolution for theocracy;ed that he held the gun in one to-morrow Thibet will do the band and the moon in the other. same. In Europe autocracy is Avolding Civil Strife. coming to an' end. 'England Then of the gang which in Relations With Foreigners,
though a monarchy is more like a cludes Hung Shiu-lun, Yeung Now foreigners (and foreign crowned Republic. Modern de- Kwan-yu and Chan Kwing-ming educated Chinese follow them) mocracy, the heir of the democra- only one, Tang Kang, was a have a way of classing us with tic theories of Greece and Rome is member of the Kak Meng Tong Negroes and Polynesians as only the growth of a hundred and and him they had assassinated. people incapable of self-govern-fifty years; but it is growing in It was his ambition to become ment. This view is due to their strength daily, We Chinese Ro- Emperor which made Chan ignorance of Chinese history. | volutionaries in adopting demo. Kwing-ming k revolutionary. Democratie ideas have been eracy as our creed will not only Thus we see that this ambition is familiar in China for thousands be following the current of world not yet dead. There are many of years. In Europe democracy events but will also be shortening other examples but I have no began with the revolution in Eng the period of civil strife. From time to quote them now. My land and the execution of Charles the remotest times most men of task is to explain to you the by Cromwell. Kings had been great ability have been ambitious meaning of Democracy. Unless assassinated before, but here for of making themselves emperor. you grasp this you will never the first time a King was con- Even when I instituted the Revo- eradicate autocratic ambition and demned and executed by process lution, six or seven per cent. of there will be years of civil war of law on a charge of treason to my followers had in mind some before us and endless tribulation his people. But this democratic such ambition. But I was not for China. It is to escape this movement was shortlived. Ten content with overthrowing the that 1 have always preached de-. years later the English had Manchus; I aimed at à Republic mocracy and republicanism. restored Charles II, and it was instead.
a Republic who is-King? The not for another hundred years
people, the whole four hundred that the American colonies broke
milions of them. This is the
away and established the most stable of Republics, the United States of America; and ten years after that the French Revolution broke out. The descendants of Louis XIV oppressed the people until they executed Louis XVI: and note here that like Charles Louis XVI was trial on a charge of treason to his executed after
peoplo.
I
In
will
[The second lecture appear in Saturday's "China
INTERVENING SAINT.
Taiping Rebellion Lessons. Gradually the proportion of Democracy means "power of
those with Imperialist ideas only thing which will put an end per cent. retain their old views. China. In the past ambition was lessened but still some one or two the rise of every new dynasty in to the strife which has marked the people," using the word
Various reasons are given for the the sole cause of wars. Just as "people" in the sense of any
defeat of the Taipings. A cor- desire for a throne actuates the organised, body of persons, and
monly expressed view is that Chan Kwing-ming's, the Tso power as in "horse power" and
their foreign policy destroyed Kwan's and the Luk Wing-t'ing's the "great powers." In itself the
them. Pottinger, the English word means ''popular govern
king with the intention of recogn- Minister, actually went to Non-
of to-day. ment. Many people think of "government" - something
ising the Taiping regime, But Rousseau's Theory Criticised. when he found that Hung Sau- Mail"] esoteric and hard to understand
The leading light of the French tsun insisted on the K'au Tau be One often finds Generals who the priest king has prevailed as revolution was Rousseau who in went on to Peking instead and take this attitude although, in Japan of the Meiji era, or the his 'social contract' preached made the agreement with the force is the motive power of religious organisation has sur-liberty and equality as the bases Manchus which led to Gordon's government, it is really a poserived the temporal power as in of democracy. Rousseau held that appointment. This may be the on their part. The definition is the case of Rome. But generally all men had natural rights which reason or again it may be because quite simple. It is the manage after the break up of the Roman they had however allowed to he did not press on and attach THE ANSWER TO A TYPIST'S ment of everybody's business."
Empire the power of the kinga lapse: that is that power is the Peking. My own grew as that of the priesthood de- people's by the law of nature. both these causes of defcat were To expand this idea. Going clined until Louis XIV was able But as
PRAYERS, view is that back to the beginning we find to identify himself with the State. fact, democracy is a late stage of the struggle between Hung Sau- witnesses), which the religioua ac- a matter of historical secondary. The real reason was occurrence (testified to by reliable Budapest, is discussing a recent this 'power' useful in its simplest Monarchical power grew until its evolution, and therefore Rous-tsun and Yeung Sau-tsing for the cept as a miracle, the psychically form for the preservation and ! continuation of the human race growth of knowledge brought no historical basis, and this fact tsing was killed by Wai Ch'eung-isation, and the sceptical as an oppressiveness together with the seau's theory of democracy hus title of emperor: Yeung Sau-minded as a successful material- and its essential activities-de- about revolutions, or struggles has been seized upon by the op- fai and his troops dispersed: optical illusion. fence and the provision of food. between king These necessities are however rather more than a hundred years argument against it.
