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SHANGHAI
5,589. In 1870 the total in the Anglo-American Settlement was 1,666; in 1876, 1,673; in 1880, 2,197; in 1885, 3,673; in 1890, 3,821. By the census of 24th June, 1895, there were in the Settlements north of the Yang-king-pang a total of 4,684 foreigners; 1,295 in the English division, 2,903 in Hongkew, 486 in outside roads and Pootung. Of these 2,068 were males, 1,227 fem tles, and 1,489 chil lrạn, against 1,035 miles, 293 females, and 291 children in 1876; and 1,775 males, 1,011 females and 887 children, in 1885. The fluctua- tions in the foreign population have been very remarkable. Between 1870 and 1880 the number of adult inales decreased, while in the next five years it increased by over fifty per cent. In the nine years 1876 to 1885 the whole foreign population more than doubled, but in the next five years it showed an increase of only 143, of whom 144 were children. The increase has been greatest in Hongkew, where the population is tive times what it was in 1876, whereas that of the British Settlement is less than in 1885. The foreign population of the French Concession on the same date was 198 males, 78 females, and 162 children, a total of 430 against 444 in 1890. A curious fact is that of children under fifteen only 26 were males while 130 were females. The proportion of different nationalities in all the settlements was in 1895, 2,002 British, 741 Portuguese, 357 American, 399 German and Austrian, 281 French, 154 Spanish, 89 Danish, 88 Italian, 82 Swedish and Norwegian, 31 Russian, 111 of various other European nationalities,. 322 Eurasians, 268 Japanese, 127 Indians, and 62 Manilamen and other Asiatics. While the adult Foreign male population has increased only 61 per cent. since the census of 1870, the number of women has been multiplied six and of children nine times.. These figures do not include the population afloat, which at the date of the census. was 1,306 against 1,009 in 1890 and 893 in 1885. Although the Chinese have no right of residence within the Foreign Settlement, and indeed were expressly prohibited by the original Land Regulations, some twenty thousand sought refuge within the boundaries from the rebels in 1854, and when the city was besieged by the Taipings in 1860 there were, it is said, at least four hundred thousand natives within the Settlements. As they found some amenities from "squeezing" when under the protection of foreigners, and foreigners themselves being able to obtain a much higher rental for their land, and finding native house property a very profitable investment, no opposition was made to their residence. In 1870 there were in the three Settlements. 75,047; in 1880, 107,812; in 1890, 168,129. The numbers by the last census (June, 1895) were, in the British Settlement 116,204, in Hongkew 103,102, in Foreign Hongs in both Settlements 6,991, villages and huts within the limits 8,429, in shipping and boats. 6,269, total 240,995; an increase of 43 per cent. in five years. The native population of the French Concession on the same date was 45,758, against 34,722 in 1890, and the boat population about 6,900; say a total for the three Settlements and afloat of about 293,000, more than half of whom are adult males. The majority are immigrants from other provinces who followed in the wake of foreigners. The population of the native- city is supposed to be about 125,000. The large congregation of natives in the Settlements. is kept in admirable order by a Police force of 56 Europeans, 67 Indians, and 365 natives for the north of the Yang-king-pang, and 38 foreigners and 71 natives for the French Concession. As the natives have to be tried by their own authorities, and bribery doubtless works its effects in Shanghai as elsewhere in China, the difficulties of orga- nizing and efficiently working such a small force are considerable. In few places are life and property more secure.
The climate of Shanghai is generally allowed to be fairly healthy. The death rate- amongst foreigners ashore and afloat during the past seventeen years has ranged from 17.2 thousand (in 1884) to 30.8 per thousand (in 1881). The rate in 1894, calculated on the basis of the census taken in June, 1890, was 23.5 and in 1893, 18.4 per thousand. Partial outbreaks of cholera have occurred at intervals but a large proportion of the cases were among the ships in harbour. The highest recorded number of deaths from this cause among foreigners was 32, in 1890. Of these, 18 were amongst residents. Since 1891 there have been no deaths from cholera among foreign residents. On the basis of the shore population the death rate was 20 per thousand in 1894, and has varied, so far as can be estimated in the absence of an annual census, from 23 per 1,000 in 1891 to 14.2 per 1,000 in 1884, a rate which compares favourably with that of large towns in Europe. The Health Officer in a late report says that "out of the seventy-five deaths registered, there were but nine which can in any sense be termed climatic." The Chinese authorities reported 2,529 deaths amongst the natives in the "Anglo-American Settle- ment" in 1894, which, estimating the population at 20,000 less than in June 1895, would make the rate under 12 per thousand, but that is no doubt very considerably under the real proportion: 7 of these deaths were registered as from cholera andi 125 from small-pox. The thermometer ranges from 25 deg. to 100 deg. Fahrenheit, the