the Middle East, but they also exist in parts of southern Europe and in depressed areas of more industrialized regions. They appear to be concentrated particularly in certain industries: textiles, clothing manufacture, food processing and canning.
37. It appears that children working in such factories are often subject to abusive working conditions, such as long hours, unhealthy surroundings, hazardous conditions, heavy overtime, a monotonous pace of work, and little or no pay.
38. The International Labour Organisation has pointed out that minimum age legislation has brought about a decrease in the employment of children in factories in some countries, but that substantial problems of inspection and enforcement remain.
39. On the other hand, child labour in industrial employment other than in factories appears to be prevalent, and even to be increasing, in a number of countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East. Numerous children in these regions are employed in small workshops, cottage industries and handicraft undertakings. Moreover, many children in these regions as well as in parts of northern and southern Europe are known to perform industrial home work. While many undertakings of this nature are owned by the child's family and thus provide the child with the opportunity to learn a traditional family trade under the parents' supervision, this is not always the case. It appears that a common pattern in this kind of activity is for an adult (not always the parent) to bring these children to the workshop where they work as "helpers" under the responsibility of the adult in question, who pays them out of his or her own (already meagre) wages. Children in this situation are reported to be outside of the scope of most labour legislation, and they are exposed to the most exploitative conditions. The International Labour Organisation commented that "the training they get is often minimal, the work strenuous, the treatment of servants and the pay far below standard. Lighting, ventilation and sanitary conditions in such workplaces are generally poor. Safety precautions are negilgible".
40.
The International Labour Organisation further indicated that where work is performed in the home for an outside employer the problem is aggravated by the fact that "the work is handed out to women by middlemen who have none of the responsibility of employers [The children] are often practically infants and their employment and conditions of work are subject to no controls".
41. Another branch of industrial activity in which substantial numbers of children are reported to be employed in exploitative and hazardous conditions is construction work. Older boys below the legal minimum age are reported to be widely employed on building sites throughout most of Asia, Latin America, the Middle East and southern Europe. This work often involves serious risks of accident and injury.
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