THURSDAY, APRIL 8 199
WHERE THE WORLD- CRACKS
HUGE FISSURE IN ALASKA.
(BY G. BASIL BARHAM, CE):
been in the present case Jornadoes of a greater than that which overwhelmed St. Pierre, killing 25,000 people, but the destruction by other mecies was so great is ASIA
to leave Bttle evidence of them if they occurred
Its curica to note that although the eruption produced absolute devastation on the Alaskan mainland The report of the expedition sent for a space of thousands of square out to explore the region devastated miles around Mount Katmai, its by the eruption of Mount Katmai in effect at certain distances was Alaska, is likely to prove of immense surprisingly different. On the islami service to science. It is at any rate of Kadlak, which is about 100 miles. from the volcano, the eruption proy replete with interest and throws co-ed a blessing. The island was cover siderable light on the causes and the fed with a deposit of ash varving from effect of the mightest volcanic out-15-inches to one inch thick, but this. break in the history of mankind. had the effect of killing the weeds and The eruptions that destroyed Pom-encouraging the growth of richer blue top grass" of greater value. pell and St. Pierre, and the cataclysm The island is now covered with a at Krakatoa have been completely more luxuriant growth than ever dwarfed by the Alaska disaster in before, and cattle and sheep aro which six square miles of mountain heavier and increase more rapidly in
size and weight. range were literally blown away to `n -depth of 3,000 feet. .
The expedition which was in charge et Professor R. F. Griggs, of the Oblo University was sent out by the National Geographic Society, and not only was the actual scene of the outbreak explared but the whole district was surveyed and examined
in order to see what light could be thrown on the disaster itself, and how much could be added to humon knowledge of volcanic and other selamic phenomena.
A CHANGED COUNTRY.
JETS OF STEAM. · Speaking of the first view of the crater Professor Griggs says that about half the bottom was occupied. by a wonderful blue and green vitriolic lake, with the crescent-shaped remains of an ash-cone near the middle. In the larger and was a circle of lighter coloured water, which was in continual ebullition. Around the margin were a thousasd jets of steam of all sizes issuing from every crevice with a roar like a great | locomotive when the safety valve lets.. On the far side, close to the go. water, were two large, bright yellow spots of sulphur, while in two angles of less activity there were snow- fields.
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It will be remembered that the volcano of Katmai is in the Aleutian range in Alaska. It became eruptive On June 6, 1912, continued in a state of colossal activity for about three
During the journey Professor days and was still somewhat active Griggs located a new uncharted It devas-active volcano, which he named in the following October. tated an area of 10,000 square miles, Mount Martin, throwing up a involving tremendous changes of column of steam a mile, high. He the conclusion that this climate and geographical features. reached To-day it is still sending forth vast new volcano came into being at the time of the great eruption. clouds of steam..
Eyewitnesses who saw the cut Several other active volcanoes weren break from a distance say that the also discovered.. Scientists will be On demand. eruption threw up a mass of ash and interested to note that in the reo Calcutta pumice five cabic.miles in volume. port it is said that enormous'floads It is known that the force of the followed long after the eruptions These principal explosien deposited ash 900 of the Katmai volcano. miles away, and sent a cloud of dust floods gave the expedition" much 40,000 feet high into the upper concern and had much to do with atmosphere all round the would. So violent was the eruption that there was no lava, or molten rock, as usual, but all the matter was blown into pumice and ashes.
It is stated that chief among the discoveries made is that the whole
the obliteration of the landscape. Although various possible causes. were investigated, the expedition returns with no explanation of the cause or origin of the floods.
It would appear, however, that the whole character of this part of the of Alaska from southwest to north-country has been altered, and as west is split by a smoking Essure, there are still occurring explosions through which the internal fires of at Mt. Katmai, and the vents are the earth are escaping-
still active, floods in the Aläskan peninsula may continue for ab in definite period.
This fissure is at least 1,000 miles long, running from the Aleutian Islanda, which are a chain of vol canoes, into the heart of Alaska, and
THE OVERWEIGHTED ARCTIC, Commenting on the report a lead
and thence probably to the vicinitying scientist considers that the fissure
of the North Pole.
THE EARTH SPLITTING.
of the earth's crust running through the Aleutian Islands, on which so A somewhat similar fissure, run many active volcanoes stand, the ning at a slightly different angle bad extension of which through the Alas- been known to exist and was, as akan Peninsula has been announced matter of fact, explored by Profes by Dr. Griggs, is perhaps the most SOT Griggs during a previous visit, peculiar and alarming phenomenon but the new fissure underlies the in the whale surface of our planet. valley northwest from Katmai Pass In the absence of any other cause for toward Naknek Lake, and has been the opening of the fissure, it is most named Naknek's Fissure. Steam reasonable to suppose that it is the -issues from the fissure for miles and result of the constantly increasing other and less important fissures weight of the polar ice cap, due to extend in various directions, Kat our lengthening winters. mai Volcano stands at the junction. or rather, is an extension of the great Aleutian fissure which is from first to last but little short of 1,000 miles in length.
:
Several years ago Abbe Moreaux director of the Bourges Observatory, France, after a study of the sun's face forecasted a series, though not perhaps quite unbroken, of 26 Hard It appears from the report that winters. His forecast to date. has the exploring party discovered, been amply verified Ice and snow amongst other things, a mud river have so piled do in the Polar Circle over 17 miles in length and passed that our several expeditions have another, a bright coloured red mud been as many years trying to get which although shorter was of such out, and one has not been heard a depth that it could not be plumbed from for over a year. It is obvious, by a weighted steel wire of 1,000 my assumption is correct, that the feet in length. They mapped out Alaskan fissure will continue to la-" altogether about 1,600 miles of crease in direct ratio with the in hitherto unexplored country and crease of ice weight and that other during the journey 2,000 photographs volcanic explosions: will follow in of the volcanic region were taken that section. as internal gas forma and an immense collection of plants, insects, birda and geological data obtained.
OTHER ERUPTIONS DWARFED.. In his report Professor Grigra | says: No one who has not visited
"the district can form any adequate conception of the stupendous cata clysm that occurred. This Katmal explosion is cally to be ranked among the frat dozen known within historie times. Previously Kraka toa had held first place in the minds of most, but the quantity of
material thrown out by Katmai
so much greater as to put it in an altogether different class The whole land of Krakatoe could be dropped in the crater of Katmai An eruption like this in an unin Habited district seems unimportant. in comparison, for example, with that of Pelee with its appalling. loss of life.
Yet there may have.
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