12.
THE CHINA MAIL.
SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 20, 1924.
FORGOTTEN DECLARATIONS
ETHRIY ALL STATUE AT. CHRYADE
само
When Vermont Was An Independent Country rebellious territory between them, the
The Forgotten State of Franklin-The
American Rebellion in Texas- California As a Republic,
[BY RENE BACHE.]
T county of Aroostook, which is in are nearly a fourth part of Maine, wants to be a full-Regel State of the Union," There hasTM cently been a good deal of agitation on the subject in that Prigion; and were it not that declara. Timms of independence have gone out of fashion. Bomething of the sort might be
emples by Aroostook.
There have been very interesting pre- vedruter our history. One of them in 1777, was declaration of independence by New Connecticat. That State is still
The may, but nowadays it is called Vormmt.
Green Mountains being the dividing line. But the trouble with New Humpsisire was adjusted in 1782, that State accepting the Connecticut River as its western boundary. New York rofused to abandon its claim.
New Connecticut continued to be an independent country until I was admitted to the Union, March 4, 17011. it was the fourteenth State--the first government decides in favour of New
ล speak, born to the Union.
to York, and settlers in the disputed strip baby, were ordered to repurchase their Innds. It adopted the name Vermont-ngan- from the authorities at Albanying green mountain and framed a New Connecticul Breaks LooNC constitution after the model of that of This they refused to do. Under Ethan Pennsylvanin. Alles, Remember Baker, and one or two other courageous leaders, they took up arms, organizing in 1771 a military force called the Green Mountain Boys. Threats of armed invasion did not frighten them, and the situation re malaed practically in status quo until January, 1777, when, on the fifteenth day of that month, they adopted in declaration of independence
of New Connecticut.
and
The colony of New Hampshire claimed for their territory the name od that its territory properly estendel s for weed as the western boundary of Mas-chitects and Comicetleut TheThe first Legislature-of New Con- coloaty of New York claimed possession necticut met at Windsor in March of The end as the Canneetient River. the following year. In the meantime In other words they both laid rain to New York and New Hampshire had what is now Vermont. The British made a secret agreement to divide the
It is a fact worth mentioning in this
INDEPENDENCE
JOHN SEVIER GOVERNOR
OF THE STATE
OF FRANKLIN
ORT AND
on neeount of expense and for other nullifying the acts of the other. Wille reasons, it could get along better could not be proved, titles perfected, without Tennessee; and, without coner justice administered. No taxes wulting the wishes of the people of that wore paid. Marriages performed by WOTE not urritory, it crded the whole of the officials of one faction laster, in June, 1784, to the Federal
recognized by the other. government, calling it the District of
Governor Caswell, of North Carolina, Washington. The neler as sub finally issued a proclamation declaring jeet to acceptance by the Federal the government of Franklin legal, government within two yeari... stigmatizing its officers and adherents The settlers of Tumore thereupon an rebels, and demanding their sur
Troops overcame a feeble ruse up in wrath, called a convention, render. in August, 1781, and formed the State resistance, and Sevier was arrested and of Franklin. Realizing that it had brought into court. In the midst of a
Nath Carolina hasteng! to undo it,
out, and the matter ended there so and reagnosed the territory. But the far as he personally was concerned.
Franklin declined to be três The territory formed part of North people anexed, and Captain John Sevier, a Carolina until 1790 when it won coded to the Federal government, and in typical frontiersman, was inaugurated
the BS Governor at Wataugy, March 1, June, 1798. it was admitted to 1785. Couris were established,' a Union as the State of Tennessee. militia wan organized, and peace was Sevier was elected its first Governor.
There was much immigration from the United States into Texas during
new republle was recognized by the United States, "Great Britain, mod Franco.
Texas was admitted to the Union March 1, 1848, by a joint resolution of the two Houses of Congress.
Independence Of California,
California (then a part of Maxico) declared its independence on the fourth | day of July, 1848.
Captain John C. Fremont had been sent to the west coast on an exploring loxpedition a year curlier. He was on his way to Oregon when he was over- taken by an officer sent from Wash- ington with a massage ordering him to wait and co-operate with the Pacific squadron in case of hostilities with Mexico.
Accordingly. Fremont-returned to California and took up his hond- quartors at Sutter's Fort.
