+
Sauk Arabum sod contains depoons of oil but became the PRYČI BOONEén
influence allows Wash- ington to play a political role of para- muzej
len portance in the Middle Tat To any cama. 20 le a fact that the Unit-
od States and Aramco render nach achter sumocon and valuable service"
What these "valuable services? apa le bacúly a secret. The all
monopolisa. particularly the Rockefeller Standard Oil, determina
Washington's holeda Fest policy. In ha book "The Topta at Oil" Americia
acosombat Harvey O'Connor sud that the rise and fall of U.5. presidents
and vecretaries of stata wwe werbly states in die kustory of Standard
OLL
buy any case, cresten af akle climate?" The Alance la Sauch Acable and
preservation of y akce Dhark vere and suit arm an US diplomacy's clust
concern in the Arsh Best. The Aramco bosson, in their tara, are sealous
vnterine of Washing- Lou's a@prelve Middle East policy and do everything
they on jo tera
Szem Araba sato an iiselnoment of
05. jokey aimed against the Arah pooplus" notional-liberation movement
and into a spelaghostel for an asmault on the oil position of their
Bertuah
The alliance between the uncrowned
klags of America and the anointed
kings of Saudi Arabia la band an cossos interest in the expiollation of
Arab oil wealth. Every ye Arossco
G. DRAMBYANTS
pays the Saudi Arabian
* goodly portion of this fum gom site the pockets of the royal family.
The company tall naturally pockets a great deal moce In short, the
well-being ni the Saudi Jules depende andrely on dollars And the
political allance with Wakungion Sesak a
SAUDI
"Medina
*Macca ARABIA
A PAITAPORE of the cortived existence of a moci- bund. Teulal theocratic
regime of the
worst hum
For a long time, the victÜON MAIN bad boch Araneo and Riyadh. Bot when
the chlazlanuts" spřece of domi- malen in the Azzle. That began to ide
mind and shake
after another, the Western specialiaka amergoed Saudi Araby (and other
fee-
regimes) a bigger role as a polikar cal ally and a weapon agalami (he
national-liferation avevamat. From a mumer reserva, Sauk Araba gradually
grew lalo one of the bulwarks of Washington's and London's polley in
this part of the globa
The West realand. kowever, that before this
uut kungsiom, which
DEAR MRAT anachronam against the backginend of the regenerating Arab
wocht, could be brought out on to the Arah political stage it should
here ja face lifted. Sipecially slaen the dac- reaching socio-economic
relevan unde taken by the United Arab Republic, Syria and Algeria were
exortING A TOW stationary Induance open the Arab Best and weakosing the
positions of the backward feudal repues (include Sag the Saudi) at home
and abroad. The revolution in the Yem
A
YCHED
ADENOMA
JADEN (BADE
*
IRAN
Die temaerne ate estimated at approxi- mately 2.000 million tons), oll
in 200 practically the only thing extracted,
and that by Joneign companies. Some
speciebats say that besides the dex of all under the sands of the
Arabien Pommeula Uhare in strangu na it may
PROM A SON of water. One of the apbe
LABIAR SEA
terranean laker south of Riyadh has ORDER WALDRE than the whole of the
Perman Gull. These welke resources, which could transform the desert,
art still ancapped, and this when the country imports alsoč 10 per cent
of The Jonfitulis vt consumade.
In the social Bald. Fasal's reforma neo half-maavure that have lalt the
Taustation et tka Teodal reglass vis Jually swłach At least one-third of
Saadi Alaba's pupulation (3 to 5 mil
alarming danger opwal. The dined pos shany that the medieval FoundationE
of Saudi Arabia might collapse and. what is more important, for Joc the
Tata of Arunco's huge prokta impelled Washington to take metion to data
tha forces devoted to the alliance with Imperialkam.
The host move in the direction was the palace coup in Riyadh in 1964.
"Allah's choice" or rather Aramco's. (all on Palsal, who was commdured
"more tractable" than kan bratha Baod. The American press Tasaded the
new king and proclaimed the advent
of an "are of Liberalisation" in Sawaki Arabia's socio-mennamic
What did this "liberalisation" bring?
