824
和怡 E Wo
JARDINE, MATHESON & Co.
Agents
Indo-China S. N. Co., Ld.
SHASI-CHANGSHA
MITSUBISHI & Co., Exporters and Im-
porters
NISSHIN KISEN KAISHA
Wu Yuan Jen, agent
POST OFFICE
Postmaster-Lin Jun
STANDARD OIL CO. OF NEW YORK
會道行
Hsin-tao-wei
SWEDISH MISSIONARY SOCIETY-Tel. Ad::
Swedish Mission
Rev. B. E. Ryden and wife
Rev. M. Strom and wife
Rev. A. P. Tjellstrom and wife
Rev. Ivan Enne
YOSHIDA & Co., Exporters of Cotton and
Native Produce
J. Hayase
CHANGSHA
沙長 Chang-sha
Changsha (or "Long-sands," as the Chinese words may be translated) is the capital city of the province of Hunan. It stands on the right bank of the Siang river, which flows into the Tungting lake, and is about 100 miles south of the opening of the lake into the Yangtsze at the north-eastern corner of the province. It is in lat. 28.10 N. and long. 113.01 Ě.
The name first occurs about B.C. 220 as that of the 36th and last of the com- manderies into which the First Emperor divided the land after conquering it. It was used as the name of one of the kingdoms for about 100 years (B.C. 202-101) during the Han dynasty. Its greatest mark in history was its successful resistance to the 90 days' siege by the Taiping rebels in 1852 by methods which, afterwards employed elsewhere, led to the final defeat of the rebels by Tseng Kuo-fan, the greatest of all Chinese statesmen in the nineteenth century.
Changsha was opened as a treaty port by the China-Japan treaty of 1903. The Custom House was established on July 1st, 1904; a Japanese Consulate followed in November, and a British Consulate the next year. Since then, America and Germany have also sent representatives.
The main line between Canton and Wuchang passes outside the east wall of the city (the river lying on the west). Two passenger trains run daily between Changsha and Wuchang. The line towards Canton is open as far as Liling (about 40 miles from Changsha), a section which was originally part of the special line built between the - Pinghsiang collieries (situated just over the Kiangsi border) and the Siang river at Chuchow. Construction on the railway to the south has been in abeyance since 1919, and it is difficult to forecast when there will be a recommencement.
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The surrounding country is hilly and picturesque, especially on the west bank of the river, where the Yoluhshan rises some 600 ft. high. This hill, called "Yo Foothills,' connected by its name with the great Nan-yo or "Southern Peak," is not actually connected with the Peak in its physical geography, though the Buddhist monastery on its slope is within the Nan-yo diocese. Near the top ridge is a replica of the famous Yü Tablet, which purports to be a monument raised by the Great Yü, in the third millennium B.C., in commemoration of his having redeemed the flooded lands of those days. The original stands on the most southern ridge of the "Southern Peak," which is a range of hills 20 miles long. The original is, however, a shameless fraud which cannot be dated earlier than the twelfth century A.D. The whole story of anyone in those very early days having any knowledge of the country as far south as Hunan is. baseless legend and not historically authenticated fact. The hill, however, retains.