the conry:
R. M. MARTIN,
THE FRIEND OF CHINA AND HONGKONG GAZETTE.
ing accounts and booke of my departmeal, and the vouchers for gayrent made by me sinse 30th day of June Inst.
To Hos F. H. 4. Bruce, Colonial Secretary,
HM Try, Hongkong,
June 21, 1815.
Die have the honour to acknowledge the re- ceipt of your latter of the 19th instant, dunyeying is the relogul of his Excellency the Governor to grant my applestion for six month leave of ab- rece, on the khaing grounds
In order the 1 may be enabled to pass my no nonuts in England, and receive for myself and for my suretise, the exchequer quietur, Lanve the ho pur to request tant a copy of my day cash book be furnished ma from this office, I have dee.,
R. M. ANTIN.
To the Right Honourable Haron Stanley, Her Majesty's Secretary of State For the Colonies.
9th. The formation, if possible, of a Causular pore at the Peiho river.
All these points I am prepared to prove are of the utmost value to the British interests in Chins, and may be obtained--by negotiation with the Chinese Government without any violation of the treaty of Naukio,
B. M. MARTIN.
IRELAND-ITS PERMANENT EVILS AND N
THETH REMEDY.—No, IL
Evi
Iceland presante the singular acomaty of a people Bombay, September 3. 1845. who murder each other in order to ohifin posses My Lord,-Desirous of placing immediately be sion at a patch of hand, which, when obtained, they for your Lordship, the accompanying paper of only half cultivate--who are constantly clamouring Points for the consideration of Her Majesty' for employment, and yet outrage auf ruin those Government on the British Position in China," who proffer it to then--who habitently starve or previous to the evacuation of Chusan, ~aad of use live on charity, with swarming fisheries and mil. 1st. That the regulations by which the Governor taining those points, as they can only effectually be lions of acres of avadable waste tempting them on la bound as in leave of absence are clear and peremp done vorbally, -1 closed my accounts for the half every side. Thair agriculture, as might be ex Lity, coming such leave to cases of serious india-year ending 30th June last at Hongkong, and ens ported from paur and ignornat cuuiors, is of the barked in the thstost sailing vessel in China forrudest and most inofficient kind; yet they restat, on and lacha Bierlleny dona feel justified Bombay, hoping to reach the mail steamer depart an injury deserving death, any attempt to improve In lasting an act of responsilly, by the substi
ing thence for fuez on 27th August.
it, or to amend their own physeal condition Talho another person in my plea." And-
In this I am a sappointed, aftur considerside la dence to this disgraceful peculiarity is literally Sri Tist by grating the beare sought, his Ex-hour and expense, the mail steamer having loft this teeming our selections from it, which munt of ne- planes would materually depart from the usages four days before my arrival here.
cessity be brief, we give not as proofs, but simply I deem the obtainment of Chusas of so grent na- as spreimens of the proof, which" abounds both in Donal importance on political, commercial, finen.official documents, in the accounts of able and ex- cial, and religious grounds, and the rectification of perienced residents. Let us first hear Mr Foster our position in China at Canton especially), of such momers previous to February next, that I am resolved in proceed through Persia, or by any route which will enable me to coach England hafore final orders have been issued by Her Majesty's Covern. ment for the evacuation of Chusan.
In reply, I beg to cherry that,
1 The words of the regulations (ch, je, p25) Are Leave if ahvence should be confined as much pa poesinio in cases of aerious indisposition, requic- į jag change of clinate The regulations then pro- reed to state when leave should be granted ou pri- (4 fortiori, lave may be granted on vale allaira public athira
208. By granting the leave sought, no responsi- billy wistener would be incurred by his Excellency, as coy sureties would stand good during my absence, as we on those of my loerm tenens.
Bed. By the stages of the service, colonial oti. rers frequently olisin leave of absence to proceed to England irrespective of sickness
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I therefore beg to transm these "Points," and the appendices, to your Lordship by post, lest any accident be'll ine; and I venture to express a hope That the fact i have adduced therein, as well as In previous reports on Hongkong, on Chusan, and
• Miente on the British Praitian and Prospects in China," may be found sollicient to authorize Her Boy even were the regulations clear and peramp. Majesty's Gavargøient to hold Chisan, if only for tery against leave of absence being gented, except
a firme", and to prevent, if possible, the French in cases of imminently fail Blau-s, [ venture to
occupying that Band, which intension I heard con- think that the novel and péculiar position of Great frned at Java on the 6th August last, the French Bricain in China, the nature and prospects of dis Ambassador haring just then quilted Batarla for island as a new settlement, and the many years China, Percoving from the public journals, that which I hare devoted to the study and personal ex. Sir R. Peel is much pressed for a reduction or al. amination of other colonies, mud to the investigation teration in the tan duties. I beg to transmit berewith of the countersdal and financial relations of Eng. a section of a Commercial Report on China " Jaad, might have rendered my application an ex- which I am preparing for your Lordship. The ception to the general rule, more parteularly as my seebon (No. VI.) relates in the Rise and pro, temporary whence would be no detriment to thegrees of the tra trace? There are some tables public service, and as i affered to take upon mysel which cannot be completed until I reach England, all the responsibility of my procedlings.
