SHANGHAI
791
of nearly 35,000 annually. The total number of Chinese in the International Settle- ment is 620,401; adding to this the number of foreigners, 18,519, the total number of people residing in the Settlement is 638,920. In the French Concession there are 146,595 Chinese and 2,405 foreigners, or a total of 149,000. The grand total of the two for 1915 is 787,920. In the Settlement total of 620,401 Chinese is made up of men, women and children from the eighteen provinces, totalling 339,215, in foreign employ (houses, offices, mills, etc.) there are 33,168, living in villages and huts, etc., there are 36,772, and the floating population on the river and creeks is 11,248. In the Concession there are 64,702 adult males and 18,463 male children, and 33,469 adult females and 13,573 female children. In foreign employ in the Concession are 3,230 males and 658 females. To this total of 134,095 is added 5,500 Hoating and 7,000 transients, bringing the total up to 146,595. The Chinese population of Shanghai, however, must be very much greater than the total of 787,920, as there are many more thousands who are living in unnumbered houses and in districts where there are no roads even. Taking into consideration the thickly populated surrounding Chinese territory with its added thousands that cannot be even approximated, the actual population of the port, it is thought, must be well toward 1,500,000.
CLIMATE
The climate of Shanghai is generally allowed to be fairly healthy. The death rate amongst the resident foreign population during the past two decades has ranged from 21.5 per thousand (in 1913) to 11.2 per thousand (in 1905). The rate including non-residents was considerably higher; it reached 34.6 per thousand in 1902, which, however, was exceptional. The number of registered deaths of foreign residents, including non-Chinese Asiatics, was 307 (including 103 children), and of non-residents, 60, in 1913. Partial outbreaks of cholera have occurred at intervals, but the larger proportion of the eases were among the ships in harbour. The highest recorded number of deaths from this cause among foreigners was 3? in 1890. Of these, 11 were amongst residents. In the years 1892 to 1894, 1897 to 1901 (inclusive) and in 1905 and 1910, 1911, and 1913 there were no deaths from cholera among foreign residents, but there were 14 in 1912, the average being slightly over four per annum during the last twenty years. The highest number of deaths of foreign residents from small-pox was 21 in 1907. There were twelve deaths from this cause in 1913; but the average during the last twenty years has been seven per annum. In winter, cases of small-pox and typhoid are frequent among the natives. Amongst the shore population the death rate was 12.1 per thousand in 1906, of which 15 per thousand were from zymotic causes, against a rate of 2:19 per thousand from these diseases in England. The rate in 1907 was 179, in 1908 159, in 1909 167, in 1910 20′2, in 1911 168, in 1912 21, and in 1913 215. These rates compare favourably with those of many large towns in Europe and America. The Health Officer in a late Report says that "out of the seventy-five deaths registered there were but nine which can in any sense be termed climatic." There were reported 9,663 deaths amongst the natives in the "Anglo-American Settlement” in 1912 and 8,062 in 1913, which make the rate 19.3 and 15'8 per thousand. Small-pox, which in 1909 claimed only 19 victims, was the cause of 863 deaths of natives in 1907, the annual average during the past two decades being 226; cholera, which was responsible for 1,500 deaths in 1902, was entirely absent in 1904 and 1995, but reappeared towards the close of 1966, and was the cause of 193 deaths among the Chinese in that year, of 655 in 1907. of only 8 in 1908, and of none since; scarlet fever for 1,500 in 1902, and 27 non-Chinese; but an average of only 8 in the subsequent ten years, and tuberculosis for 2,000 in 1902, steadily decreasing to 618. in 1910, but then gradually increased to 1,008 in 1913. The Health Officer in his report for 1910 thinks that deaths are hidden or intentionally returned as from other causes, as a result of disin- fection being carried out. The thermometer ranges from 25 deg., to 103 deg. Fahrenheit, the mean of eight years having been 59'1 deg., the average being 410, 65, 778 and 525 for first, second, third and fourth quarters, respectively. Shanghai approaches nearest to Rome in mean temperature, while the winter temperatures of London and Shanghai are almost identical. The mean daily range in 1913 averaged 1755, being from 1466 in February to 2313 in October, but that was throughout the whole year considerably above the usual range. In October and November there is generally dry, clear, and delightful weather, equal to that found in any part of the world; but when the winter has fairly set in the north-east winds are extremely cold and biting. On January 17th, 1878, the river was frozen over at Woosung. The heat during July and August is some- times excessive, but generally lasts only a few days at a time. In late years very severe gales have become more frequent. The mean of the barometer is from 29'69 in the third