The widely publiczané steps taken by Pawal to "cosoweto the country"
actually did not affect agriculture, and 时刻
Juma ledustry They provided mataly for the development of frank port and
communications. The con- struction of a deep-water port at Dyar men han
practicily book completed and it in planned to enlarge the port nt
Faciala, ballad a network of aerodromes,
hea: The actual number is not know
siker en Lamase has ever bann taken) ale Milosata
Madonna One-quarter dwell ia cum ma biva la much the Kaing way an huer
ancestors did veniu- met apo zinaing dates, vegetables and train Even
the facial cholition of slas very 10 lasted well talo our two) bes
practically speaking changed nothing becawen 12 Man it retaforsæt
economi- cally.
The status of women, too, has barely
thangal. Akkorgh the government has opened schonda for girls jan
official en- rolment of SLDEN). Women slowmed to a bite of seclusion
from the age of am Thury commol go out without a veil and kaya na say in
the choice of
■ husband. There is a law forbeldiag women to dense aus Tree, the kase
kanały weet n not enough now for his vriće to be stones for Hellulity.
The new law requires Tour witnesses to prove it. Azochet Saman Klund
20 that
caught stealing has im arm cut all by
a mergeon's knife and met a butcher's axe, and them only 1 1 1 kis third
alance.
In Mon, Famati reforms are limited, In say the lessat. They have not
abiarad
and add 6,000 kilometram of reada
the socio economic struction of Trudals
to the 2,000 kilometres of ballast roed the country now has.
Although Saudi Arabia le rich le gold, silver, phosphates and Irba des
ses and fanatician and what is mock, thay preserve the privileges of
Aramen. The dollars posted Into Saudi Arabia have not sided her tornible
backward-
20
NEW TIMES e Nat
AYU SEHEL MUN
21
1.
DONE IN Gas me my dele or pap'e GE THE TARIK në skanauha at the powe get
and most underdeveloped countie be but planet
+
Goring Set Araba a more
Diva Mage
KAS The musta in W De speak n undertaken by and Workington to re, nesee
the JA
There a
Drupal
The
n
MATRANKE VA tonsequently. The boy altum
Having th
strengthened the same po march francia by, the Wagi at nut to aim the
conte At the end a task. Washington and London concluded an agreement
with Revadite log the delivery to selen semeth of wat matenel Leter.
This apren
was supplemented by a $ind Beltran malbany contract with the LAT Stares
and 4 Elan mulon Contract
חי
At the same tema, Wahington and Loaden began in puh Seat Alaba ino all
sorts of foreign policy wantares Aware of Falsafiy cherished em bénop to
play the role në the leader of the Arab world, they entrsted his help in
Chate aforts to resantute the Baghdad. Part sandae. The name of "hdante
Bart' and somsolidate the erectionary trudal fere- an in the Arab Fad.
They new PACE they hoped would spen The Arah
distrust and bewachoy. shoot then, and divert their attention from the
struggle for complete national Überallem and social je
The Saudi tulung stemmen rely increase
on the Riyadh Amsen aus Pala voet by Jondan at the beginning of Whey put
an end to the Iněty youur' lead
een the two countries and led to the virtual nataliebeant at a close
and political albanen.
Aat King Hansen's vill lo Spuddi Araba abis February revealed ones again
that than the Magnarchian actively Implement penumpanabat pobrim and
nemaive Arab Wales
22
greaworthy that before Klement.
Ing with Tersal Hume's had raka wan
'יניו.
I
The Persian Gull Beherrs deally dark ad to chase to Souto KATRINA Dita
Vempti la marahhah contud swe Ķe Pastern and southern parts of Ar Me Fal
Nur fatherly invested ponudi
Nowa and World Report water that
silvered by a growing
Paul and material support Now the US and N-tan, he has been playing The
key role in a multi-nation poles designed to keep the entire Arabian De
nomada WI Laila' te Names and other revolutionary Azab leaders" in other
words, he wkoła ty keep of the ideas of the AND smperialist, anty feudal
na
mal-liberatia tendaten
The reboň The 'Takamit Part" plan has Mới vịth in Arch countries has
appare ently umpelted To Western spuukets to redirect the Saual malere"
remign policy. Kuwandy (he Arabian Passoula, where The gerund is
slipptag money and more 115de marker the colonialista" Towel
The men object of the woven by the imperialists and the local
Posetionary Torque in the region in the republican Yemen in actively
supporti Ing the Yemeni monarchista, supplying then wok Western made
weapons and building haars në aggtrasion next the Yaman's northern
fronther and aggrave- Ing Tanton there, the Sauli ruling va bent are
acting as accomplices of the
teel (napizens of the and Temeni tagli
Non-The Varied Stain and Bokar
The 1967 revolution in the Ye which had a powerful lorpart on the nas
Donal beration movement on the Are blam Pantomila was the cause of the
reconciliation and subsequently. The merret congue between Riyadh and
London Thro
ow of the Yemeni monarchy. they restored diplomatie relations, which
severed when British trobeu secand the Buranit Casus clarmed by Soul
Arible Today. Betra and Saudi Arabia have buried the hatcher sad pulled
Jorem ta korp the mediumakna
an Terakan.long foram ki.