and commons ponents of democracy as 177 Wai Ch'eung-fal then attacked The scene of this manifestation common to men and animals and
Hung Sau-tsun. When he was was one of the Governmental. lead to conflicts between them so
But this form of reasoning suppressed Shek Tat-hoi finding offices, in which the final reduction that in dealing with the realities withdrew with his does not affect us: of space and time, facts must Szchuan and the Taiping forces missed employees, a girl typist, We realise himself suspected of intrigues of the staff, required by the re-
construction
programme, being effected. One of the dis- take an instance from the theory reason that they had no concep-was seriously troubled over always come before theory. To were destroyed in detail for the who supported an aged mother, of warfare: In the early stages tion of democracy and everyone situation, as there seemed no like. of the Boer war the English lost wanted to be Emperor himself, hood of her securlag another equally remunerative post. One day, the biography of St. Theresa of Lisieux accidentally came into her hands, and after reading the story of "Little Theresa." the Carmelite nun, who died in Buda- pest in 1807, at the age of twenty- four-the youngest saint in the Calendar-the girl decided to make "Novena," or nine days' appeal, to the saint.
that we find everywhere a strug gle for existence, and the first use of power by mankind is in connection with this struggle. Now the existence of man on the earth according to geologists does not go back more, than two mil- lion years; the oldest rucks are! two hundred million years, older: hundreds of millions of years be- fore that, the Earth was molten. and before that again, gaseous; even so intelligent human beings do not go back more than two hundred thousand years before that there was no distinction be- iwen men and beasts.
The Study of History." So that this is the period allowed for the evolution of man from the brute beast to the de- mocrat. Now although the seeds. of democracy first sprouted two thousand years ago in Greece and Rome, in fact the plant has enly grown up during the past hundred and fifty years. Before that we get autocracy and before that again theocracy and before that again the ages of barbarism and the struggle with wild beasts
such as we find to-day in jungles
of Malaya and mountainous dis- tricts of China. This we know from archaeology only. Civil. isation begins with written his-
savage tribes. At first came com-
影
binations of separate groups who
jolned to fight wild beasts. With
ngo.
Now we
periods which led to the use of can distinguish the democracy. The first is the un- organised struggle between man- kind and wild beasts. The second the fight between man and the forces of nature in which reli-
army to
U.S.S. "New Mexico" firing a Broadside-This is probably the best photograph made of a battle- ship firing. Note the face in the smoke. This picture was made during the naval maioeuvres in Panama.
the domestication of animals Keeping Society Together.
which came from increasing mas-
"We Must Succeed."
Dismissed..
Was
her
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IN DRY INDIANA.
WHISKY FORBIDDEN AS MEDICINE.
WATER SUPPLY.
Level and Storage of water in Reservoirs on July 1, 1927:
CITY AND HILL DISTRICT WATER WORKS LEVEL.
1926
1027 42'11"B. 1'10"B.
26' 5"B. 8' 9"E.
27 9"B. Level
22′ 5′′B. '11"B.
The ninth and last visit to the Carmelite Church happened to fall on the day when the typist's em- ployment ended. On this morning The State of Indiana is the scene the chief of the department in of a very pretty tangle over pro- which she worked received an un-hibition just at present. says an announced visit from young nun. American contemporary. In addi- Tytam
On boing asked what she de- tion to the amendment to the na Tytam Byewanh sired, the nun said that she had tional Constitution making the Tytam Intermedinte Level" Level come to plead for the reinstate- country dry and the accompanying Tytam Tuk ment of the dismissed typist, The Federal legislation, the Volstead Wong Nei Chung.. 11' 7"E. 79′′B,
Pokfulum chief declared himself unable to Law, most of the States have their move in the matter; but, when the own statutes and that of Indiana; [Note: B. donotes "Below Overflow": nun firmly announced her inten-happons to be the most severe of A denotes "Above Overdow."] tion of remaining until he decided all In the other States it is illegal
Storage in millions and decimale to grant her request, he was sur- to sell or transport ilquor, but the
of gations. prised to find kimself agreeing to Indiana regulation, passed a few revoke the dismissal.