There were at that time in California about 200 Americans, one of the most prominent of whom was John A. Sulter. He held an official appoint- mont, from which he had received a grant of land covering elevon square leaguos (ninety-nine aquare miles) about the present, site of the city of Sacramento. Upon it he had built fort, which, commanding the interior country, and lying on the route follow- ed by overland immigrants, was in
ita day an important stronghold.
Ол Juño 14-a fow days after the perlod from 1828 to 1836, most of Fremont had established himself at the settlers coming from the Southern Sutter's Fort party of fourteen section of the Union and bringing Americans started a small revolution
their alavca with them. Slavery was dis-on
own account, captured approved by the Mexican government,
and declared war--against- and is made trouble, but dispute on Mexro. Needing flag, and not that subject had nothing to do with venturing to use that of the United the political strife which followed. States, they made one--not out of an In 1635 Santa Anna overthrow the old lady's petticoat, as has sometimes existing constitution. of Mexico and been alleged, but from a Mexican proclaimed himself dictator. The rebosa or scarf of unbleachod muslin yard wide and five feet long. Along Americans in Texas were disposed to
fight him, but, under the peace-making the bottom they sowed a strip of red influence of Stephen F. Austin, they flannel, and in the left-hand upper nought Instead a union with Mexican corner they painted 'star in red ink. Liberala for the restoration of the conThe middle of the flag was occupied by stitution. They organized a provisional a plature of a grizzly bear, beneath government, with Sam Houston as which were the words "Californis
major general of the arraics of Republic." Техал." und sought aid from the Tho temporary government thus set United States.
is known in history as the Bear up Hostilities followed, and a first suc-Flag Republic. Its original banner cean was gained by the Americans, who now ornaments the rooms of the routed a Mexican force near Gonzales. Floneer Society in San Francisco. Later, in March, 1886, the Mexicans Keanwhile nawe had come of the under Santa Anna captured the Alamo outbreak of war along the Rio Grande, and slaughtered the garrison of 188 and on July 4 Fremont called a meet. captured a force of 311 men, led by claimed the independence of California. теп. A few days afterwards they ing at Sonoma which formally pro Captain J. W. Fannin, and massacred He was appointed Governor intelli- all but twenty, who managed to cope. Soon afterwards
connection that Vermont was the first nude a mistake, the Legislature of great row in the courtroom, he walked blow which brought the war to an end. the U.S. Sloop of war Portsmouth,
of the States to abolish slavery, r
The State Of Franklin. When the war of the Revolution started, Tennessee was a region very
a remote
It was sparsely settled. wilderness peopled by a few thousand liardy mountaincers and their families. In 1776 they addressed & petition to
the wegislature of North Carolina asking to annexed.
The requi was granted, and thus Tennessee.de came and remained part of North Carolina until after the close of the Revolution.
North Carolina Chên devided that,
made with the Indian
Jextomies snus arms.” The popula- tion became divided into Pranklin and
Election North Carolina factions. were held and appointments made. nder the laws of bath. States. Two sets of officers claimed, authority, each
Texas Declaren Its_Freedom." There are still surviving in this country a good many people who were alive when Texas split off from Mexico and became republic, adopting a decluration of independence and fram- ing a constitution of its own..
Studying the Depths of Strange Waters
wwwww!
SHOWING
BOTTOM APOFILE
Problem of the Pinnacle Rocks Which Endanger
Alaska-The Submarine All
Shipping in
Washington Monument-Bottomless Lakes, One of Which Occupies the
Crater of An Extinct Volcano-
The Deepest Fresh Water in America.
[BY RENE BACHE]
E late President Harding, on his trip to Alaska, passed close by a submarine danger which only
few
years ago might carlly have wrecked. the ship that carried him and his party. It is a "pinnacle rock," known as the Washington Monument, near the main steamer route, and ils existence was not ascertained until 1916.
The voyager in that part of the world notes at the Alaskan shores, generally speaking, are very rocky and precipitour. On every hand he sess rugged mountain ranges with shorp, jagged peaks.
It may not occur to him; however, to. realize that these peculiar fentares are duplicated in the waters beneath him Yet that is the fuct. The tops of the highest peaks appear above the sur face as rocky and precipitous inlets. Others of less clevation rise to within few fect of the surface, waiting to rip open the bottom of any akin that cameo their way. There is no sign of the hidden rionace; no break or ripple of wavelets above the pinnacle gives warning.