J
ד
1:45
ין: י וף
է: ..
Aden in
15
וי
DJ E
יו
ד ו
....
Two Lond
1.
While
CANAL DE CVETAL walls amal Dry as the Persian Call by sellNE
! ס ווו קי
Natulog ambitious plana tanjunge | Bolt conul ș The
have neque Le Male into Herrains
JONARYLODI without dating ada waha
drawal They have muzbijahed
CONTACT Wein the pupper governme of the federation af havada Arabia abul
Jam sa n owenal and materiai sup.
200 +
gradually paying the way Allence with The South Acaban village and
shankha with a view to abg Lema
against the Yodern.
Scudi Arabia also has far-reaching plans for The British controlled
sulta Katma in the Percan Gult ares. The au Dahlahment of close contacts
with the rulers of Sabrem, Qatar and other sui- Sabetes has been
prompted by the dedre to reinforce these loudat repakes and get them to
take part in the templetsety lation of importulat plans. An attempt de
cimerly being made to expand the base of the METUONIT Arab Turas in the
struggle against the prxpressan Auch Hum The extenera of Saudi lær
fuence to the Pervan Gull scan obertus by falls in wich Aramon's plan to
ge-a
en to the ed rich sultanates from which it is now being kept out by it
In nach rivals.
The Saudi rulere policy militates atalpet the Arab peoples' Aspirations
li serves only the interests at the Wespec kanporatuta, who are sung the
archang feudal regime de bara backs the tone is në
the Arab Tart
New Tents & Not
Sukarno Problem-Solved?
ALEXANDER USVATOV
THE Provisional Peoplet. Consulte
tive Congress, Indonesia's supréma policy-making body, met in Djakarta
on March 2-12 at the insistence of the al- Frame Rightttt to decide
President Su- karno's fate. His opponents accuse him el being involved
in the Septembar 30 avanes and claim that he is responatla for the
country's economic plight and la hemparing the establishment of order."
The Congress session opened axtramaly Tania political atmosphere, In
some part of the country, notably In Central and East Java, clashes
occuri red between Sukama's supporters and opponents. The latter had
repeatedly Shreatened to take "drastic steps" if the Congress did not
diantes him and pul him on trial, Sukarno's supporten, ins cluding those
in the armed forces, had prepared for action loa.
The military authorities, seeking to calm the raging passions, leak
précaus Hovery measures marlier this month. All meetings and
damonstrations were ban- ned in Djakarta and certain other areas. The
commander of the 7th Miltary Arsa in Central Java forbade the population
to spark sither for or against Sukama for the duration of the Congress
sas- sion. The Sanajan Sporty Hall, where The Congress mel, was
surrounded by tanks, armoured cars, anti-aircraḥ gum and hoops. The
capital's garrison and the warships lying in the Djakarta bay were
ordered to stand by.
The Congress was asked to spon the Indonesian Parliament's lution of
February 9, demanding Su- karno's dismissal, legal investigation of his
role in the September 30 and hu triek
Sukamo was sharply attacked by Many Congress members. One of them,
repreventing the KAMI student organi Ization, want so far as to declare
That "President Sukame is the source of all the country's current
difficulties."