BLUE MOON.
any
law in a similar way..
and
V
LEVEL
1926
1927
195.90
.830.50 1,419.00
10.10 21.09
19,95 44.48
1926 1927 Kowloon Reservoir 5'6"B. Level Sack Lai Pul Reservar 17'9"B. 2'7"B. Reception Reservoir..
Drink for Governor. He had not used all the whisky which he procured at that time, and he offered to give the Governor the remainder. This was done, and in consequence Mrs. Jackson is be- lieved to be out of danger.
Mr. Gilliom has now publicly call.
which both of them were compelled about the modtication of the law od upon the Governor to help bring Reception Reservoir
Storage in millions and deofmals of gallons.
1326 1027 Kowbon Reservoir.... 297,66 352.50
years ago when the Ku Klux Klan verm
Tytam
115,12 360.40 The door had scarcely closed on that commonwealth, makes it illegal Tytam Intermediate.. 155.90
was at its height and dominated Tytam Byewash..... .67 11.10 tories. Written history goes glous influence came to the fore. heavily, because they fought in The year before last when Chan knocked and entered.
the departing nun when the typist back no more than five or six The third is the period of inter- close order according to a theory Kwing-ming opposed me, what do non-plussed at
to buy, sell, give away, The chief,
or possess Tytam Tak his. inexplicable Doctors thousands years in China and necine strife between man and based on out-of-date experience, you suppose his object was? It capitulation, told her to call back mitted to prescribe liquor for
sort of alcoholic beverage. Weng Nei Chung
are not even Der Foktulum Even in Egypt only about ten man, state and state, people and while the Beers had learned to is often said that he wished to the nun she had sent to plead her their patients and thereby hangs thousands years. We Chinese people, when monarchical power fight under cover during their separate the two Kwangs from cause. But the girl denied all the present tale.
Total
.1,172,20 2,061.05 have been accustomed to study arose. The fourth is our own wars with the natives.
the rest of China. history only from written re- period of civil war within a state
This was far knowledge of the nun, and when
Consumption of water in the City The modern theory of warfare from being the co.
A few days ago the wife of Gov and Hill District in millions and do- the employees in the outer rooms ernor Edward Jackson was cords. In Europe they go beyond between the ruler and his people. is based on the experience of the
des-cimala of gallons during the month of and the hall porter were question-perately ill with pneumonia. Planning Northern Expedition.
Her Junc these and study the origins of This fight is between Good and English in this war, and is due mankind from rocks and the ob- Evil, between Justice and Oppres- to the invention of long range had determined on the Northern
Before his volte face when I been seen to enter the building.
ed, it transpired that no nun had physician advised the Governor that
1926
1927 whisky was imperatively necessary Consumption
250.48 303.83 servation of the customs of sion. This period has seen de-rifles and smokeless powder, expedition, I explained in detail during which the tearful typist, did not know how or where to pro-
A scene of confusion followed, to save her life. The Governor Estimated population 402.400 412.780 mocracy come more and more to Therefore a thing must be in to him its dangers and advan-pleading her innocence, drew from cure the forbidden product.
per day (gallons) 21.2 24.4 the front, and therefore it is existence before one can theorise tages. He opposed the expedi- her satchel
Constant Supply in all Rider Main called the age of democracy.
little book, and say telephoned to the State Attorney Districts during June 1926 and 1927, about it and the fact that Rous-tion. I thought afterwards that Ing. "This is the only aun I know General, Mr. Arthur Gilliom, for Now is this a good thing or no? eral acceptance shows that in to his apprehension that the ex-sight of which the chief declared four small children were lil with seau's views met with such gen perhaps his opposition was due anything about displayed the assistance. The latter replied that
KOWLOON WATER WORKS photograph of St. Theresa, at a few months previously, when his tery of the powers of nature, When the mass of the people were fact democratic principles were pedition might endanger his without hesitation, "Yes; that was typhoid, he had himself broken the came the beginnings of civilisa- ignorant, priestly or kindly rule familiar in his time. tion a stage at which
position in the South. So at last! ahe!" some served best to keep society to- peoples such as, the Mongols and gether; but now those times have
I told him openly and frankly It is, perhaps, superfluous to add Arabs still remain.
