THE FRIEND OF CHINA AND HONGKONG GAZEF TE
meet here and there with fragments of superfici
rm, they give the honor of it, not to our
X
cial examinations; and it is from Vienm bad. questions come whichare to be given ; and it d Viena that the answers are set for approval-des tion to Austria is the sine qua non of success. The lot of the student is a most melancholy one Am
He is compellek the indignities to which he is subjecte, harg fencing are prohibited to him. to shave off his moustaches, and this is denied of so much importance, that in 1840n letter cune from the Governor of Lombardy to repress the surbordination of the schools open this point. Br tally insalted on the smallest pretext by the soldiery. and the guards of police, without the least sinks to eroulation, without any esteem in his heart for those who instruct him--with the sword trembling for the least fault, if he be not reduced to a state of over his head of expulsion in twenty-four hou idiotcy, he may, thank the inspiring heaven wit is above his head, the grand memories which sur found his, and the Italian leaven that ferments his soul, and which three centuries of art and corruption have not been able to kill."
minute that in 1840, a long despatch directed the Government of Min to call together the music. spirit that sustains us in the strife, but to pal assembly, in order that it might explain why. overamems, and they short us to have panthe annual statistics of arts and trades, in 1839. Enca-to confige ourselves to pacific, charts for there had been 103 tailors marked, whereas, in that in the homoeopathic amelioration, which alone seems to of 1983. The number indicated 105. The same hing to couciliste their lakewarm desire for the good and chamber hit upon a scheme to promulgate the laws, mself what they are pleased to term the repose of Europe. whereby all the communes and all the employes fore him, stretch They abdicate at the frontier everybing like faith, were obliged to subscribe to the bulletin of inwe h and awaits, with remembrances, and heroic shri social views. De published annually by the Government, not so much, as the despatch meinely observed, that the laws over his ace, the idea of nation is too abstract for them. They see. he will be subject-in Italy nothing but a country, a surface of many might become known, as the treasury might be half-past four to thousand square miles, peopled by so many ho profited. And it cited the Russian Government
ne realising ong in his moody bodies (the souls do not enter into their calcula
na thalers n-year by this tax. enlarge on the natural dislike stion to him. It tion) for whom all that can be reasonably expected There is no ne is to rudge by the from their political rules, is a certain amount of food everybody has to apter upon any sort of business with the commonos and municipalities, on account eye and his affected tone clothing and ofmaterial comforts panegi et circenses.
the tardiness and the endless hindrances which not hold of some grie-As the Guter Grauz offace from s plen of spiel
Imeritably result from this strange dependency for delinquency or some berg, the man, in order that he might remeiner
estance, the discussion between a commune of the cruelly and Homs office indif nothing but the numbered prisoner, they would
willingly efface the name of haly from the map of Bramasque and foal of another province about neomscript, which lasted beyond the eight years Europe in order to substitute for it a cypher. And
fixed for his services. A legary of three livres, Quitting the schools, is the intellect allowed in bore all this, influencing at once both the thought
breathe freely ? Alas, no! •You wish to read an and 4 centimes, kft hy a poor devil who died in less traveller and self-styled practical men, hovers the ra victis. the adoration of the actual, the incessant prison at Mantus in 1835, was not paid to his, the public libraries-where the cap of the workin is formally excluded-you are refused Gall, Lavater, Sister until 1840." confusion of might with right. You hare rise.
Alfieri. Byron, Shekspeare. In the book shap up twice thrice; twice, thrice have you fallen, you
you can get nothing-immoral romances excipled are then destined to other. We side only with
of what is printed abroad, not even an edition of the strong, we adore victory. The cry is fruta);
Dante by Foscolo, pablished two years ago in Low still it influences the entire question, it engenders the indifference of the people, and directs the pro-
doo, by Rolandi. You wish to wre-and fire or six censors remorselessly bar the the way." ceelings of the governments. We exiled patriots have our letters opened, whilst it is highly proba be, that the missives of an Italian monarchy, or republic, would be respected.