Every now and then a vessal strikes on of the charted pinnacles They have caused numberless wrecks. But recently the Coast and Geodetic Survey has set about the business of finding and charting them along the main steamer route, the most remark.
able one discovered up to date being the above-mentioned Washington Monument.
RED IN
The white niurble shaft erected la honour of the Father of his country is 66 feet high; the submerged Wash ington Monument off the coast of
650 feet in height, came by the use of the "elre drag south-cast-Alaska and only savehteen
a wonderfully efficient apparatus, first feet of water covers its peak, The peak is exceed-employed in 1914, which covers large ingly sharp and would bite through areas rapidly and locates therein every the bottom of any ship that struck it. existlag tanger- of the kind.
Use. Of The "Drag Wire."
ENVION CAMTER LANG
the existence and location of uncharted pinnacles have been ascertained only been customary to commemorate the through the loss of vessels, and it has lows by naming the rock after the aufortunate craft It is a horizontal wire towed by two
In the meantime the government It is not practicable to locate such
launches, and maintained at any desired pinnacles by sounding with a load line, distance below the surface by weights Fisheries Bureau has been sounding and adjustable upright cables extending the waters of a number of "bottom- If one were drifting in a balloon over a town, imaging the difficulty of throw-up to surface buoys. As the apparatus less lakes in various parts of the ing pat weight attached to a line passes through the water, it will catch country, the work having an incidental and show the location of any obstrac. relation to the planting of fishes and hitting a church spire with it. Such a thing could hardly be done. tion that rises above the level of the therein. it may be said in a general way that, in popular belief, any body af fresh water that, is deeper than the But in the casp of the pinnacle au wire.
length of the longest fuking line is without a bottom.
Just how a lake can manage to get along without any bottom has never been satisfactorily explained. Why, under such circumstances, 'does not water drop out of it? And, If this were to happen, would there not be a hole clear through to the other side of the earth? If i had to swer these questions. But I may be men- tioned, for the sake of illustration, that Payette Lake, in Idaho, formerly declared bottomless, has recently been
attempt of the kind is much more The launches are necompanied by hopolces, inaenjuch as tho. water-"mother ship," to carry "supplies and surveyor cannot see the posk of rock, provide living quarters for the man and he does not even know, that it engaged in the dragging work. Money Losen Caused. existe.
In a word, there is amalt chance Pinnacle rocks in Alaskan waters that a lead thrown at regular intervals not amly exist in large numbers, but from a moving vessod will strike the scour in the most unexpected, places. summits of these pointed rocks; end, Hach dangers to ravization have even were it to hit such a pinnacle, it actually, interfered very seriously with would be likely to glance off and record the Industrial and commercial develop
ment of the Territory, because ship- the depth at the bass of the peak.
Hamsa ingenuity, however, has owners are unwilling to take the risk solved this dificulty, which is over of entering many harbours. Hitherto
Sam Houston then took command, gence that Commodore Sloat had and retreated before Santa Anna to arrived at Monterey (July 7), and had the Jacinto River, where he turned raised the American flag; also, that by upon the amy and dealt a crushing his orders Commander Montgomery, of Santa Anna's army was annihilated, had taken possession of San Francisco.. Sloat, having heard of the trouble nearly all of his men being killed, wounded or made prisoners. Santa with Mexico, had sailed promptly from Anna Was himself captured. The Mazatlan for California, where be Americans lost only two killed and took possession of the country and raised the American flag on bla, own twenty-three, wounded!
In the meantime a convention of responsibility. He was pens too soon, Texans had been held in the town of for exactly a week later, July 14, the Washington, which, on the second day British man-of-war Collingwood, com
Str George Seymour, of March, 1830, declared the indepen-manded by dence of the republic of Texas, adopt-arrived Monterey to proclai ing a constitution fifteen days later. British sovereignty, It was thus by Sam Houston was elected President in only a narrow chance that England September of the same year. In the did not become the possessor of Call- following year the independence of the fornia, which she had greatly coveted.
BURNERBRO WRECKSTOR ROTAMENT
FOUND
CALA HIRE
WALKINGTON BONMENT 555 Fast
INSHINOZA
ROCK) HEIGHT PTAIN STEAMER
23,317 19/5′′
THIS RUPIACLE- THE WASHINGTON MONUMEYTHE NOW SO WELL IS SSS FELT MI NENSHP-
of
at
Ancient Volcanic Actiefiion.
