ORDINANCE No. 24 of 1887.
Public Health,
The steeper the slope and the smoother the sides of the channel, the swifter will be the current. The greater the volume of the stream, inclination being the same, the greater the speed.
Thus; if a 12″ and a 3″ pipe have the same inclination the velocity in the 12″ pipe would be about twice as great as in the 3″ pipe, provided that both were half full. But to fill the two pipes to this extent, the quantity of water passing through the 12″ pipe, would be about thirty-two times that passing through the 3″ pipe. But if the same quantity flowed through both pipes, then the current in the 3″ pipe, being more concentrated, would flow more rapidly than that in the partially filled, 12″ pipe.
G. These considerations would lead to the conclusion that the best size, to be used for any house-drain, would be that which would just suffice to carry off the sewage with the pipe not less than half full. Within certain limitations, this is the case,
H. In the case of street-sewers draining large districts, from which the flow of sewage is comparatively regular and capable of estimation, the proper size of sewer may be calculated with some approach to precision. In the case of house-drains, however, such precision is impracticable. The rate of flow is irregular and the quantity of sewage depends upon the habits of the inmates. Were the size of a house-drain calculated to carry off even a most liberal water supply, which is, for practical purposes the measure of the sewage, it would be found, in the vast majority of cases, to be much less than that which experience has shown, to be applicable in practice. It has been found that a house-drain less than a certain size, is inconveniently liable to stoppages, caused by extraneous matters, such as rags, paper and the like, which occasionally find their way into the best managed house-drains.
I. The minimum size of house-drain is usually fixed at from four to six inches in diameter. A four-inch drain, constructed in the usual manner, is probably somewhat small as a minimum; and a six-inch somewhat large. A diameter of five inches, were this size readily obtainable, would be a better minimum.
J. Whenever the minimum size will suffice it should be used. Indeed, subject to the limit laid down in the preceding paragraph, and to certain conditions to be set forth later on, the smaller the house-drain the better. The use of unnecessarily large house-drains amounts to an abandonment of the self-cleansing principle. If a drain is so large that the normal flow of sewage cannot fill it to a sufficient depth to establish a self-cleansing velocity, deposit takes place and goes on, either till the pipe is choked and the sewage escapes, through leaks, to the sub-soil: or, until the deposit has accumulated sufficiently to reduce the area of the sewage-way to that which will establish a current sufficiently rapid to prevent further deposit.
K. In order that the size of house-drains may be reduced to the minimum practicable, in each instance, rain-water should be excluded from them as far as possible. Rain-water cannot, however, be wholly excluded from house-drains. Many uncovered surfaces such as back-yards, receive slops and foul-water in the course of daily use and
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