Most of the mansbars of the National 1st Party and certain others,
including the military, look a moderate sand. Gai neral Suharto, who
opened the debate, affirmed that, according to available lach, Sukamo
did not know "exactly" beforehand about the approaching Saps tambar 30
avant, and that him chlad mlataka constated in
an attempt to seva the principles of NASACOM-CO- operation of the
Nationalak, the
感
gy and the Communists. (France Presse has given a diferent version of
thir part of Suberto's spasch, saying that Sukamo had been informed of
prapera tion for a "communist coup" on Sep- lember 30, 1965, but took no
counter maksaraa) The General wamed that Sukama dik enjoyed "some
popular support," both among civilians "and in the army, as the man who
"pul Indo- nasia on the International map," and acked the Congress to
avoid any action that would "erbate more conflicts,"
Caution in deciding Sukano's Faba was also advocated by other high-rank-
Ing officers Police General and Mini- ster Sutjiplo Judodihardjo urged
resolu Hons which would not be "beyond the amed forcer capability to
safeguard" and which would ensure pasca in the country. Air Vice-Marshal
Rusmin Har Jadin, Minister and Commander of the Air Forca, declared that
the task balora the Congress was the solve the con Niet situation and
defintiely not to cre
a new condict situation."
The healed dabalar which, pers report, farad up at both plenary and
closed cassions, led to the adop- Hon of compromise formulations.
H
The Congress decided to strip Su- kamo of all power and barred hims from
all political activites until the general election in 1964. The argument
given was that he had "ndirectly bas come Involved in the abortiva 1965
communist coup" and "did not properly carry out the mandate given him"
The Congress resolutions thus andens ad the situation which developed
after Sukama had handed over his power as head of govemment la General
Su- hario by decreas of March 11, 1964, and February 20, 1967. In
appointing Su- harts acting President, however, the Congress turned over
le film Sukarnot presidential functions
The Congress deprived Sukamo of hi fifle of "great leader of the
Indonesian revolution" and decided to review his "political mandado" of
1959 In which he had laid down the basic guideline Jar Indanesian
policy.
As for the demand of the mara bals Egement elements that ha be tried an
a "trailer," the Congruas left for General Suharto te decide.
Outlining his
govemments pro- gramme aber ha had been sworn in au
acting President, General Subario bald stress on Indonesia's economic
rehabili tation and, in foreign policy, an "struggle against
Imperialism." At the same home, in his speeches he insist on the
continuation of the ant policy al koma
of
It is a noteworthy fact that the word "diminal" dose not figure in the
Congress resolution le sirs Sukarı his presidential power. The
resolution. Is vaguely worded and even now, far as one can judga leem
Indonesian press report, it may be interpreted in diferent ways. From
the legal point of view, those who hold that Sukarno pas mains
President, though nominally, ara probably right. Speaking over Radio
Djekaria on March 13 General Sukario declared that he regarded
"trasidant Sukamo as a president without powers." Sukamo's opponents
have apparen failed to pel vetalaction of their mand for his
unconditional dis and his supporters have had to sent la his being
deprived of power.
The real power is now in the hand of General Subarto who will act as
Pres ident unit the general election in 1968, He is also Charman of the
Cabinet's Presiding Committee, Chial Münaslar far Defence and Security,
and Minister and Commander of the Land Forces.
Despite the adoption of the Congress resolutions, the political siluakan
in In- donacia ramana tanca
CHINA
From the Mail-Bag
In 19465 1 fought in the battles for the Iberation of Menchuria. Thoumat
of
men and Commanders
A PAND
thear battles. Never setti 2 forget ther Time. Nor will I forget the
Chinese cities, where we were welcomed with
open arma and cries of joy, with awacha of love and gratitude. The
Peking lead- ere are muletaken if they think that by their tiky Then
about the Soviet Dakur they will crner from the memory of the Chinem
what the Soviet people dit for
A. Varagushin
Frases, USSR.
On the Other Side
Notes
of an Eyewitness
LEV LYCCIMOV
THE
Analyzing the causes and development of the revolution in fussa, Lacin
described the barst empire as the weak link in the chain of imperialium.
Under the impact of the war the disintegraben and coruption of the
ruling alte and the autocracy's unbra bureaucratic machine reached that
ulkonata limit. Populer dscentant also mounted to the critical point.
The miling classes wara kemijad of the revolution, they prepared to
drawn # in blood, but were powerless to
debet i
These notes by the worse and publicist Lav Lyubimov are interesting in
that they show the background to the February Revolution at sean from
the other side. They are the laskmony of an spawania who himself
belonged to Russia's upper social stratum and observed is damtegration
and decay at close quier
ters.
