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123. When such organisations do not exist, UNESCO has taken the lead in seeking to establish them. In 1948, for example, the International Theatre InstiPutgaandthefnational Council for Philosophy of H8manistic Studies came into being. For, already in its short two years of life, UNESCO has been able to demonstrate the efficacy of such support for existing international bodies by observing the beneficient results of its grants, notably to and through the International Council of Scientific Unions. Reflection upon this experience, brief as it necessarily is, has already resulted in the formation of a code of practice governing the financial relationships between UNESCO and many other organisations already promoting or wishing to work together for international understanding while pursuing their own special objectives for the enlargement of mankind's achievements whether in professional life, in the sciences or in the arts. This code is set out in full as a Directive in the Report of the Official and External Relations Commission and the United Kingdom Delegation earnestly commends it to the study of all those who, being members of international non-governmental organisations in the fields of education, science or culture or who are seeking to establish such organisa- tions, contemplate closer association with UNESCO.

124. The United Kingdom Delegation has always sought to ensure that in its recognitions of such non-governmental organisations UNESCO should exclude national organisations. This principle receives recognition in the Directive established by the Third Session of the General Conference. The need for the greatest care in the distribution of aid from UNESCO's budget was especially emphasised by the United States Delegation who, however, tempered the vigour of the first expression of their views before the Commission after further examination of the circumstances in which grants had actually been made. Their proposal for a triennial review by the Executive Board of all grants was ultimately agreed.

125. UNESCO's association with international non-governmental organisa- tions, apart from merely informal relationships, and apart from the formation of advisory committees grouping several organisations associated with UNESCO, takes the form either of consultative arrangements or of formal agreements.

126. The privileges accorded to organisations having consultative arrangements and their reciprocal obligations to UNESCO are described in detail in this Directive under the headings "Princpiles governing Relation- ships," "Organisations eligible to enter into Relationships" and "Procedure for selecting the organisations with which UNESCO will enter into Relationship."

127. Under the last named heading those Formal Agreements are considered which are prescribed for all international non-governmental organisations to which UNESCO gives financial aid or the equivalent of financial aid in the shape of free office space and secretarial facilities. The distinction between grants-in-aid and the now more generally favoured payments on a contractual basis for specific pieces of work which UNESCO desires to see undertaken, is established in the section of the Directive on Payments to International Non-Governmental and Semi-Governmental Organisations." The purposes for which grants-in-aid may be made by UNESCO and the purposes for which contracts may be concluded are set out in subsequent sections.

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128. Together with the work of National Commissions and National Co-operating Bodies, this activity of UNESCO in aiding and stimulating international non-governmental organisations offers the most hopeful line