F
HATURDAY, MARGH ́ 13. 1820.
IMPORTANCE TO INDUSTRY.
THE CHINA, MAIL,.
it was felt should be avoided in modern metallurgy, emphasising future. Whilst disclaiming any in- some of the subsidiary points which tention of running down the good must be attended to for complete work of those who, until recently, success. In addition, be dealt with- have been enemies, but who in the | certain aspects of crystallography past wisely equipped themselves in and the ultra-microscope, two sub scientific developments and appli-jects which are intimately related to ances of all kinds, the various societ the work of the modern microscopist. ies mentioned think the present time opportune for learning the lessons taught by the war, and there is little doubt that the discussions which tock place yesterday will do much to further this object.
FUTURE DISCOVERIES. Perhaps the importance of the
MICROSCOPIC RESEARCH. the science of metallography. As Sir Robert Hadfield explained in one of the papers contributed by him to the symposium, Sorby, as a geologist, first worked on transparent rock sections, but subsequently realised In the rooms of the Royal Society the immense advantage of the appli there was held a symposium and cation of the microscope to the
hibition which should have an
structure of men's. his first paper on
It would be difficult to refer at Important bearing on British industry this subject be read in 1864. His
length to the numerous papers sub- The and British research work. function owed its inception to that earlier work was for some years aeg
mitted for the consideration of those lected, but in view of the immense
present, but special mention must and distinguished man in science
strides which were subsequently made
be made of the chairman's contribu industry, Sir Robert Hadfield. Hei
in the science of metallurgy the
tions on the Faraday Society and recognised, as few others have done. microscope, in the hands of such In the course of his introductory Photomicrographs of Steel and Iron the vast importance of the micros such men as Martens, Osmond, and address, Sir Robert Hadfield gave a Sections. Eo far as the latter is con cope in numerous spheres of in- dustrial activity, and, being jealous Le Chatelier, became one of the most brief history of the societies which cerned, Sir Robert holds that further metallury, depends for the future wellbeing of this powerful instruments of research. took part in the symposium, and exprogress in country, he conceived the idea of but it is to Sorby that the credit plained how the question of such a essentially on the use of more power arranging a gathering which should belongs of having first evolved the symposium first arose. He pointed ful microscopes giving higher magni- with increased. microscopic method, whereby the out the unenviable position of the cations, allied drive this fact home in the most structure of a metal can be laid bare. British optical industry at the out-resolving power. As to the Faraday forcible way to those who, either as Sheffield is naturally proud of the break of the war and the necessity of Society, in addition to its purely scientists or as captains, of industry late Dr. Sorby, and the university of ensuring that such a condition of scientific work, it has been of great associated with our industrial future that city highly prizes the specimens, affairs should never recur. As show assistance to the country during the
In the Faraday Society, of which be is the president, he found warm which it lent to yesterday's exhibiing that it is of the highest importance war, particularly in connection with supporters, and it was not long in and which were bequeathed to that this country should be in the Nitrogen Products Committee of
it on Sorby's death in 1908
dependent of foreign aid in its sup-the Ministry of Manitions. before the active sympathy was
Of great interest was the exhibit plies of this nature, he said that had epliated of the Royal Microscopical Society, the Optical Society, and the illustrating the microscope in relation it not been for the enterprise of just to the analysis of textiles. The one British firm with regard to the Photomicrographic Society. These bodies, working in co-operation with microscope is the final court of supply of optical glasses at the out subject of microscopy is best summed textile break of the war, we might have up by the remarks Professon H. M. the Optical Committee of the British appeal in the testing of Science Guild, set to work to make materials, in so far as the nature been absolutely stranded in the Howe "All our present concep- the symposium worthy of the objects of their constituent fibres is con- supply of the necessary products, tions," he writes, "of the nature of Emed at, and the result has been cerned. But the instrument has
alloys are due to the microscope. such as must satisly all associated other uses. It can determine whether
The labours of Sorby, of Osmond, with the venture. The attendance the fibres are in their normal state
and of Le Chatelier brought us to the point at which we recognise pearlite was so large that many failed to or have undergone treatment which
has altered their shape. Mercerised During the war our instrument as a eutectois, the great turning secure admission to the rooms, and had to satisfy themselves Cotton is a good example. It can makers were necessarily largely em point in the progress of our concep tiona. One finds important pro- likewise determine whether colourd' i pløyed in many directions, and were an inspection of the fire Abres own their tint to natural unable to cater for the requirements blems solved quickly and surely by These included a selection arranged pigment or dye. The pigment calls of the micrcscopist. They could not means of a magnification of 2.000 on the ground floor of microscopes appear as separate units, while the thus devote the time so essential for which completely baffled us when from the collection in the Science dyed fibres appear, uniform tint improving not only the mechanical our magulation was confined to throughout. The exhibition was but the optical details of the micro-1200 diameters. Thus, just as the: Museum, South Kensington. lent by the Beard of Education. The instru. indeed convincing as showing the scope, including its objectives and first step of slight magnificat opened Notwithstanding the up a new world to us, so a second ments selected were arranged. in importance of the microscope to eyepieces..
