SHANGHAI
715-
rate in 1919 was mainly due to a severe epidemic of influenza in March, followed by a sporadic incidence throughout the last quarter of the year accompanied by pneumonia, bronchitis and cardiac trouble, mainly affecting adults. These rates compare favourably with those of many large towns in Europe and America. The Health Officer in a late report says that "out of the seventy-five deaths registered there were but nine which can in any sense be termed climatic. There were reported 9,663 deaths amongst the natives in the "Anglo-American Settlement" in 1912, 8,062 in 1913, 8,198 in 1916, 9,612 in 1917, 8,441 in 1918, and 9,646 in 1919, which make the rate 19.3, 15.8, 13, 14.9, 12.8, and 14.3 per thousand. Small-pox, which in 1909 claimed only 19 victims, was the cause of 863 deaths of natives in 1907; choleric diarrhoea claimed 648 victims in 1919, and influenza 483; scarlet fever, which caused 1,500 deaths of Chinese in 1902, was responsible for only 86 in 1919; and tuberculosis, which accounted for 2,000 in 1902, steadily decreased to 618 in 1910, but then gradually increased to 1,111 in 1917, to 1,237 in 1918, decreasing to 1,063 in 1919. The thermometer ranges from 25 deg. to 103 deg. Fahrenheit, the mean of ten years having been 59:19 deg., the average being 4113, 64.99, 77′91 and 52:49 for first, second, third and fourth quarters, respectively. Shanghai approaches nearest to Rome in mean temperature, while the winter tempera- tures of London and Shanghai are almost identical. In October and November there is generally dry, clear, and delightful weather, equal to that found in any part of the world; but when the winter has fairly set in the north-east winds are extremely cold and biting. On January 17th, 1878, the river was frozen over at Woosung. The heat during July and August is sometimes excessive, but generally lasts only a few days at a time. late years very severe gales have become more frequent. On 27th and 28th July, 1915, a typhoon of extraordinary violence visited the district doing much damage. mean of the barometer is from 29.769 in the third to 30 245 inches in the first quarter. The annual average of rainy days in Shanghai during eight years was 124; 55 wet days occurred in winter, and 69 in summer; the annual rainfall averages 49'57 inches, about 15 in winter and 30-2 in summer. The mean degree of humidity is from 786 in the winter to 82'6 in the summer months.
DESCRIPTION
In
The
The streets of the British and French Settlements all run north and south and east and west, mostly for the whole length of both, crossing each other at right angles. They were when first laid out twenty-two feet wide, but have since at very great expense been mostly made much wider. Under the new Regulations power to compel the sale of land required for public purposes has been secured. Notwith- standing the soft nature of the soil the roads are kept in remarkably good order, despite the heavy motor traffic. With the introduction of trams the whole track of the Maloo, one mile in length, was laid with Jarrah hardwood blocks, and the section of Nanking Road between Kiangse Road and the Bund was paved with the same material. The Municipal Council lease a stone quarry at Pingchiao, in Chekiang, about 150 miles south-west of Shanghai, from which they obtain large quantities of stone. Owing to the nature of the ground, expensive piling or concrete foundations are necessary before any building over one storey in height can be erected, and all stone has to be brought from a long distance. The Soochow Creek, between the British Settlement and Hongkew, is now crossed by nine bridges, seven of which are adapted for carriage traffic. The sclieme for filling in the Yang-king-pang was passed by the land-renters in 1914, the area thus gained being converted into a fine boulevard. The first tube of the Yang-king-pang culvert to be put under the Bund Bridge was laid in March, 1916, and the Avenue Edward VII., as the new thoroughfare is named, was finished in the same year. The Bund Bridge, which was carefully removed for re-erection elsewhere, and the levelling of the road surface at this point saw the com- pletion of the work, and the International Settlement trams now run the fuil length of the French and International Bunds. The whole work of turning what was a foul- sinelling creek into what promises to be one of the finest boulevards in the Far East, was one of the biggest single jobs undertaken by the local Public Works Department. Avenue Edward VII., from The Bund to Thibet Road, is a thoroughfare of consider- able width, with spacious foot paths. All the roads leading off the new avenue on both sides, have rounded corners with a wide sweep, and the engineers, in planning the road, have made every arrangement possible for the accommodation of extensive traffic. In the straightening of the road the windings of the former creek are abolished. It may be mentioned that there is no tram line on Avenue Edward VII., the French tram company having removed
company having removed the loop section which ran from the French Bund along the old Quai de Yang-king-pang and