bat I trust the section will be useful to Her Ma- jesty's Ministeist,
I pat aside entirely the question of iny health, al- though it has been materially shaken by my resi dence and mental labours here; lite or death is of little moment, compared with the great intereste which England has at stake in China. These in- perests are too what and pressing to be affected by in dividual considerations, or by te onlinary benges and proceedings of the service which are appheable
to every day occurrences.
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Governor Daves will doubtless forward to your Lordship the correspondence which terminated in my conditional resignation of the Treasurership of Hongkong, in casuence of the Governor refus. ing the aux mks' leave of absence to enable me to by immediately before your Lordship the in- faniion I had collected (after visiting every ac cessible purt of China) on various subjects of great Whether I am right or wrong. I have endeavour interest, especially with reference to Chusat, and ed to demu patrate in my reports and minutos, that
to the large and unnecessary expenditure being per affairs in China require immediate and specul'incurred at Hongkong and on the coast of Chins. reconsideration and revision; that time and expe. riesce hare marle manifest several mistakes, which, suspend decision on the case until I reach England. I have only to cutrent that your Lordship will If not rectified previs us to the evacuation of Chan The isclosed Memorands" of some of my ser in March or February next, will be a subject oť'deep
vices in Cinna, although I was suffering during a Regret and serious injury; and that cur polwy and
great part of my residenc: there front climatic proceeitags are not productive of the extended her
disease, will f trust be some proof that I laboured medicial results which the Brush uation has a right diligently to do my duty; end I can conscien to expect in Utana, and not commensurate with the only aver that an anxious solicitude to be of large expenditure incurred on this coust.
aome use to my country, and to doserve the sup: port of your Lanship, has been the paramount and sustaining feeling of my mind.
Peeling strongly on these points, as of great na. tional importance; believing, that however humble my situation in Her Majeip's service, it is my Bounder duty is my Sovereign to bring them under the early sericeas consideration of Her Majesty's Ministers; and deeming that my personal acteral ance is indispensable do answer questions on the spot, which, even if time permitted, could not be done by a lengthened and lodious correspondence; I have resold to undergo the responsibility ut pro. peeding to England, to bring the whole question under the immediate attention of Her Majesty's Go- vernment; and cannot help entertaining a confi- dent hope, that when the magnitude and pressing Exigency of the case is fully seen and understood, and the motirea in which may conduct has originat- ed been explained, I may rely on the justice and berality of Lord Stanley and Her Majesty Minis
My accounts are made up, and the inonies under pay charge ready to be transferred, on the bif-year poding 30th instant, to whomsoever his Excellency may be pleased to direct to officiate as treasurer.
I have, &c.,
RM MARTIN,
Treasurer.
Jets
To the Colonial Secretary
↓
H. M. Treasury, Hongkong,
July 8, 1845. Sir-The decision of his Excellency the Gover. Cor as my letters of 10th and 24th ultimo, refue-
ing me leave of absence for six months on pohlin bumes, and web a view to what I deere the public good compelt me, most reluctantly, to adopt the only alterative of requesting his Excellency to recure may resignation as Her Majesty's Treasurer and dulomatic aires in China,
rect, through the Secretary. Boloniex, under the consideration who wax geacion y picomed to aportant office and least which have my the biqnow to place in the hands of Li
for the ens
unds ad made up to the 20th belire & magmente, and pez-
receive
I have, e,
R. M. MARTIN,
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On
"Had the poor Trish peasant the knowledge of the intelligent English farmer, he would nearly double the amount of his prodice. His whole knowledge, however, seems only to extend to throw ing the seed on the land, with some loose soil uver it, and manure, if he has it; the rest he haves in naturo. There is a great deal of rain here, and the land is therefore often wet. is very undulating surface makes it almost naturally drain itself the borders of the country of Leihim, I have often seen the effect of this undulating surface in drain- ing off the superabundant moistures, thwarted by the ignorance of the peasant. I have repeatedly seen the potato bels lubl aceros the side of a hill, or winding round its slope, each trench acting as a drain to the bed above it, and holding the water to soak through the bed below it; and yet the pour peasant will complain that his crop is half destroyed by the rot, and that be cannot pay his rent. Vien the land will grow no moro potatoes, then oats are SOWD. The first year the crop is usually a very good one; but it is repeated year after year, till at length you may almost count the stalks, and the land will grow oais no longer. It is then left to recover itself by time, and usually lies follow six or seven years."-Letters on the Condition of the prople of Ireland, p. 53.
