THE EAST COAST OF SUMATRA
This part of the East Coast of the Island of Sumatra is situated between the Government of Acheen and its Dependencies in the north, the Straits of Malacca in the east, Indragiri (a part of the Residency of Riouw and its Dependencies) in the south, and the Residency of Sumatra's West Coast and of Tapanoeli in the west. It includes a great number of States, each of which, under control of the Governor, is ruled by a native Prince or Chief, who, according to his rank and dependency, is styled Sultan, Yang di Pertuan, Kedjuruan, Radjah, Datu, etc. The country is administered by a Governor, 6 Assistant-Residents, 14 Controllers (incl. Gezaghebbers) and 3 Assistant-Controllers. Justice is dispensed by the Court of Justice at Medan, the Landraad of Medan, Bindjei, Tandjung Balei, Tebing Tinggi and Bengkalis, the residen- tiegerechten of Medan, Bindjei, Tandjoeng Balei and Bengkalis, the Magistrates, the Landzerechten, and by native Courts or Karapatan. The staple industry of the coun- try is agriculture, and, this being dependent upon imported labour (Javanese and Chinese), the labour question is carefully guarded by a special Coolie Ordinance. The greatest part of the coolies are indentured under advances. The employer must house his people properly, provide them with medical attendance and food when sick, and monthly payments are compulsory. Six special officials (1 Inspector and 5 adj. Inspec- tors of Labour) look after this.
Land is leased from the ruling prince or chief of the district for a certain number of years, so much per bahu or per acre being paid down, and a minimum f. 1 per bahu or per acre per annum being paid as annual quittance.
The supremacy of the Dutch Government is based upon political treaties with each of the Princes, in whose hands is left the jurisdiction over their own subjects except so far as relates to the infliction of the death penalty and banishment, and the disposal of land or landed property. Land contracts with Europeans, while made between the ruling prince and the concessionaire, are subject to the approval of the Governor. Mining contracts require the approval of the Governor-General of the Netherland-Indies. In all the States the Dutch Government has bought the right to collect the customs duties and the ordinary revenues. Land revenue, collected by Government officials, is at the disposal of the native rulers and his chiefs. The best known of the States is Deli, where tobacco planting was first introduced, and by which name the whole of the East Coast is sometimes designated. Deli, Langkat, Serdang and other tobacco-growing districts, are celebrated throughout the world for their fille silky tobacco leaf, which is specially suited for the outside wrappers of cigars, being at once light in weight and elastic and strong in texture. The leading tobacco company is the Deli Maatschappij, which, for many years, has paid a dividend averaging 75 per cent. per annum. Next to tobacco, the cultivation of rubber (Hevea Brasiliensis) was developed though it has been considerably restricted in recent years. There are also important plantations of tea, palm-oil and hemp.
Very important, also, is the export of fish from Bagan Si Api Api-the second fish export harbour of the world-to Singapore and Java. Considerable, also, is the export of timber from the islands near Bengkalis to Singapore. About 3,000 coolies are employed in this trade. The production of paddy, though considerable, falls short of the demand by many thousand bags, which are mostly imported from the Straits Settlements. An important oil industry exists in the north of the district of Pang- kalan Brandon. The production is in the hands of the Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij and a little over 126,000 tons of crude oil was obtained in 1928. The production however is slowly decreasing. Almost all necessaries of life have to be imported, and a brisk trade between Java, the Straits Settlements, Europe and the East Coast is the consequence.
Medan (Deli), the residence of the principal civil and military officials, is a pleasant little town, laid out in modern style, and the streets are lit with electric light. Asplendid residence with architectural pretensions has been built for the Governor in the new quarter of Polonia. In the town six European banking corporations--the Javabank,
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