Ve
lian woke upon the mem lush public" part in these lit far they are crying hear, orty John Bull power. Does the star: up to answer? Is he indig sinuations thrown out by his smart gonist Does he burn to relieve thm of having sanctioned a system onage, or of having neglected to redress some the poor man's er officio truster, is he is in no hurry. The breath of the questioner has full time to cool, and The voice of moral indignation to abate is energy. ere he stirs. Then he uncoils himself, rising slowly Lo his full boight, and confronting his antagonist
But there is another class, that which holds up with a woll assumed consciousness of the extreme absurdity of his question, and the absolate impreg-dustria as the civilizing power in taly. This nability of the defence, if indred, he shall conde party, says Me Mazzini, cry Peach peace; scend to make any answer at all; for you are left roust have prace at any price were it even the Ja doubt a moment, whether he will not allow his peace of the tomb." This party argues that "the Lombard-Venetian provinces are less unhappy, arc Supercilions expression to expand into a contemp. Inous laugh, and to sit down again. However, better administered than the other states of Italy; such things not being allowed by the sovereign peo- the Austrian Government is strong the Itahan Gu ple, and as ministers, however despotically dis-vernments are weak; it is essential, therefore, that posed, must answer questions, the next thing to be Auzia should extend her sway over the entire accomplished is, to give as homopathic a dose of country, repressing both the agitation amongst the information as possible, conveyed in the largest people, and the caprices of the Italian Princes,"" possible amount of indiference, superciliousness," To this reasoning, Mr Mazzini replies-"Yes, and wholesome parliamentary contempt. There are stereotyped forms. The initiated know almost The words. The cool, phlegmatic, impassible style, is, of course, peculiar to the particular Home Se cretary of whom we speak, lis idea of the func- tions of his office seems to be, that he is to exercise the utmost possible power with the least possible accountabilly. He is to know nothing, see no thing, do nothing, but what he is absolutely com- pelled to know, see or do. If the energy can ferret out a fact and prove it, so much the better for his case. Then perhaps, it may be admitted. But the usual course is for Sir James, in his low, mono
onous voice and steady determined manner, to give an elaborate formal statement of words, with as few facts as possible, and leaving the matter as pearly as possible where be found it. This course as its advantage; for the questions put are often pomcaning, and even detrimental to the public ser- rice. Sometimes, however, matters grow more se- 71009.
The cool, hard, impassible functionary is compelled by a sense of day to make a more el horate statement, and then it is you perceive his superiority as a minister. The clearness, firmness, extent of information, and sound knowledge of his duty he displays, show him to be not deficient, either in act or in explanation, when he thinks it ecessary. His questioner is then put hors de combat, and he himself gets a sort of license for that superciliousness and apathetic indifference to po. ular censure, which are so fatally urged to his prejudice. In still more dubious cases, as for in
tance, in that of Mazzini, Sir J. Grabam has car-: pied this impassibility and indifference to an insul- ing extent, If he believed himself right, of course he showed great moral courage; but moral courage in a bad cause is scarcely distinguishable from obs- innoy; and Sir James Cerahan's conduct in that rase laid him open to great obloquy, much of which was deserved. Yet the determination he shoved under such circumstances rather increased than diminished his influence with the House. If it made him, politically speaking, hated by many, it also made him feared. Such steady self possession. joined to such talent and information, and to such debating powers as he has in his former carcer, isplayed, though now he rarely exercises them, are quite sufficient to account for that influence which ve have ascribed to him in the absence of personal respect which, generally speaking, he does not command; or of party gratitude, which he has done ittle to deserve on the one band, and so much to forfeit on the other.
is true that there is some progress in Lombardy! We adrance, yon say; yes, doubtless, we advance: but are you awire what tears and sweat every step It is not true of progress cats in that quarter? that the Italian prosiners under the Austring role are well governed." Me Mazzini adds, that if he can prove this, if he can show that Austrin is the declared enemy of all progress, of all amelioration, be may space himself all travable as regards the other Italian Governments, which all pirnos an knowledge to be ave I ble, requiring to be over turned altogether, auless spriedly reformed.
Mr Mazzini then describes at great length the State of Lombardy ander the Austrhef rule; the fol- lowing is an epitome of Mr Mazzie's revelations.
¦
Austria, then, is the ruler of Lumbard-Venerinn Baby: now, here does she govern it ?
I
Troply to this question, Mr Mazzini says:-
Even supposing that she should desire to govern nell, she would not be able to do so. The distance from the heal Government the custom of a diffe. ront rice, the secret resistance from all that is national in the country which goes on against the invaders, and imposes upon them mistrust and persecution as a necessity. Besides all this, the Chinase principle, of immobility represented in Europe by Austria (and which the heterogeneovis elements of which she is composed will not allow
i h-g to abandon without ruing, would sufier to oumihilate the bns intentions in the worl! Hap- ply (and this expression in the mouth of a derti›
ed enemy ought to surprise an on), happily, she - has one. We may fight without constraising ourselves, without any sacrifice of grainde,
A us- tra as well aware that she encamps in Italy for a 'tina; she has no other intemions except in prolong as much as possible this indefinite period, and 15 exploiter to the utmost the territory which she at present possesses, When this progress seams on the point of accomplishing Its ens by its own wierngth, she takes possession of it, she sanctions it to debden its consequences and to deceive Europe.