many advances made during the war step has brought new and important chronological order, and illustrated numerous phases of industry. the development of the compound
It was not in the exhibition, how-by the chemist, the electrician, the conceptions of great potential service. microscope from the end of the ever, that the main interest centred, metallurgist, the engineer, and others, Have we not good reason to hope Sixteenth century until towards the but in the striking list of papers sub- no special claim could be made by from the past that important know. middle of the nineteenth century. mitted at the two sessions. These the microscopist. As far as could ledge awaits further increase in our Jaansen's microscope (1500) was re- touched at practically every point of be gathered the methods and appli- powers of magnification? Have we presented by a facsimile copy, and the subject of the symposium "The ances now used did not show great cot very reason to believe that this Microscope: Its Design, Construction, advance on those prior to the war that closed door, awaiting its unlock- knowledge is there to-day, behind Hooke's microscope (1665) by a
and Application." Briefly, the objects In saying that he did not mean to photograph of the plate in
Micrographia." There were also aimed at were (a) improvement in indicate that knowledge bad not ing by him who shall devise the key? examples of the work of the leading the technique of the microscope itself, been accumulated, and that English opticians of the eighteenth including its manufacture; (b)-im- should in thefuture be dependent upon exframe, but surely the reward which and early nineteenth centuries, viz: Provement in lenses, including eye. foreign supplies as in the past. It awaits success should be prepartion- Marshall, Culpeper, Cuff, Martin, pieces and objectives of high power: was one of the main objects of that ally great."
(c) improved application of the smyposium to bring forth and prove Adams, Mann, atkins Bleuler, Dollond, Smith, Ross, Powell, Tulley, miscrospe for research in ferrous and that all those requirements could and would be met by the Anglo-Saxon, and Pritchard. To mark the introduc- non-ferrous metallurgy.
or, at any rate. it would be possible tion of the apochromatic objective a
in the immediate future. microscope by Zeiss, made in 1888,1 was also shown.
with exhibits..
lecture
FOUNDER OF METALLOGRAPHY.
his
But it was in the library that the most interesting exhibits were on view. Here were shown the original specimens belonging to the late Dr. Sorby, of Sheffield, the founder of
ENEMY COMPETITION.
both for apparatus and glassware, sa essential in sighting and other in- struments of observation used in modern warfare.
we
No doubt the technical difficulties are
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It was realised by those who took the initiative in the matter that, un- Sir Robert proceeded to give a fortunately in the past, both in Eng-short history of the microscope from land and American, too much de-its earliest stages up to the present pendence had been placed on Gerday, touching on the work of those many and Austria as regards the who have contributed to the develop supply of the best type of microscope, i ment of this powerful instrument of including constructional details and research. Subsequently he dealt with bigh-quality lenses. This situation, the application of the microscope to I keepers,
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