634
CHINA
Province
Provincial Capital
Area English
Estimated Popultn. per
Square Miles
Population Square Mile
Chihli +
Peking
58,949
17,937,000
304
Shantung
Tsinan
53,762
36,247,835
557
Shansi *
Taiyuen.
56,268
12,211,453
221
Honan *
Kaifung..
66,913
22,115,827
340
Kiangsu *
Nanking
Anhwei*
Ngankin
92,961
{
20,905,171
470
20,596,288
425
Kiangsi +
Nanchang
72,176
21,534,118
340
Chekiang
Hangchow
39,150
11,588,692
296
Fohkien..
Foochow
38,500
22,190,556
574
Hupeh *
Wuchang
22,190,556
473
Hunan*.
Changchau
144,770
21,002,604
282
Shensi t
Sigan
8,432,193
126
Kansuh +
Lanchow
192,850
9,285,377
74
Szechuen *
Chingtu
166,800
67,712,897
406
Kwangtung*
Canton
79,456
29,706,249
377
Kwangsi + Kweichau t
Kwelin
78,250
5,151,327
65
Yunnan +
Kweiyang Yunnan
64,554
7,669,181
118
107,969
11,721,576
108
1,312,328
383,253,029
292
It is to be noted that the Chinese census, following all Oriental methods of calculation, is not to be trusted. There is no subject on which foreign and native statisticians are more contentious than that of the Chinese population. Experts vary in their estimates between 250,000,000 and 440,000,000,
The total number of foreigners in China in 1906 was 38,597 and, according to the information of the Customs, the number of commercial firms was 1,837. Of the latter Japan heads the list with 739, followed by the United Kingdom with 492, Germany with 199, America with 112, France with 94, Portugal with 51, Spain with 40, Italy with 21, Russia with 20, Austria-Hungary and the Netherlands each with 19, Denmark with 14, Norway with 9, Belgium with 6 and Sweden and a non-Treaty Power each with 1; but, as the British commercial attaché has remarked, much depends on the definition and status of a commercial firm.
The principal dependencies of China are Mongolia, with an area of 1,288,035 square miles, and some 2,000,000 people; and Manchuria, with an area of 362,313 square miles, and an estimated population of 15,000,000. The latter has in recent years been steadily and rapidly colonised by Chinese, who greatly outnumber the Manchus in their own land. Thibet, which is also practically a dependency of China, has an area of 643,734 square miles and a population of 6,000,000 souls. It is ruled by the Dalai Lama, but subject to the Government of Peking, who maintain a Resident at Lhassa.
ARMY AND NAVY
The standing military force of China consists of two great divisions, the first formed by the more immediate subjects of the ruling dynasty, the Manchus, and the second by the Chinese and other subject races. The first, the main force upon which the Imperial Government can rely, forni the so-called troops of the Eight Bunners; they garrison all the great cities in such a manner as to be separated by walls and forts from the population. According to the latest but entirely untrustworthy reports, the Imperial army comprises a total of 850,000 men, including 678 companies of Tartar troops, 211 companies of Mongols, and native Chinese infantry, a kind of militia, numbering 120,000 men; but these figures, derive 1 from Native sources, are altogether untrustworthy. In organization, equipment, personnel and commissariat, the Army is utterly inefficient and with the exception of a few brigales of foreign-drilled troops is little better than rabble as far as concerns opposition to Europe in, Indian or Japanese troops. The native soldiers do not as a rule live in barracks bat in their own houses, mostly pursuing some civil occupation. The Army of Chih-li, undoubtedly the best in the whole Empire, utterly failed to withstand the foreign troops in 1910 except in the cases when the disparity in numbers was over five to ous. Disorganisation was supreme: although the arsenals around Tientsin and Peking were known to contain more than 200 modern field guns and to be replete with machine weapons, very few were forth- coming in the day of battle. These arsenals, together with the forts at Taku, and all camps and fortifications between Peking and the sea, have now been demolished. Since 1993 the national Army as represented by the Northern divisions has undergone
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