Together with his parent, Lyubumov, a youth at the hoa, Bad from the
revolus Hon la Franca, where he was active in Whits émigré politics. He
began as an anamy of the revolution. But under the Influence of his own
experience and of Sovial druggle and achievement, his preconceived
notions gradually fall away, and he had the moral courage to re-examine
bly values and take up the covered ties with het country. In 1948 be
returned to the Soviet Union as a Soviet citizen, He reminiscences of
While sm-get inner life and evolution here attracted tha notice of the
Sovial reading public, and his book "On Alien Soll, has had two aditions
here. The "Notes öf an Epawnnnase" of which this is the Bror Instalment
make no claim, al course, lo be a comprehensive analysis of the posihon
in Russia an the eve of the revolution; but we think nonetheless that
they are of value because of the uthor's intimałe knowledge of the
milieu ha so skilfMy parindys
THE BACK OF Tær Mcholar 3 la 1455 was a palatul
The vitalen that he caught cold while spending troops on their way to
the datance of Sevanapol
tac than that the reverse of the Crimean compuuja 30 lacorated has pride
that he committed notenda. But, though sufering physically and morally,
he did not Janowken the baled that Roma's salvation lay in the
antheratic rule seluck he was the most conabsant exponent. When sprock
caturmed to be just before the and. De mustered kin strmoth be my to the
Crown
"HORS A AIL, AN
And accomponent Use werd werth an
be sent ligh
emplatie gesture
By birth and upbracing 1 belonged in that section of Hamisa society for
which weck zoyal
Ing that deter
the Maslogy. I have written about my Landly
reverting to the subject in order to
samples what this social stratum, which was mamatay at the throws,
represented, what I believed
make clear that the old hereditary tocracy had long coaned to be the top
ancial stration The DONAS NË some of the prmenty kaasas kad Bank ve boy
that many at ther members were reduced.
sce than moden sana and had lost all connection the foul and
conveniently with "ugh society" by Taka od konks Peter the Gover het
laid down the drisons of the educated clones. As our leading pro omare
hatuna. V 0 Klyuchevsky points out BRANE ACTompanying in Table stated
that although
of the highest nokulary would by virtue of thale
have tree accme in the Court and it was destrakla "thel mhachd le all
things ha magazine in merit in others,
24
of them shall PICHÈVE ANY Tank by virtue of birth
singe, but sady upon rendering service to thair soveralga and obweary."
Later, Post | had every reason to declare.
H
"The animecrala la kunda are those I speak 10, and
while I speak to them."
And my status determined solely by proximity to the onal Dasscmined by
the opportunity of accom at least
to the sont oÈ I.
That Throws, Levmillag all around it and at the same time alltacting
endi elerating, appeared to me the rodent augme
Russian statehood.
family
we try to illustrate with the sample of my own
kly paternal grandfather, N. A. Lyskonov, was exised to the nobility,
not born fata 1. His sarvion me profémor of physer for many years at the
Unversity of Moscow are geortally recognised. As the editor of a
biserary magazine, he mainconad regular contact with practically all the
load- Ing wrlines of his line, notably, ovat a particularly long parsed,
walk Dostoyeraky, who groudly ruspected kiva. But that was not what
amored bu social secast. He was la
a pubiicies of extremely conservative Imagings, betí an important
position in the government Service ADİ
Sty Lather was a povemoment digatary of even higher maak, a Swaator and
the holder of a high port at Court. 1 mant salarii. that an a youth †
was incised to be even Valber of that than of the centuries-old nobiny
of my mother's family, the Tugan Barscavitys.
Lastly, I myself was educated at the Alexandrovsky Lycée mode un Cases
by Pukkia, an exclusive Instite- Lige open saly to som of the mobility
and the alma ma-
To the highest of high society my family did not belong, at is true a
lacked the title for that. But in bad very high towards the end of the
umpina, so then ↑ Jake
1
NEW TIMES ANAL 12
deaned to 15% za solve part in governing the empire in
We know that beng decrevités COOKSOMMAR ....... My farij, med everyone
in our circles, were naturally wedded to the noder of things which gave
them so deviable a po- signs Pd how was this expramen ideologically! To
dark soy, nat we were monarchats merely became wa profiled by the
monarchy would of course be a vulgatis Lie every dra, the class that
ruled Randa had Ha ova pred Dhuanised by our bong, it was deeply maged
la ad m
P
AND Dan waring a pet a Navakal study but merely jerne modes by a
cjawiłemu of the events that had ju the immuable detest of the ruling
claws. And I will try to show, taking moel and my family and french an
oxum ples, How and why that claw was in the end swept of the scales of
bhler.
