SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 29, 1924.
THE CHINA MATE
DID THE ARMY FLYER
The Popular Beliefs of the Ancient Gave Wide Variety to the Shape of the Earth and Mary Queer Ideas Were Held. Even To-day the Globe Theory is Dis- puted,
[By RENE BACHE]
Did the American fliers encircle the globe.
"They did not," says Wilbur Glenn Valiva, ruler temporal and spiritual of Zion City, and successor to Prophet Dow it was an Impossibility, be cause there is no globe to enélrete."
The notion that the Earth sphere la déclured by Voliva to be wholly a mistake. Eleven hundred children in the schools of Zion are taught that it is flat. It is a disk, shaped like a pancake.
Says Voliva: "The fact that air plants have encircled the Earth does not prove, that it is a sphere." If u fy walks around the edge of a plate, cumin at length to its starting point, is that a demonstration that the plate is globalar The American avintore have merely pursued and completed n -circular course around the flat disk of
the Earth, though without approaching
its outer rim.
་
The terrestrial disk, suspended in space, is stationary and immovable. It is the centre of the Universe. and everything else, in creation revolves around it. The firmament of stars is a revolving apherg: one has only to watch to see it go round. In that Armament the stars are set and fixed, barring half-a-dozen or so which, for some unknown reason, wander about.
Sun Only 32 Miles In Diameter. Those wandering stars are not com- panion worlds of oure, as infidel astro- homora conceive. They are luminous bodies of small size, as are also the Axed lar All the lights in the sky
Strange Fishing Opera- tions for These Pro- ducts of the Deep- Divers Now Gather Them.
[By Norman C. McLOUD.]
The next time you pick up a sponge examine, it carefully to see if it can bile.
You will find that it cannot, and then you will probably wonder if it is really true that the sponge may have been caught on a hook, more or less as you caught the fish you had for breakfast in your summer cathip.
1
Bite or na bito, the capture of sponge in Rs native element has long "been a matter of Ashing with a sponge hook. The sponge fishermen | are as important in their way as the hardy Hemen of the Newfoundland Banka who supply the nation with its codfish. Gathering the sponge crop of the Gulf of Mexico is one of the little. known occupations, and one which is full of interest. As an industry the undertaking involves more money than would be expected, by those unióng us whose familiarity with the sponge is confined to the bathroom or to the egunters of the five and tea-cept store. Close to a million dollars is represented. by the annual cutch of a single fishing' centre on the Florida const.
f
Sponge fishing in the vicinity Key West is more than a hundred Years of age.. As a commercial enterprise, however, its development did not begin until a quarter of a century after the rich source of supply had been din covered. Since the first shipments were undertaken the industry has ex- panded into an important branch of business, yielding a considerable révenue to resident of Florida.
With the growth of the industry the fishing, activities spread out over au arca, of more than 4,000 square miles. In recent years the, original fighing grounida” have become gréktly reduced in sfeld and the territory covered by the herren Bas been correspondingly danninbred.
Once Pulled By, Hand
I
are put there for to other purpose than to illuminate the Earth, 2
The only planets, properly speaking, are the Sun and Moon, which ungues- tionably do revolve about the Earth- disk. Anybuty can see them " do it.
The Sun and the foam are about the
same, suze, But the intter is farther off, and that is why it looks smaller.
Infidel nutronomers absurdly exag.. gerate the size of the Sun, which; as a matter of fact, is only about thirty- from us, asserted two miles in diameter. Its distance 03,000,000 miles, is in reality not more than 2,700 miles,
to he
The Sun gives us so much light and heat because all of its radiant energy. is concentrated upon the Earth; none andes. It acts exactly na if there were of its rays being dissipated in empty an enormous Yeflector behind it. But the Moon, contrary to the generally accepted belief, is a hot body,' contri- buting for our beacht heat as well as light.
So,
"If the Sun be only thirty-two miles in diameter, une might suppose that it would soon burn out, ceasing to fur nish heut and illumination. not for the fact that its fires are can- indeed, it undoubtedly woul!, were it stantly recruited by a means that will presently be described.
It shows
about 27,000 miles in diameter. His" Valiva save that the Earth-disk is map is presented herewith. that the centre of the disc is the North Pole. somewhat distorted, but that merely The continents appear to be proves geographers to be "off" in their reckonings.
14
ice Barrier.