We must not, however, expect that if the expedition was suc- that the typilat remains at her passed. Culture and knowledge evolution always to be in a cessful I would establish my post.. While mankind was still en- have spread and it is only fair straight line. The gaged in the struggle with that the governing power should priests and kings varied, but the Hankow or else at Nanking and power of Government at Wuchang and beasts, it had no leisure to con-pass to the people. When we are general characteristics of those would certainly not return to sider the amenity of life; but children we ought to be ruled by ages remained the same. So Canton. "I will entrust the two when the beasts were overcome our parents; but this does not now although we live in an age Kwangs to you" I said, "and in by the use of weapons of wood apply to us when we grow up. of democracy, yet we find two that case I beg you to defend me and stone, men began to gather, Nevertheless many thinkers, in hundred years after Cromwell from attack in the rear. If of a blue moon was observed in
Total......... 306.38 443.05 In those parts of the world Japan, in Europe, and among England still ruled by a king and am so unfortunate as to be de Bombay. 'where the climate Was most our students of the past, still the French Revolution taking feated I shall not have the face to
Consumption of water in Kowloon to violate, so that it shall at least favourable. Thus grew up the favour the institution of monar- eighty
The moon at first appeared to be legal for physicians to prescribe in allons and decimals of gallons.dur Nilotic, and Mesopotamian civil-chy. The question is not yet Nevertheless, as little as thirty have my permission to adopt turning green before assuming ing in influence, Indiana is still Estimated population. 155.620 160.660
to accomplish. return. When that happens you be of a Cambridge blue, later liquor to their patients,
ing the month of June, Though the Ku Klux Klan is rapidly wan- Consumption isations. When the human race decided. Let es therefore, who years ago, not only Chinese but your own foreign policy, or dally its normal colour. increased under these favourable believe in democracy, investigate Foreigners despaired of deposing with Peking as you like; even if conditions and was driven to the nature of democratic institu- the Manchus pointing to Germany you have to side with the North-dition of the pre-monsoon atmos-nest in politics. A minister of New June, 1920 and 1927.
It is believed, that the concident has stirred up
strongly prohibitionist, and the in- ner day (gallons).. 15,4 20.3 hornet's Full Supply in all districts during occupy leas hospitable territories, tions throughout the world. and Russia both ruled by abso-erners to secure your position in phere was responsible for the York, the Rev, John Roach Straton,The Government Analysts reports we find civilisations rising (after Which form of government is lute monarchs. Now Germany Canton. I shall not object a long interval) in other places | best suited to China? Old fashion and Russia are both republics; fault with you," This incident
find phenomenon.
pastor of the Cavalry Baptist show that the quality of the water is Church, has publicly declared that satisfactory. auch an the Valley of the Yellow ed people (or even present day the Manchus have fallen and will show that his ambitions were River. Here the climate is less Americans from the pattern Re- neither Yuan Shik K'al nor not limited to control of the two the
M. le Morvan, astronomer at in both Instances the sufferers Total rainfall to June 30, 1926, 36.99; kindly, and so
Paris Observatory,
should have been permitted to die June 30, 137, 53.45. has we find clothing public) argue that as China has Chang Hsun succeeded in testor- Kwangs. Now why did he wait chronicled the observation of im- rather than have the law violated and house devised as protection bean a monarchy from time iming the monarchy. Democracy is until the Northern Expedition mense zones of green in the
to save them. against wet and cold and schemes memorial, therefore monarchy is like the Yellow River checked had left the province before moon. He believes they are due to deal with flood, fire, wind and the most suitable form of govern here and bonding there but al- making his volto face? Because to the rays of the sun retracted Hightning; and in particular the ment; just as in the case of ways making its way eastwards. he wished to become Emperor from myriads of pointed crystals growth of religion regarded as Thibet there would be trouble if The Northerners, strong though and in order to succeed he had and
#TOO LATE THEN TO HUNT. charms (I cannot say whether one upset the theocracy there: they are, will strive in vain to to destroy an army which cer-which abound in the moon's vol- drug store when suddenly seized with semi-transparent rocks, No time to hunt for a doctor or efficacious or not) against these Let me point cut, however, that stem the current and are doomed tainly would have opposed his canic regions. heaven sent calamities; and the democratic ideas are found in to fall. While we Southerners, design. There is another thing He argues that the green is asusen and prostrating diarrhoea ayaganizing intestinal cramps, deadly rise of priest kings, such as the China two thousand years ago although weak in resources, are which proves that he had this seen only when the rays of the Chamberlain's Colle and Diarrhess Ling Buddha of the Mongols in the writings of Confucius and moving down streams and must ambition. After the revolution sun strike the moon at a very and cate from painole every Remedy gives instant warmth, comfort and "Thibetané,
Medcius who dented the right of succeed at length,
he often told his friends a story acute angle,
years
The extraordinary phenomenon
where...
Shek Lal Pul Reservoir 38.72 90,46
F
1000
1027 72.08 97,93
SUNRISE AND SUNSET.
July
a.m.
p.m.
8.52
206
5,52 ..7.00)
5,53
87.06
5,59
7.0%
5.54
-7.05: