19
TOKYO
Of which 1,049 ateamers and 199 sailing vessels entered, and 118 steamers and 64 sailing vessels cleared in ballast. 1,598 steainers of 2,891,536 tons and 12 sailing vessels of 21,467 tons entered, and 1,930 steamers of 3,467,395 tons and 13 sailing vessels of 21,654 tons cleared in the coast trade between the open ports. Of this tonnage employed coastwise 63 per cent. was under the British flag and 21 per cent. Japanese vessels employed in foreign trade. The merchant vessels entered from Foreign countries in 1896 were divided among the different nationalities as under :-
Tonnage Sailing Tonnage
Strs.
Total Tonnage
British
1,018
2,035,687
78
57,737
1,096
2,093,424
Japanese (excluding Junks)..
415
472,860
34
3,658
449
476,518
German
323
354,888
6
11,942
329
366,830
Norwegian
319
285,477
1
2,654
320
288,131
Russian
92
145,709
8
1,598
100
147,307
United States of America
32
82,598
64
56,586
96
139,184
French...
26
54,966
26
54,966
Austrian
17
40,692
17
40,692
Other Countries
30
21,073
7
3,046
37
24,119
198
137,221 2,470 3,631,171
2,272 3,493,950
The total Customs Revenue for the same year consisted of-Export Duties yen 1,777,237; Import Duties, yen 4,915,289; Miscellaneous, yen 211,661; Total, yen 6,904,187. The revenue has nearly doubled since 1887.
By treaties made with a number of foreign Governments the Japanese ports of Kanagawa (Yokohama), Nagasaki, Kobe, Hakodate, Niigata, and the cities of Tokyo (formerly called Yedo) and Osaka were thrown open to foreign commerce. In 1894 a new treaty was signed with Great Britain by which extraterritoriality is abolished and the whole country opened to foreign trade and residence, but it does not come into force until July, 1899, nor then, unless similar treaties be effected with the other Powers. Similar treaties have been concluded with most of the other Powers, but those with France and Austria-Hungary are still pending.
Railways are being rapidly pushed forward. The statistics at the end of 1896 showed 2,681 miles of private and 792 miles of Government railway lines laid down, of which 1,697 miles private and 593 miles Government lines were open for traffic. The mileage has been considerably added to during the past year, and it may almost be said through communication now exists between Tokyo and Nagasaki, the only breaks being from Tokuyama to Moji and Hayaki to Tokitsu, which have to be covered by steamer. There has been a remarkable development of manufacturing industry in Japan; the following figures show the increase in the number of factories using steam or water power:-1883-84 factories, 1,383 horse power in steam, 368 horse power in water; 1895-2,758 factories, 54,576 horse power in steam, 6,676 horse power in water.
EDUCATION.
Education is very general in Japan, and is making great progress. There are numerous Middle Schools, Normal Schools, and Colleges for special studies, such as Law, Science, Medicine, Mining, Agriculture, and Foreign Languages, and several Female High Schools have been established, and are carefully fostered by the Government. In order to facilitate the prosecution of foreign studies the Government of the Mikado has engaged many European professors, and also sent, at the public expense, a large number of students to America and Europe.
TOKYO
The capital of Japan [until the Restoration called Yedo] is situated at the north of the Bay of Yedo, has à circumference of 27 miles, and covers a surface of nearly 36 square miles. The Sumida, or Okawa (Great River), runs through the city, dividing Tokyo proper from the districts on the east side called Honjo and Fukagawa,
Tokyo as viewed from the bay is a pleasant-looking city, being well situated on undulating ground, and possessing abundant foliage. The city is divided into fifteen grand divisions, and its suburbs into six divisions. It is in fact more like
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