It will be observed that the Equator a circle distant half way from the North Pole, to the edge of the circular Earth, around which is an upturned rim of ice. The existence of this rim is proved, by the ascertained fact that a journey directly south from any point on the Earth's surface brings the voyager to an ice-wall All antarctic explorers have so testified.
WVHL DYM
A:UZI
ENCIRCLE
SOUTHERN
RM
OF
OCEAN
VOLO OF SPACE-
YOLIVA'S MAP OF
THE EARTH-PANCAKE
Another fact not to be denied is that there is great, heat only a few miles below the surface of the ground. Deep borings have shown that temperature increases at a rate of sonicthing, like ong degree for every sixty feet of
afforded by volcanoes which, in many evidence on this point, however, is depth. More palpable and striking
parts of the world, spew up from the bowels of the Earth-disk vast quanti- tjes af molten rock stuff, often with catastrophir effects.
Nobody can know how thick the Earth-disk is, though, as will presently be shown, a fairly close guess can be. made.. But, some thousands of miles. beneath its
surface is a great hole. which might be called a tunnel, more or less horizontal, and leading directly through it from edge to edge This openings at both ends, and it is 3lled hole ring from west to east, with with everlasting fire of inconceivable intensity..
dependent upon that fiery hole for the Sup Goes Through Fiery Hole. As explained by, Voliva, we are, really préservation of life on the Earth; for during each night the Sun, after descending in the west, enters it and passes through it, coming out of the other end in the morning. In passing through, the Sun recruits its fres, and, with repetition of the process every twenty-four hours, is, thereby. enabled to continue to warm and illuminate the Earth-dik. Voliva appeals to plain common sense.
From what he calls "infidel "science": Anybody who is not blind can, ses that
the Sun revolves about the Earth. Consider, incidentally, the familiar phenomena of sunrise and sunset. Why the brilliant red glow? It is n reflection by the Sun of the fires pour ing out from one end or the other of
tunnel, at sunset it is about to enter sunrise that orb is emerging from the the great subterranean tunnel At
the flaming, terrestrial subway.
to ds a
The archpriest of Zion has not ex plained how or why he knows that the Sun is only 2,700 miles distant from 49, We are obliged. however, accept his figure. With that datum to start with, it is inferrable" that the fiery tunnel is "about - 2,700 miles Beneath the surface of the Earth- disk.
The Moon (he says) is farther from us than the Sun. Owing to ite greater beneath the Earth-disk clearing the distance, it passes, in its revolution, Inter altogether. I, then, we suppose that the Moon is twice as far off as the Sun, we may infer that the thickness of the Earth-disk la less-probably much less than 8,400 miles.
Says Voliva: "One may circum navigate Manhattan Island. Is Man- How, then, can it be argued that the hattan Island therefore a sphere? have proved its rotundity? A donkey American, fllers by encircling the Earth tied to a stake walks around the stake in pursuit of grass, but the path he follows le a circle, it has no relation tą a globe,"
Ancient Ideas.
Since the most ancient times this matter has been a puzzle to mankind.
THE GLOBE?
ANOLL
One may presume that the first im presalon human beings got was that the Earth was a sort of fat.dish with the blue' dome of the aky fitted over it like a cover. An idea long accepted pre-historic daye and even later was that the "cover" was a permanent and substantial structure, beneath which moved the Sun, the Moon, and the clouds, while above it was water and fire. The stars were small holes through which water"streamed when it rained, but which allowed the fire to show through when nights were fine. As conceived by the ancient Greeks, the cosmas was an enormous' egg, and the Earth, poised in its middle, occupied the place of a yolk. It did not fall should move either up or down. The because there was no reason why it
Earth was Highted by the Sun, thus. shell of the egg was represented by the sky. Only the upper half of the serving as a dwelling place for living men; the lower half; always in black shadow, was the home of spirits, the ghoet land of the dead. The Greeks called that mysterious region Hades, which meant "hidden country.
According to that conception, around
SPONGES CAUGHT ON
The individual sponge, newly caught,
is sticky and unpleasant to the touch. The removal of the slime from
this
gelatinona musu is a part of the work of the fisherman. His market for Hfa catch is regulated by la, success in- eliminating the foreign material and the gelatine-like cote with which the porous sponges are filled, and convert- ing the article into something of more civilized appearance.
Caught On Hooks.
To bring the sponges to the surfaco long involved the use of aponge-hooks especially devised for this strange type of fishing. This was the accepted method, et gathering, the harvast, and it is still used to a greater or less extent in spite of the introduction of divom.
involved tho aid of water man could spot his prey. at a consider telescopes. Through these the fisher- able depth.
the Earth flowed the ocean stream, separating the light from the darkness, and the living from the dend. The Sun each day, climbed up over and across the Ormament, and at nightfall plunged back into the environing ocean stream.
A. Floating Earth. Not everybody was satisfied of the correctness of this notion... Another theory that found many believers was that the Earth was really an inland floating in the midst of a great ocean. But what kept it from drifting about? Nobody could explain that. might accept all sorts of imaginings on the subject, but to suppose that the Earth was not stationary and immov. able was impossible.
People
had taken conspicuous part in a rebol- lien against Zeus, the king of the gods... As a punishment, he was condemned to the-job of upholding the world.
But, if that wore so, upon what did Alles stand?' Thero was tho samo, dif- ficulty in the case of the ancient Hindoo ~ ballet, that the Earth was upheld by an elephant, which in turn stood upon 4 gigantic tortelse. If so, upon what I did the tortoise stand?
The
Babylonian Pyramid.
The Babylonian notion was that the Earth was a seven-staged pyramid, beneath which was an inverted pyramid of corresponding size, the aboda of the dead,
It is interesting to observe how. in all of the early, cosmographical concep tions there are spacious homes pro vide for departed douls, whose return to the land of the living does not soom to be contemplated as a possibility. The places assigned for. the residence of the ghosts are always regions of darkness.
The pyramidal Earth in the Baby- lonian Universa was separated from its cosmic environment by the "four
аспа.
The Earth Of The Hebrews.
The ancient Hebrow ides, was that the Earth was a thick circular disk (somewhat on the Voliva pattem): in the centre of a sea limitless in all directions. Between the upper and lower surfaces of the disk was a cloned cavern of vast size, the abode of the dend, called Sheol. Around the edge of the disk was uplifted a rim of lofty mountains, to which was fitted by a water-tight faint a metal vault of hemispherical shape.
This metal vault, the sky, was called the firmament because it was supposed: to be a substantial and imperishable structure. Beneath it moved the Sun, the Moon and the planets. Above the sky was an ocean of water;gand there were windows it, which were opened now and then to allow rain to fall. The Earth with its overarching dome, Barely-surrounded by water. There were waters beneath it, around it, and above it:
was
Ancient Astrengt
When we read of these ancient and Primitive idea of the structure of the Coamos, we should realize that they were popular conceptions rather than the beliefs of Instructed persons. The Hebrews of those early times knew nathing of the sciencca apparently, but contemporary Babylonions and Egyp tians were fairly well advanced in astronomical knowledge. That, thou Bands of years before. Galileo, they knew, that the Earth was a sphere, an that it revolved about the Sun, cannot be questioned. They know how to foretell eclipses; and it is believed that the famous Tower of Babel was crowned by an observatory for star- gazing.
But in ancient times knowledge was, the possession of the few, and those who had it were too well aware of ita value, as a means of power, to give it out to the multitude.
A plausible solution of the problem. as then considered, was that the island Earth had roots, extending down to". They knew that the world was round. eral foundation of things. unknown depth, mooring it to the gen- So far as that fact is concerned, the circumnavigation of our planet by air. could have taught them nothing. Indeed, so far as that is concerned, it. has taught nothing to the ruler of Zion City, Mr. Voliva. Ho knows better. The Earth is flat, and he has Bible testimony to prove it.
The nature of this ultimate founda- tion was most puzzling to determine. An ancient Greek myth, was authority for the idea that the Earth was sup- ported upon, the shoulders of a glant called Atlas, who, as one of the Titans,
HOOKS=
States and attend the periodical sales digaruda maredandise. The sales are Lakin, to those of the tobacco auction i med AKA transactions are under the system .of
competitive biddin Sponges of especially fine textur often command fancy prices under the ghamsius of the TU PRED Among
The book has several pronge and is affixed to a long pele. Is fishing by this this method the sponge Bunter takes At the outset the supply was so his position in the Bow of a small boat
employed in there waters by many and with freedom of movement throughgrading and sorting' takes place and - abundant that shermen pulled the propelled by bars in the hands of his
The final preparation of the mer sponges by hand. All that was needed partour. Crouched on the bottom of spa wars in the shallow watons, and the craft the man with the book keeps Biking, fleets grow in size. From s diving for sponges is an elaborate reap a rich harvest of sponges from length, ready for the stay out for tooted The handling of sponges chandise for the retail market is unders Ashermen. As the industry expanded the sponge
| a considerable length of air-hese, he is sponges of uniform grades and sixes
taken by the concerns which buy the Compared with the use of the hook, able to comb the depths thoroughly and are strung on cords two yards in This work is done in the packing houses gether the harvest which was ready and sharp lookout for sponges beneath beginnings of small, both the industry undertaking, and one which penetrates the sunken gardens in which they grow.