That region was anclently the some tremendous volcania activities. Within a radius of 100 miles there are thousands of extinct craters; but the biggest of them all is that which con tains the famous lake. The bottom of the latter is lower than the foot of the.... Cascade--Range and is almost per "fectly loyal, judging from the sound- ings. All around, the lake fa walled by almost vertical cliffs 2,000 feet high.
In its western part, however, a pile of lava 2,500 feet high rises from the bottom, its top, forming Wizard Island. In this top is a crater 150 feet in depth.
Once upon a time there was neither pit nor lake, and instead might have been seen an enormous cone towering into the sky and forming a prominent. peak of the Cascade Range. It was a giant volcano then. Apparently its molten entrails found, an outlet near its baso and escaped there; then the top fell in, leaving the pit which ribw holds the lake; and the final eruptive effort of the mountain is represented by the pile of lava whose top is called Wizard Island,
The
If The Great Lakes Were Drained.
If a sponge as big as the moon were used soak up all the water from the Great Lakes and remove it, there would appear five dry ponds. The Bloor of Lake Michigan would then be excellent trout fishing. feent sheet of water in north-central middle, the northern basin, being much Next eumen Lake Chelan a magal-en to be divided into two basins by a high platean running across. the Washington, occupying a valley scoop deeper than the southern. The ed out in a bygone age by a glacier, southern (shallow) half of Lake Huron and surrounded by lofty mountains would appear plain, with a range. that rise to snow-capped peaks. of somewhat lofty bills extending greatost depth is 1,489 feet.
across it from south-east to north-west. Fourth is Pend Oraille Lake, The deep part of the lake is, to be
maximum depth of north-eastward of this range. Idaho, with 1
'floor of Lake Erie would present itself 1,200 feet.
Now is the time for the wisest boy, as a broad, fint plain not much below Bb5 feet,
in the class to hold up his band and the level of the surrounding landscape, proved to have a muxhuni depth of
The deepest lake in the United say that the Great Lakes have been while that of Lake Ontario would anywhere in America, forgotten. But the truth is that the exhibit the aspect of broad valley States, or occupies the urator of an extinct deepest of those "unsalted sens," Lake continuous with the St. Lawrunce volcano. it Oregois. It is familiarly Superior, is nowhere deeper than 1,008 Valley, bounded on the southern elde
as ascertained. as Crater Lake, in nearly fast, so far
by precipitous cliffs, known circular, with a diameter of about five Michigan (whose bottom, strange to miles, and has a depth of 1,990 feet. say, is 400 feet below the level of the the Great Lakes did not exist. Instead, Inasmuch, it has no inlet and posea) is fathomed in its deepest part
an upward extension of the St. Lawrence. This greater St. Lawrence that its beautifel blue waters contained feet long. outlet, there is no reason for surprise by a plumb-fine not much over, 900 she was a mighty river, which was no fishes untli, rainbow trout were, Even Crater Lako is surpassed in flowed from the neighbourhood of planted there a few years ago by the this respect by Lake Baikal; in Siberis, Duluth south-eastward to what is now. Fisheries Bureau Finding no natural which is over 250 miles long and 2,400 Lake Ontario, and thence on to the unemies in the crator, they have multi-febt deep.
Owing to a gradual tilting of the But Crater Lake is in its own way plied rapidly, and now the lake afforda
the most interesting lake in the world. earth's crust in that region the flow the finest of fishing,
Though, held in a deep cup in the top of the greater St. Lawrence was out of a high mountain, in a region where or after a while. Unable any longer winters are long and cold, its surface to reach the broad valley which is now never freezes the reason why being Lake Ontario, un account of the mitered that there is so great s volume, of level, its waters spread all over the water to be chilled to near freezing surrounding comtry, forming the lakes before the ten could begin at this now, waist. The greet-and Poprava despest. hole in the neighbourhood to develop ice.
Possibly, too, same volcanic best naturally became the largest of the may yet remain to warm the waters Inkow the largest in fact, in the world.
we call it Lake Superior
Three Very Deep Lakes.. Recent soundings have proved that the next deepest body of fresh water in this country is Lake Tahoe, on the California-Nevada Tine, two-thirds of it being in California. With a max mam depth of 1,622 feet and length exceeding forty-nine, miles, it is the most widely known leke in the United States; noted for its picturesque mume tain scenery, its clear water, and its of Crater Lake,
Geologists any that 20,000 VERTA Ágo