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foreign innovations, were particularly hateful to the Boxers, who in many cases attacked the lines with a fury as intense as it was insensate: burning the stations, destroying bridges, firing the sleepers and carrying off the metals. Later on, track destruction was a strong feature of the strategy of the Imperial troops, and from their point of view, wisely so. It was the cutting of the Railway that was the sole cause of Admiral Seymour's failure in his gallant attempt to rescue the Legations. All the lines in North China were attacked and badly cut. The terminus at Peking has been brought inside the Chinese City and is at the Chien Men or Southern Gate of the Manchu City A branch line has been made from this terminus to Tung Chow, the head of the water- ways; and both the French and Germans have pushed on the trunk lines being built under their exclusive auspices in Chihli, Honan, and in Shantung, respectively. Railway vandalism was the first evidence of the savagery and magnitude of the Boxer sedition. It is significant that the Imperial Government was so inert in protecting its own property.
The following list of railways, open and under construction, shows the progress which has been made in little more than ten years in improving communications in China:-
1. Chinese Eastern Railway (Tung Ching), 5-foot gauge. Kuanchengtzu to Harbin and thence east and west to the Russian frontier; 1,077 miles. Under Russian control. 2. Tsitsihar Light Railway (Ang-ang-chi), metre gauge. Connecting Tsitsihar with the Chinese Eastern Railway at Ang-ang-ki; 17 miles. Opened August, 1909. Constructed by a British engineer.
3. South Manchurian Railway. Under Japanese control. Main line: Dairen (Dalny) to Kuanchengtzu (13 miles beyond Changchun), 439 miles; double line. Branches: (1) Choushuitzu to Port Arthur; 31 miles. (2) Tashihkiao to Yinkow (Newchwang); 17 miles, inclusive of the new section from Niuchiatun to Yingkow, which was opened in November, 1909. (3) Yentai to Taikang; 10 miles. (4) Suchiatun to Fushun; 34 miles, to the coal mines. (5) Moukden to Antung; 2 foot 6 inch gauge, 187 miles.
4. Imperial Railways of North China. The earliest railway system in China, British engineers, Chinese and British capital. Main line: Peking to Moukden (Ching-Feng), 522 miles. The last section, Sinminfu to Moukden, was purchased from the Japanese in 1907. Branches: (1) Peking to Tungchow, 12 miles. (2) Fengtai to Lukowkiao, 4 miles, connecting with the Peking-Hankow Railway. (3) Kowpangtze to Yingkow (Newchwang), 57 miles. A branch from Tangho to Chinwangtao, & miles, be- longs to and is controlled by the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company (British).
5. Peking-Kalgan Railway (Ching-Chang), 124 miles. Chinese capital and Chinese engineers. Õpened to Kalgan in September, 1909.
6. Peking-Hankow Railway (Ching-Han, also known as Pe-Han or Lu-Han), 755 miles. Built by Franco-Belgian capital. Reverted to Chinese control, January 1, 1909. French and Belgian engineers still employed. Branches: (1) Liangsiang to Tuli, 12 miles, to local coal mines. (2) Liuliho to Chowkweichwang, 10 miles, to local coal mines. (3) Kaopeitien to Siling, 36 miles, light metre gauge railway to the Imperial tombs. (4) Kaoyihsien to Lincheng, 11 miles, to local coal mines.
7. Tientsin-Pukow Railway (Ching-P'u), 675 miles. Anglo-German capital (northern section 400 miles, German; southern section, 275 miles, British). Completed in 1911.
8. Shantung Railway. Under German control. Main line: Tsingtau to Tsinan, 256 miles, a single line with earthwork to accommodate double line. Branch: Changtien to Poshan, 28 miles.
9. Tsaochwang-Taierhchwang Railway, 35 miles, from coal mines near Yihsien in South Shantung to the Grand Canal. Under construction.
10. Shansi Railway (Cheng-Tai). From Shihkiaochwang (next station south of Chengtingfu) on the Peking-Hankow line to Taiyuanfu; 151 miles, metre gauge. Con- cession secured by Russo-Chinese Bank in 1898; constructed by Belgian syndicate; opened 1907; proposed to be redeemned by China in 1912.
11. Kaifeng-Honanfu Railway (Pien-Lo), 140 miles. Under Belgian control; redeemable by China.
12. Taokow-Tsinghwachen Railway (Tao-Ching), 96 miles. Crosses the Peking- Hankow Railway at Sinsiang. Built by British capital and worked by the Peking Syndicate. Redeemed by China, 1905. British engineer still employed. To be continued to Tsehchow.
13. Szechuan-Hankow Railway (Ch'uan-Han), Chengtu to Hankow, over 800 miles. Work began at Ichang in December, 1909, on the section from Ichang to Wansien. The whole of the Chinese capital collected by subscriptions and taxes during the last 10 years will be absorbed by the expenditure already incurred in preliminary opera-