crude product at those auction sales: waling. This easy Access did not last the surface of the water. To staplify developed into a business commanding to submerged sources of supply not for any great length of time, and as his work, he occasionally sprikles all the services of asking desta with accessible to the pole tabernian.
to which the purchases are promptly. "A fishing crew máy stay, the shore supply became exhausted the on the waters to mind, the ripples vessels as large as fifty for banden derwaardelighing the other is busy beneath the surface, place of sale. Upon reaching shore by long practice. To dt the spongo
The divare usually, work in pairs, several days before dig its boat to fabermen, found it necessary to go into, and give him a smooth surface through Even with this new phase of the act proximately 200 pounds, equipped with
The one of them resting in the boat while the point suggesting left to the: i akili Z83azoddledicy may be acquired La datincher and one in which much the deep waters and dovise means for which to carry on his chservations.vities the actual bening wat conducted, the safety apparatus which has been procuring the sponges by pans of When a sponge is detected it is caught from the smaller Boats, as these were 14and best adapted to submarine work being done spater for care for pole pind attractive fashion and this is the There may have been improvemets the boat takes the catch 6 for curing: for tale reci trade they must be hools
and brought up by means of the forked, red to the many Brock, weldsted, with brass soles tions are as gumiliza as, in previous ane and weather. By the action of work of an expert.
in the method of catching the sponges, enclosures in shallow water and trimmed and shaped into panyutant -growth-book, and Geparted in the bottom of the larger craft When it comes from its submazing best the boat.
and générons quantities of lead, the it bears ng suggestion the article
Pivery. Are More Modern
generations. No good substitute k elements the sponges pass through with which his general-pur
Handles, Fifty, Eget Loog
eluar, ja, enabled to maintain, hin oğul yes besz; found for: the liman fost:in a stage of decomposition, and they are most
The next step in, the deseignement 9%. brium
For shipment the sponges are com The length of the sponge hecks grew the sponge-fishing industry Came ut Lackal for
without, Tagay! to the top the matter of removing the sticky, confhen ready for the final stop af ré- cgedain four fifty tqwigudpudayangan pressed into bales. -Each. bale max barbed, and sikeisti, tam frémily.) Wii 1. Lite of sad. Industry
the entstion of sponges if 265
the form of deep-sea divinge Tile Tile | holes
"his heavy tefta of "the freshly, caught, spangaka inébring any of the atjoky, abstance cut appare, albay and notoviding in, all-llowaters the tabunga Toutd
Introduced into the Florida: watery by
Inks to the past this gubatasen 37, which may have survived the harsh dealers by whom they are given the In tila Sorm they shipped to ta The best that day by and oralt in tant décètuary to tine Jenkie, poles, and some
natives of Grence, who hid a barn en:" | matist)
may forced out by stamping and jumping on atment on board the host. With it lacks personal chart Buch sugges-fithele handlen hava porgt: 101 ERY
Esped in simbadowark in thele home! He is able to mains secunda on the Boer bottom of the tables kostel Tall Kalowe, Jingshape for the wholecals market, cara The ordinary sponge will grow
d'for couple of hours. the mito di sponges depan bodria the this material removed the sponges are
ultimate market for the bathroom," Loj tion of cleanthem az it may, have when feet or more. *34 the'd
epy.ropment
the arts and for the washing of matoy The advent of any of the eneral conduct of the fisheries M CAN Fructist: tos kim through the hose pipe Gulf fath ned pole
with the boat from which he the hook method is still
With this long@spamsraion,il the walk
It teaches the bathrooks la matched these polak it was impossible (alm
by the stages through whic passes for the human eye to detect the pre -after-it-has-been caug
Bence of the deeply hidden sponges, and
is then bung along the sides of -washed and sleazed, in After, this princeed: the
fresh upanged in at Tarpon Springs,Belence has been unable to deportation Florida: At this point buyers gather how the sponges feid; or whende from.........warlocŭparte: of the Qalbed.
mourishment.