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POPULATION
3.9 million in 1969) or Zambia (4.2 million in 1969). The popula- tion density per square kilometre for the whole Colony is almost 3,800, which is higher than that of Singapore (3,471 in 1969) and East Berlin (2,695 in 1969). The 1971 census revealed that Mong Kok with over 160,340 persons per square kilometre was then the most densely populated district. This is about 10 times greater than Tokyo city proper (15,754/sq km in 1969) or Osaka city proper (15,158/sq km in 1969).
Population Composition: Of the total population, over 98 per cent can be described as Chinese on the basis of language and place of origin. At the time of the 1971 census, 44,635 persons claimed to originate from Commonwealth_countries outside Hong Kong. Those from non-Commonwealth countries, other than China, totalled 20,248, of whom the largest groups were: American (5,837), Portuguese (2,559), Japanese (2,253), Filipino (1,210), Indonesian (1,119), German (911), Dutch (589), Korean (554), French (542).
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Approximately 55 per cent of the urban population is now of Hong Kong birth. Most of these and the greater part of the immigrant population come from Kwangtung Province. The districts of Kwangtung which have supplied the largest percentage of Hong Kong's urban Chinese population are Po On and Tung Kwun, Wai Yeung and Mui Yuen, Chiuchow, Sze Yap, Nam Hoi, Pun Yue, Shun Tak and Chung Shan. The urban population also includes immigrants from Fukien and Kiangsu and overseas Chinese whose families originally came from Kwangtung or Fukien.
In the New Territories, the indigenous inhabitants consist principally of Cantonese, Hakka, Tanka and Hoklo. The Cantonese and Hakka groups are traditionally land-dwellers, whereas the Tanka and Hoklo groups are traditionally boat-dwellers. These people differ from each other in physical appearance, dress and custom. The usual village community consists of a single clan, but two and three clan villages are common and multi-clan villages also occur. By custom, men are compelled to marry outside their own clan, but as far as is known intermarriage between land and boat-dwellers is rare.
The Cantonese form the biggest community in the New Terri- tories. They occupy the best parts of the two principal plains in the north-western section and own a good deal of the most fertile valley land in other areas. The oldest Cantonese villages-those of the Tang Clan in the Yuen Long district-have a history of