The custom of allowing the land to lie fallow, after exhausting it by repeating the same crops year after year, is confirmed by the witnesses under Lord Devon's commission, one of whom, speaking of the same neighbourhood, dechires that "half the land les follow." Mr Barron, in giving evidence before the same commission regarding the county of Waterford, says: -
The farmers of this county know no more of a rotation of crops than they do about the rotation of the planetary system..
The firms are in
tillage principally, and on a system the most nd- of sterility--a constant succession of white crops, mirably calculated to reduce the land to a marimum
first, wheat when the soil will give it, then a crop or two of oats, then a sprinkling of dirty hay seed, and then the loud letoun in rest itself.... They know no more about artificial grasses, then they do about nion that this county would support Ace linies de roast beef and plum-pudding.
It is my opt present population, were an improved system of nigriculture introducel”
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alone --alipping their sheep, (as Bruce's Abyssinia ent their cows,) bit by bit, as they wanted word to finish a pair of stockings, &c, &c --wille soundry other barbarismus, nune describere lungimea Lord George, with a full sense of his duties to th uncivilised squatters, sul resolutely to work to amend their condition--laid out their land acre plote, drained thera, built cottages for them; and offered premiums for the neatest collages and he best cultivated plots. The people set thems ven as resolutely against all those improvements; refused to compete for the premiums, and reaival. by obstinate opposition, to fire out their benevolen landlord. They refused to work at the Foners, even for good wages-destroyed them by night when made assaulted the labourers why accepted work which they refused, and stole thei: toute Happily for them, the landlord persevered, and his agents were resolute and able men ; and the whole face of the district is now changed, and the perple are beginning to see the outrageous folly of the former behaviour."
detailed in
The ensa of Me Cooper, of Sligo, as the evidence taken by Lord Devon's common, exhibits a similar history, happily crowned, though after much time and expense, by similar socia Mr David Wilson, of county Clare, hus also taken great pains Smong his tennury, has built for then beller cottages, and is still spending from 400 to 500 a year in improvements, of which one half goes to pay his temats for draining their own land. His reward has been, constant opposition, and re peated notices that if he perseveres he will be shot. Ele was obliged to go about armed, and, we beliers, has recently been induced to quit the country, lek be should inces the fate of Lord Norbury, tick, and others.
Mc Cac
if we turn from agriculture to fubing, precisely the same melancholy pictura of indolence, obstina cy and violence prevents itself. Mackerel awar in the bays of the south west of county Cork- it is Cornwall fishermen who catch them. In other cases they catch 1,000 herrings in a morning, and never go out again till all are consumed, and sekto even think of mending their nets till the swarm of fish has more than half disappeared, And, fually, ounty Waterford, a fishing company where, as in county
is established to take advantage of the abundant treasures of the sen, the fishermen first refuse to learn the now method of fishing, then raise an out- cry because strangers are brought to do what they refused to do, and use the company for sending fish to England till Ireland has first been satisfied. When all this was of no avail they destroyed the nes and til persist in doing so, though company o beis, the company offer similar apparatus and
gratuiton instruction to the malcontents Forster, p. 604,
Who can read these statements, regarding agri cultutal, manufacturing, und fishing enterprise- statements which are oneontroverted, and, we be lieve, incontrovertible and not confess that Irish men have runde for themselves the hard bed they lie on ?—and that a people who are coustamly crying out for charity and employment-who, in the pileous words of Mr Pouffit Scrope, only
Ask deir brothers of the earth
To give them leave to toil,”
and yet refuse that employment when offered is them, and murder, or ruin those who offer it, ean. not be regarded with the compassion due to the victions of fate or of foreign oppression - but rathes with the stern and somewhat contemptuous sorme
with which good men regard those who have las horiously and obstinately wrought out their own
destruction.
But there is another resource for the poor which England has, and which Ireland has not Ireland has neither manufactures for those who can work, nor Poor Laws for those who cannot. She hat, for those who are willing to work, but cannot find indeed, workhouses for the aged and infirm; but work, she makes no provision,
Two Scorch farmers employed by Lord Erab in Fermanagh to teach his wonents agriculture, entirely confirm the above account. They declare
By the existing poor laws in Ireland, the guar that the land now let at 259 to 30s an acre would dians and only empowered, in their discretion, tà Amendments required in the Final Seulement off farmed on the Scotch system, be worth 47 that relieve in the workhouses such persons as me our affairs with Chinn, given to the Right Hanble.
it would take the whole of the labourers to form the The Earl of Aberdeen. Her Majesty's Secretary
be destitute by reason of old age or infirmity. Now, Iand properly; that at present they merely scratdit the land,and, finally, that'n Scotch labourer is
all laws
are, or ought to be, founded on the natural of State for Forçagn Affairs.