My Daber often rosu to me some remuka ot my trend- Fathers about the
legendine revolution which I think very dewly expressed the ideology of
the ruling clam and brught out the wasting of those last words of Mich
ula 1 to try son, "Hold x ali!' In the years before the revolution ke
pead them to me as a Waching, then, sher i had taken place-ar proof of
my grandfaiber's accurate judgment et al long before it blomphed. I may
say that Those tomatka deeply unpensued me. They came from the book "The
Pull of the Monarchy to Prance" which my grandlaiber publabel in Moaraw
in 1980-a collection of
logues" on the Bra French revolution which had ap-
·
peated in the Junky Vestnik in 1889, is the preface to the book he had
writion:
Between the great historie want that was the Franch ravolature and the
unhappy revolutionary stirrings be our Country Thaid in a vast dißgrance
sot only in importance bol to the prenatal nature of the two things. The
Preach revolutee, whatever the view taken of H, was a contei- petit treg
the revolutionary policies adumbrated la tha Orsary Air Pentially
centislupat The Pranch revoluc bobaly cry was for the unity of France,
what saved France A revolution that rules out petilotami cen only being
rais. And the Rus mus bevnction we are promised is of just that order.
Thi Russian revolution, is quite simply Kuuban faintegration. We have
witnessed our act of # in the troubled time
În toad of celebs wat patriotisan
I
colminating in the Polok teroh në 1863, which our seva-
hallonists sa magadly acclaimed what was 1. They worked dic I not the
fragmentation of Rupain, the eradication of Ruslan patriotism, ali
posable opposition to sational pol- Scheel. The Baskan zevolution can by
its nature only be centrifugal, whether it sets out la benak up the
whole coun try into small and independent best and places or des corn.
Hoell with the more immediate qusition at right= and Pomellatonal
governman."
H
Ti je ali qalka dearly stated. As my grandfather saw it. the revolution
would mean the duntegration of then-
NEW TIMES * H 10
sand-year-old Rowla Anti-patriote by the very nature. I would escribe
the laweka z Kanto as a state.
It was an tsa revolt of a rabble that was incapable of allylung
constructive and was trampling op Hossia's har torical past that the
revolution was received by the social stratum to which I halouped. And
allerwards, in the long
amugh yours, the member of that stratum coutlined 10
see in the new order caly abolika avik, the negation of Russia sasabood
and Russian culture, and deamed 11 bas math their ignity to wody uke
bistencil procmess in th new Russia, for they were paciunded once and
for all that ware but stage in the Jaal duinta- gration and collapse of
a inte great and glorious nation.
The passage i have quoted from my grandfather's write ing porn | Tak,
the stready at the aid of the last contury, the ideology of the Roman
teling class was depr thakdal by pamie Ther of the revolution, schach
they
would spell bàn of Tuana Malekood
+
While tear of the revelation was conversat in the top Achafone of
tsarist Karma, opiniõhu ja to kèw the danger could best be averted
diffecad emuderably
In my father's testiscescu jetonepts from which I have publiked in
Savies penedical) there is a detailed account of an argument sa jaet
this point between blindator of the Interior V. K Palive and Vichear of
Prince S. Y. Witte Plehve was a rigid unheading adherent of repcen- sive
policies, Work, a man of conumerable vision who rạn alised that the
monarchy, of which he was a Arm support- er, needed so wig both the
young bot zaplly growing bourgeoise and the intellectual who more and
more loudly challenged the
The argument took place in need-Delalaer 1902 over diar per at Plohvita
in Yalta, most my fathat, who was head of The Mostry at the interior
Chanestiary, was also prae-
The conversation turned to the position in the country In view of the
growth of the revolutionary movement, and Witie attacked Plelive in his
aparted way, saying that no amount of rapesemine and police carbs would
achieve says thing. The movement went fer desper thea was bebevel, be
went on, and it had outgrown the curbs the Minimer of the Interser kød
at las comissad. Da rooli ley se our part. the humoriste roots in the
zetorme of Alexander (1 The structure bad hasa zabal, while the dome
remained tan- touched, than the sign to crown the adides, the device for
liberties, self-government, a voice in legislation, wat D derstandable.