lore results from these double tactics a system of intre, which cannot be laid to bare, and of which the two headed eagle seems to have been ebaseo for the symbol "
Lombardy is governed by a Viceroy. It is in Vieuns where all taxes direct and indirect, are imposed; all regulations concerning the post office rende, and all the higher officers onder govern Brom the professors of the ethools, doc., are now- Angled Vienna fixes the lanes of Government pyes, all pensions the distribution of the funds for the yearly expenditure, the approval of all new underkings, the exposed of which well exceed 1,000 florins, and of all speculations going beyond that sum. Vienna legislates for all that concerns private sales, without auction, for all extry expen ditore; it decrees all military lovies; in chloes the subjects of instruction, The following is a list of the principal pours filed by foreigners (Austrians and other subjects of Austria, not Italians), in the Lombard Venetian Province-Chancery of the Viceroy, two Aukc Councillors out of the shree which composes it. Giunta I R. del Censimento (census), the vice-president, a councilor. Govere meat-the governor, the vice-president, a council lor, two secretaries, the despatching director. Po ice-the director general, as assistant, a secretary, five upper commissaries, five enbaltern commissa i. nearly all the corps of the police military guard; commandant, Captains, lieutenant, & Censorship-a censor. University—a directit had three professors. Veterinary School—the di- rector. Schools of Philosophy and Gymaustics - eleven professors. Magistrato Camerale (Fucal) --the president, a secretary, the inspector in chief of the guards of the confines, the vice-secretary. The Mint-The director. The post Office-the director and twenty-two subalterns. Izapertion of- the tobacco memfactory - The inspector Guards of the confines-All the commissaries except four Tribunals-Miken. Tribunals of appealle pres sident and ine councillors out of twenty-five. Tribunal of the first instance-he president and two councillors. Criminal tribunal-six council- Ips. Brescia.-Tribunal, of the first instance →→ The president. Cremona, -id. id. Bergamu-id id. Como-id. D. Pavia-30. id. Sendrio-id. id. The Army-Nearly the whole of the military hierarchy. Venetian provinces the machinery of local govern.. Of course there is not wanting in the Lombard
trian government to collect its exactos, and ments: these are indispensable to enable the Aus- extend its grinding sway foto every nook and corner of the land. The power possessed by the Central, Provincial, and Municipal Assemblies 68, how ever, limited to registering the edicts of Austria the Italian people, with no power even to advise er ut roost representing the wants and petitions ot compliance with the wishes of the community vered with dowers, the We taust refer our renders to fir Mazzini's para aspect, the cryphlet for the fall description of the impotenes and ses his slavery of these assembles. We goote the follo
wing extracted that
The Government 1. F severely reprimanded the municipal body for having in 1830 erpended 50 Austrias livres i gnet, without applying to
ITALY, AUSTRIA AND THE POPE. In Italy (says
(saya Mr Mazzini), nothing speaks.
silence is the common law.**
The people are sitent by reason of terror, the masters are silent from policy. Conspiracies, strife, persecution vengeance, all exist, but make no
hey exche neither applause nor complaint; fancy the very steps of the scaffold were spread with velvet, so little noise do heads make The stranger in search of health, of arls, passes through this fairy God Ins avished Avithout measure bich. He bas divided amon
amongst the
he comes upon a spot ecently stirred, and he does
Freading on the rare of a
wo great dds the world
Paymen
་
In entering into particulars illaerative of the system of Austrian rule in Haly, Mr Muzzni com- mences with the system of education practised in the public schmals From all the benefits of odn. cation, the working classes are, in point of het, exclurlext. The poverty of the parents imposes law of labour on the children, and on the day and evening of Sunday, the only time they are at liberty, there is no instruction; true, the government anes the labourer who neglects to send his children to school, but the law forbids entrance to the schools of all those children who betray their poverty by their ragged clothes; thus ignorance is perpetuated, and poverty plondered.
..
All the schools and infant asylums which have beca founded by private benevolence, or are sup ported by local foods, Austria has taken possession of in order to deaden their utility, and fashion there to her own ends. In same of the classes, the subjects of instruction are strangely jumbled, the third class, for example, comprehends fourd en different topics, all very important, which are to be thught in one single year, by a single master, 10 children eight or nine years old; in other glasses they make up an enormous time. The master is required to make a minute report to Government of the conduct of the scholars; the information is secret, without control, without reparation fas un- just necusation. Morality is neglected; what they pretend to teach of it consists of the duties of abjects towards their sovereign. Espinge is inculcatel * The asylume for children founded by private benevolence. but directed by the Go windent, which does not take the smallest share in their support, are placed in the hands of priests, and of men known for their doration to Austria. Mr Mazzini give the following table of one day in the week, showing the nature of education given in those places-
Time
EXPLOTMENT OF THURSDAY.
0-94 Roll call, proyer, singing, Chymo
of the Emperor). 91-10 Exercise of memory upon the
psalms.
10 — 001 Broskfast and recreation, 1941 Nomenclature for the classes.
Explanation for the above. 11-12 Play and prayers.
11 -
12-19 Arithmetic,
12-1 Catechism.