rigins of man. Every man by the law of nature, cheaper at is a day than an Irishman at 6d.
has a right to live, and to avenge Injustice and in 1st. A negotiation with the Chinese Govern· ·
Lord Decor's Report, App. p. 134, &c. ment for the retention of Chusan, on the grounds tions of Munster and Connaughty saw the peasanty, and is betina to gire an equitable return. Thus "I repeatedly" (says Mr Foster, speaking of pora of this natural right for the peace of the doramuš jury. But civilized society prevents the exercise stated in my lonte on the British Position and Prospects in Chine," dated April, 1843, and it of the high road. When the road is dry, they sim-
try thrashing the cor
corn, on for days, in the middle my paper of "Points submitted for the considera-ply sweep the loose dust and stones, off it, and ther tion of Her Majesty's Government," addressed to Lord Stanley 3rd September 1845.
Loudon, November 12, 1945.
2nd. A revision, if possible, of the 19th and 14 clauses of the Supplemental Treaty, which have prevented any native coasting trade with Hoygkong.
out....
spread their corn upon the road and thrash it aut I have bad repeatedly to drive over oor thus spread After being thus thrashed out, the wo. windy day, and winnow the corn from the chaff by men usually spread a sheet on the road side, on a
it says, you
ou shall yield your individual right, tó avenge the injustice and injury you have suffered, to the civil government and to the law, which will venge you. In like manner the community says you shall yield youd natural right to hunt, to fight
will recognise your right to live; and, for the price for your subsistence if you are destitute, and t ought to say (but it does not) the civil government
3 d. A declaration of the entire harbour of holding up both in a bowl or sieve as high as they of society, lest you be driven to exercise pour
Hongkong belonging to England, and of the Is.,
fands therein.
4th. An amelioration of the humillating and confortless condition of the British merchents at
Cunto**.
5th. A permission for British ships to load and head at Canton, instead of their being detained et Whampoa.
6th. A permission for Brish merchants to visit
can and then gradually emptying the sieve, the wind blows away the chaff on the edges of the is high, much of the corn is blown away with the sheet, the corn falling upon it. .... If the wind chaff Generally this, sheet is taken from off the bed and so unterly unprovided with every farming the same sheet sown up into a seck, in which to requisite are these poor farmers, that frequently carry the corn to marker. hare seen this scores
ces, since it was not manufactured for any such course, besides us dirtiness, tears, the sheet to
purpose; and this again is wasteful. If there be rack will not keep out the wet, and the cord is de. rain Bofore the farmer has sold his corn, the street. maged, injured; and deteriorated in value. Then day or two without his bed clothes, and has no again the farmer who only calculated on being a othere, is forced to sell his thrashed wheat, no mat ter what the price my be, in order to get back his night covering.
ring – Eters on frerna, p. 561
'the cities attached to the Caresalan ports, such, torof times in Mayo, Sligo and Galway. This, of instance, as the wealthy trading city of Sueboot, of which Shanghai is merely the port.
7th. The establishment of a Consular post up the Yangtzekiang rivet at Chin kauge or at Nenkin.
Buy The abolither of the English premrontier of British ships or subjects going beyond the 32nd degree of nuth laulude in Chian
* Tate is 200 being done, and Chuan hierbean, setman umut the Treaty be futrient and fantomly opened: March, aborite section is now at the Board of Trade,
lie trond
So much for agricultural skill among the poor Irish Nuw let use bow they meet the exertinas of those who endeavour to introduce a heuer systent Lord George Hill, in 1837 parchased a property at Gweedore, da Donerul of 23,000 peres, and flas put hed a most curious and Their Bel
he found the
natural night, will provide succour for you in your destitasions This is simply civilisation. But what
strength, and the cunning, and the natural right t does society say to a man "cleared off a furm You are varying, and nature has given you the ges food be matter, you shall not hunt for food, belong to another man, you must not trespass ch if you do we will prison you. Those grounds
food we will imprison, and teansport you. If you them if you do we was punish you. If you steal
Sght for it we will meet force by fender, and il cenary kill you and will at least imprison ond punish you. Now, is this just? Is this the fir return which civilised society should make to de force or frud, which he gives up? It is not; and stitute mea for the actual right to obtain food by when destitution comes when the dreadful period grrives when man must assert his natural right or demand from society an equivalenty and there is none, can we be really much surprised as out repres They are to be expected, and will continue until justice in this respectis rendered to destitute man. The measures which we think would rectify this condition of society we must postpony for future ation Economist, September 201
full of mealing, that
ruler and
part of Ulster even,
vet dogned by one-witho
ming to the outgoing tenant
of his holdingofler dopunta tử
In three times the food
dedores Fester, p 146
shed by JOHN Candy China and Hongkong Frinkiag Chica GOUGH STRET ICTORIA HONGKONG, 1847