It was to be feared that if denied a legal outlet. This montiment whiskt
had another vent. Accord lagly, the government should not only respond
to the
rament but suénerom to load said than control H. Puls lie opunkon,
coslal nai be ignored. The govensavent had to win the educated clames
Whom could 11 jaan on obat The people? Why, that was part a phrase--and
Witte gave A
kind of hopeless shrug,
25
·
+
i
1
Plobre, imperturbabia za ovit, and with a slightly var cratic smile,
aneveiced secsething dia tun
"Carwinly the ano
sa demper than is bakeved by many, though not by me? (Raay" stared in
the pecularly bushed some which he always saad when speak- ing of
mysky). "That it has zoola la the past is likewien Indebatable. It may
well be that great upbarish which will rock the sale are on the way. Bet
fớc that very row: non | Chak that we not only can but maat ght. If we
crasot alter the busterical trend of events, we met ple barriers in the
palk in costala it, not swim with the strains, trying to be out ahead.
If we shoubi, God forbid, Save
lucion, it would not be like the revolution in the The man gorsement,
say what you will, experiance and trededene of ervaring. What would
public opinion leaders who replaced it have? Only the desire for pavit,
team if taformed with what they behave in love of country. They would
never be able to control The movement. They would not be able to hold on
if only became they have handed out so many promises that ta ment than
they would indestly have in aqtve lo any and EYECY CONCESION........
What would happen then? It deber the imagination. Accoringly, all com
most be kipped in the bud 1 do not
should be no riforma, bạt 1 um protondly com that the only ensacy
capable of moderating Busin
historically evolved absolute monarchy. The prossesi
En against officialdom in a cloak for mother
male. That, actually, in the whole purpose of the present movement. How
that can
Munster at the Interior, inALEN
combating that
YOU SEEN? .
"Much of what you say in al
CIA
Herklock in the New York Herr
Tribune. Washington Post
returned. "bat Į never recommend sa a robation that the Selcer of the
Undector should bicoma ika bandar of A MOYNBROČ muaifestly opposed to
the government of which | have the honour to be a member. I said the
gove atamani needed to gain control of the movement, which la a vary
different mester. And I will spain repeat that say ŽOVOCORSET, AR
absolute monarch's me any other, mast have the sympathy and support of
publie oplafón, other. wise it functions in a kind of vacuum. The reason
for most zeročutions w the fallura of the government to respond in time
to maturing seeds. A cominder from public opinion that this Thee ja
runing out la noi sapostidad. But above all the pevecumang nanda the
public's sympathy, which al this moment it dow not anjay. And what could
that syn- pashy centre on when the only manasia bolag taken are
repensive?... We met gain that sympathy, Whom in the Minader of the
Taberior to lean on unlaw we do? After all. ble Ministry officials and
gendarme alicers are ant
Anticipating somewhat, let me say that all the emigrá debeles
sabenquently carried on in Constantinople. Bocītu, Paria, Prague
Shinghat, New York wille impresentatives of these two trends still lived
were emmetally no mor then a repetition or amplilextion of the views
Witte and Plobre had exprmend all the way back in 1802.
Witse was of course a statoman of presto calibre Than Plakve and
theoretically his plan for saving the monarchy
probably the more očlective of the two; it had werk- od elsewhere. In
practico it all fell out differnally, how- over. Mada Prima Malater at
the end of 2905,
proved quite unable to "pala central" of the app:
Inovenant whose mosnasium territed him no less than Habra. It was under
him that the moveman swelled in menacing proportions. The surging
sorrest throalased to
Two carlenes typical of warki prese roschien le ha disclosures that the
CIA
Isallesetty Beancing student organizations.
9.5.
The "Free World"
Campus Scene, U.S.A.
