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PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
toward promoting the gospel of clean and healthy living. Hospitals are fast increas ing throughout the Islands, and every day they are gaining ground in the estimation of the people. In Manila, the largest and most up-to-date among the hospitals is the Philippine General Hospital. There are 10 hospitals in the city of Manila and 23 in the provinces. Activities related to child welfare in general are looked after by the office of the Public Welfare Commissioner. The Board of Pharmaceutical Ex- aminers and Inspectors has the immediate supervision and control of all pharmacies, drug-stores, dispensaries and similar establishments, both private and public, in the Philippines
HISTORY
In his trip around the world, Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese, in the service of Spain, discovered the Philippine Islands on March 16th, 1521. Spain, claiming the country, colonized it in 1565, when Legaspi, the first Governor of the Philippines, founded the first Spanish settlement in Cebu. The city of Manila was founded on June 3rd, 1571..
The early history of the Philippines is a record of continual trouble. Conflicts between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities led to internal contentions, while both Portugal and the Netherlands coveted these rich possessions and harassed the Spaniards. In 1606 the Dutch blockaded the ports with five ships, which were, however, destroyed by the Spanish fleet. Attacks were also made at different points by powerful Chinese piratical fleets. The most celebrated of these was the invasion by Li Ma Hon, who with 2,000 men landed at Manila in 1574, but was defeated and driven out by the Spaniards and natives, under the leadership of Juan de Salcedo. In 1762 the capital was taken by the English, the private property of the inhabitants being saved from plunder on the condition of the payment of a ransom of £1,000,000, half of which was paid in money and the other half in bills upon the Spanish Treasury. In the meantime, however, peace had been concluded, and the islands were restored to Spain, payment of the balance of the indemnity not being insisted upon.
The Filipinos were given representation in the Spanish Cortes in 1810. The galleon trade instituted by the Spanish Government lasted 100 years, end- ing in 1815. The port of Manila was opened to the commerce of the world in 1830. With the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, direct mail service with Spain was inaugurated and railroads and telegraphs were introduced into the Islands. Attempts to throw off the Spanish yoke were made in 1822, 1841, 1842, 1872 and 1896. On June 12th, 1897, Philippine Independence was proclaimed in Cavite, and the Philippine flag was officially unfurled. Upon the outbreak of hostilities between the United States and Spain in 1898, the Insurgents offered to co-operate with the former. The offer was accepted with the result that while the Americans took and held the city of Manila, the Insurgents overthrew Spanish authority throughout the remainder of the Island of Luzon and established a government of their own with General Aguinaldo as Director. Commodore Dewey sank the Spanish squadron in Manila Bay on May 1st, 1898. The Philippine Republic was established on January 21st, 1899. The Treaty of Paris, providing for the cession of the Philippine Islands to the United States, was ratified by the Senate of the United States on February 6th, 1899. Civil government was established in the Islands on July 4th, 1901. The first Philippine Assembly was inaugurated on October 16th, 1907. The new Philippine Autonomy Act, commonly known as the Jones Law, came into force on August 29th, 1916. To-day, with the exception of the Governor-General, the Vice- Governor, and the American majority in the Supreme Court, the administration of the affairs of the country is practically in the hands of the Filipinos.
GOVERNMENT
The government of the Philippine Islands is administered through three separate and co-ordinate branches--the executive, legislative, and judicial.
The Governor-General is the chief executive of the Islands and represents the sovereign power of the United States. He is appointed by the President of the United States by and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate. Under him are the secretaries of six executive departments-the Department of the Interior, the Department of Public Instruction, the Department of Finance, the Department of Justice, the Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and