1-2 Dioner and prayers. 2-3 Writing.
3-31 Reading.
3-4 Singing (the bymn of the Emperor) 4-5 Play and preser..
So that God and the Emperor...
that is, the inculcation of superstition and slavery,
Powera.ergal! Such nemen mingled." actupies daily the preater part of the time devoted to instruction-80 called. Spa
The Universitics crown the system, and develope is aim more and more, No one can be a Professor in them without having previously undergone spe.
* 1 wish I cd print entire this servite work, wash to crush the soul and auderstanding, bus the following is shors specimen of it-Qaer How ought abjects to conduct themselves toward their sovereign 3-Answer: Suljects go bebate tourds iner sovereign like faithfel ves
Towards their İRSİ
tive like slaPrsal-Anem omaelerate and
There is a censorship for the journals, another cessorship for books, a third for the provinces, and a fourth for engravings and theatrical reprostata. tions. Then there are special censors for encle. siastical works and works on medicine and mathe matics--all charged to prevent the development si new opinious. "There are no political journals, ex- cept the privileged Gazene ar Milan, which belongs to the government. No foreign papers are allowed, except those which represent legitimney and regal power; and even these are supperssel whenever they contain anything which displaces, Their circulation is however mest to nothing. It is to Vienna that application must be made, befora alterary journal can be commenced, it is Vienmu which sends or modifies the programme of saha journal Raumer, a witness who count be suspect- ed. confesses that, dramatic worží rá are enjointt to place a good prince besides a bad one in their works whether history bears them out or not And win you hare satisfied all these exactions-whet yet have disarned these rabid curtailers ofsyllables by giving up to them the best passages you had writ fet, when at length you appear under the protec tion of the censor, you are all under the axe. The police, more powerful than are the censors, may torn round upon you, and whether
ing to a su). den ilkornication, or whether in consequence of your having excited unprodem applause- scize, and suppress your work, and confiscate the volumes which have already appeared. That is the fact about translations of foreign bistorical works col. lected by Betton, to which the emperor himself had subscribed for a copy,
Under the Austria government not n single terary man of note (Manzoni alone, perhaps, ex- cepted) has passed through life without meeting was persecution Since 1814, Foscalo has died in Eng, land, in caile Berchet lives so 1 Pellico, Borster, and others, wore out their clming in Spielberg; Zaccala tied of grial in consequence of the peas- ecutions which he brought upon himself by a lec- tare on Dantes Melchior Gioja was kept eight months in prison without being brought before a judge; Romagnesi, dragged to prison at the age of seventy, declared innocent after eight or ten months imprisonment, found himself deprived of the right of keeping a private school in his own house, and when called by Land Guilford in a chair of juris- prodence at Corfa, his passport was refused
COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE.
From the Bombay Times,
2.
EASTERN PRODUCE. Corros.-The market for this staple has exhibit ed no animation, and the business done has been ex- ceedingly limited; stocks are in consequence rapidly accumulating, but the coly reduction in price which has taken place has been in Dollerah, and that las been inore owing to inferiority of quality than to
spy other cause,
Oriez-bas declined in price, and may now be quoted at Rs. 1,225 at 1,290per chest for fair qualities BIL.-There has been a sligh rise in Persian and Bengal, and Nos. 2, 3, and 4 Capton: obez rarieties are unaltered in value.
In other articles the only material changes we have to notice are an advance of Rs. 4 per candy in the price of CoxCANBE Hemp, and Rs. 20 per con ly in that of Ginger, and a reduction of Rs. 3 per maund on the last quoted rate for long Cardamoins PREIGHTS.
Freight to Great Britain has declined since our last, and may now be quoted at £3 7 6 at £3 10 0 10 London, and £3 76 to Liverpool. To China the rate has receded to Rs. 16 per candy.
MONEY MARKET.
The continued tightess in the Money Market has still further affected the ralue of Government Securities, as pay be observed from the decline to the prices of the paper of the three latest Joans.
5 per cent Toon of 1825-26 Rr. 107 at 3:10 1382-33 98 at 100
do.
do.
5
do.
4 do.
$4
1841.42 1842-43
P
1041 90
EXCHANGE-The supply of bilis continues in ex- cess of the demand, and the rate of Exchange co
may now be quoted at 29 d. at 2s Old per impet England has consequently still further advanced, it
at six months, and is at thirty days". at thirty days the rate is Rs. 974 ar99.
On Calicutte,
BANKS Subjoined are the corrents rates &
Rs 400 premium. 139 of 150
Bankehales.
Cheir
Bank of Bombay
Domal Bruk
PRICE OF BULLION Sovereigns, dacă, Ba, 11.
- Book ) (enger & BOUL
Fronted and Published by John Carr, The Friend of China and Hong kong
tie, Printing Onor, Glover STREET,
ICTORIA. Horogoro, 1810,