"There are a low students who are not working for the CIAT
Male in the Stockholm Alonbladet
NEW TIMES A DA
:
Маринат
burst its banks. And at that point Whe fell back on
of the Interior P. N. Dursova,
P polated at Witte's own insistence although abominated by the liberal
Intellectuals for bis past record. Dersovo did bla ugly work of
suppraming the revolution by the most drostle and ruthless methods,
which Wute deplored in private bol did nothing to opport
Durnova himself stated by paluon to my father in thoma wordar
"This is no longer the stage of usenet, but of cavolollant the Agure of
revolution la already quite clear. Everyone in power wanted to strike
not at it but kung back; all of them, with Coues Wille at the hand, are
afraid of public
opinion and the press, afraid of not being considered 60-
ligblanod stalammen. But I have nothing la kose, particularly where the
pres la concerned, and 1 have struck out at tha Agure of revolution and
set an example to others..... It the only way in the present situation,
and one of the purest in geonca), particularly bare in Rosula."
The Brot Russlaa revolution was crashed, and the torin goverment gained
a breathing-space.
די
H
With the liberal intellectuala my family had done con- lact through my
uncle Prot. M. 1. Tugan-Baranovsky, the well-known scopomlet and
exponent of "legal Martian." Politically be loaned towards the
Constitutional Democrats, or "Cadela" 1 remember how he loved F. N.
Milyakov's famous speech in the Duma edoua monthu before the Fabr ruary
revolution, which smalled the "dark forem?" that se the Raspulla claque,
naked whether the government's poli Joy was "folly or trasson." and
practically pointed Enger at the tsarina. To my uncle that speech, and
parties ularly the Impression. It made, was the harbinger af Patents
that would be Runda's salvation", the formation of a responsible
Ministry or else a palace coup to set up a constitutional monarchy. He
apparently weased no
la retrospect. Milyukov's speech was often held up as an event that had
kastened the fall of marties, if not actually as the prologue to the
Pebruary revoloton. In the fur skoye Slave of March 5, 1917. ↑ And a
place wikten shout the new Viinistars by Alexander Yablonowsky, a well-
known columnist of the day. † kanw Yablonovsky wall in the émigré yours,
when we both wrote for the intermely conservative Vorroridemia, which
regularly attached MI- lyukov from the Right. But la this article
Yablonovsky was all enthusiasm for the Ministers of the Provisional
Government set up in place of the overthrown terlet ad- munistration. Of
Milyakov, in particular, be had this to say: "Can one imagine the
Russian revolution, the Rus alan constitution, the Russian Constituent
Assembly out Milyukov!"
But let us see what role Müllyukay really played. On the evening of
March 2, 1917, wearing an ordinary cost instead of the Lycée velforja, †
stood among the sole dies and worker who crowded Mielay Prospect. Baten-
NEW TIMES * No, th
ing eagerly to what they asid. The order | ka 1 teen brought up to
revere had fallen, and I wanted with at the Intensity of youth to tad
out what was in store for Rus sa. One of the ankdiers angrily shood
Miyukov for "wanting to put Michael in Nicholas's placet." I remember
being horrified by this casual reference to the mat. The soldier was
referring to Milyakov's Teurida Palace spooch. to the representatives of
the revolutionary people, made before the bar had abdicated. I quote
from a wewapapar report of that speech:
"The despot who has brought Russia to total zula wit relinquish the
throne voluntarily be will be deposed (Applause) Power will pass into
the beade at the Grand Duke Michael at regul. The baly welll be Alexis
Damer- jection: "They the oột dyan?"). Ya, gentlemen, it is tha old
dynasty. You may not like 16, and 7 may not lika
It either. But it is not a matter of likes and dialiisa. Wa
cannot leave the question of the form of governmeė) KTADI overed,
undecided. What we mvlage is a parliamentary and constitutional
monarchy. It is powrble that others envisage something else, but if we
start arguing about k now Instead of settling things at once, Russla
will be on- pulled in civil war."
In Duma eireles Milyukov had been dubbed the "god of lactinasma." And
even a youngster lika me had only to see the soldier' and workers' faces
as they discussed bla. speech to realne how out of key it sea.
When Nicholas abdicated in favour of his brother tha
Grand Duke Michael instead of his son, Milyukov, practic- ally alone
among the delegation that called on the Grand Duka, begged-even they my
implorad-kian not to ab dicate in tora
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