14.
H. A. Copeman to Goldman, 19 May 1967. The memo was read by the chancellor on 25 May, TNA, T317/902.
15.
Cabinet Conclusions, 10 a.m., 30 May 1967, TNA, CAB128/42.
16.
Cabinet Conclusions, 11 July 1967, TNA, CAB128/42.
17.
The other members were the secretary of state for defence, president of board of trade, Lord Shackleton, and the minister of state for foreign affairs (Mulley).
18.
S. H. Wright to Mr Houghton, Top Secret ��Ministerial Committee on Hong Kong; interim report by of.cials��, 21 July 1967, TNA, T317/902.
19.
H. Jenkyns to Sir A. Galsworthy, 19 July 1967, TNA, T317/902.
20.
HMT, Board of Trade, Bank of England Paper for Rogers Committee, ��Hong Kong: Contingency Planning for an Evacuation (.nancial and economic)��, 10 August 1967, TNA, T295/240.
21.
Bank of England, Treasury, Board of Trade paper, ��Hong Kong: Contingency Planning for an Evacuation (.nancial and economic)��, 10 August 1967, TNA, T295/240. The book value of UK FDI in Hong Kong (excluding oil, insurance and banking) at the end of 1964 was �G26 million. A. Mackay to Hubback (BE), 14 September 1967, TNA, T317/903.
22.
Cowperthwaite meeting at Bank of England, 15 September 1967, TNA, PRO T295/240.
23.
A. Mackay (HMT) to Hubback (BE), account of Rogers Working Party meeting, 24 August 1967, TNA, T295/240.
24.
S. H. Wright to Mr Lavelle, passing on Commonwealth Secretary��s views to Chancellor of the Exchequer calling for an end to the contingency planning, 7 December 1967, TNA, T295/240.
25.
Note by P. Nicholls of a meeting of Rogers Working Party, 6 September 1967, TNA, T317/903.
26.
Schenk, Hong Kong as an International Financial Centre, p. 70.
27.
Report on 14 July 1967. Hong Kong Public Records Of.ce (hereafter HKRS) 163-1-2660.
28.
N. H. T. Bennett memo, 7 June 1967. Chairman��s papers, Carton 4, Hong Kong Disturbances 1967, HSBC Group Archive (hereafter HSBC).
29.
A. Mackay to Hubback, 24 August 1967, TNA, T295/240. L. Goodstadt, ��Painful Transitions: The Impact of Economic Growth and Government Policies on Hong Kong��s Chinese banks, 1945�V70��, HKIMR Working Paper, 16, 2006.
30.
��The Sterling Supply�� by J. M. Scott. Given to Government and to Cowperthwaite (then in the UK), 6 June 1967. The Chartered Bank were also worried about the drain of sterling from the note issue. Haslam (Bank of England) to G. O. W. Stewart, 15 June 1967. Chairman��s papers, Carton 4, Hong Kong Disturbances 1967, HSBC.
31.
F. J. Knightly to G. O. W. Stewart in London, 7 June 1967. Chairman��s papers, Carton 4, Hong Kong Disturbances 1967, HSBC.
32.
Haslam (Bank of England) to G. O. W. Stewart, 15 June 1967. Chairman��s papers, Carton 4, Hong Kong Disturbances 1967, HSBC.
33.
F. J. Knightly to J. A. H. Saunders, 20 June 1967. Chairman��s papers, Carton 4, Hong Kong Disturbances 1967, HSBC. The government also agreed that the HSBC could hold a larger reserve of un-issued Hong Kong doallar notes in London for emergencies.
34.
I am grateful to Robert Bickers for drawing my attention to the following news reports: 19 May 1967, China Mail; 23 May 1967, South China Morning Post.
35.
Extract from Cheng Wu Pao, 20 May 1967, HKH95, HSBC.
36.
Telegram from Sir David Trench to the Foreign and Commonwealth Of.ce, 19 May 1967, TNA, T295/241. Cash withdrawals had been limited to HK$100 per day during the 1965 banking crisis.
37.
Memo by M. Brereton, S. S. (EM) to Financial Secretary, 29 March 1968, HKRS 163-1-3276.
38.
Note by N. H. T. Bennett, 26 May 1967. Chairman��s papers, Carton 4, Hong Kong Disturbances 1967, HSBC.
39.
Extract from Sing Tao Jih Pao, 31 October 1967. HKH95, HSBC.
40.
GHO 262/1, HSBC. 41. Memo, 3 May 1967, HKRS 163-1-3275.
42. For an account of the development of the Hong Kong banking system, see C. R. Schenk, ��Banking Crises and the Evolution of the Regulatory Framework in Hong Kong 1945�V70��, Australian Economic History Review, 43(2), pp. 140�V54, 2003; C.
R. Schenk, ��Banks and the Emergence of Hong Kong as an International Financial Centre��, Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money 12(4�V5), pp. 321�V40; Catherine Schenk, ��Banking Groups in Hong Kong 1945�V65��, Asia Paci.c Business Review, 2000: 7(2), pp. 131�V54.
43. Leo F. Goodstadt, Uneasy Partners: The Con.ict Between Public Interest and Private
Pro.t in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005), p. 186. 44. HKRS 163-1-3274.
Chapter 8
1. Thanks to The Leverhulme Trust, which provided .nancial assistance, the Centre of Asian Studies of the University of Hong Kong, which provided support during .eld work, and participants at the ��May Days�� workshop.
2.
Tai-lok Lui and Stephen W. K. Chiu, ��Social Movements and Public Discourse on Politics��, in Tak-Wing Ngo (ed.), Hong Kong��s History, State and Society Under Colonial Rule (London, and New York: Routledge, 1999), p. 102.
3.
See Catherine Jones, Promoting Prosperity: The Hong Kong Way of Social Policy (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1990), pp. 209�V83.
4.
See Joe England and John Rear, Chinese Labour Under British Rule (Hong Kong and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), pp. 121�V53; Joe England, Industrial Relations and Law in Hong Kong (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
5.
On the strike, see John M. Carroll, A Concise History of Hong Kong (Latham, MD; Plymouth: Rowman and Little.eld, 2007), pp. 89�V116. On trade unions, see England and Rear, Chinese Labour, pp. 74�V85.
6.
See David Clayton, ��Capitalism under Confucianism and Colonialism: The Government and Trade Unions in Hong Kong, c. 1948�V60��, available from the author on request.
7.
See David Clayton, ��From ��Free�� to ��Fair�� trade��: The Evolution of Labour Laws in Colonial Hong Kong, 1958�V62��, Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 35:2 (2007), pp. 263�V83.
8.
Ibid.
9.
England, Industrial Relations, p. 166.
10.
Carroll, History of Hong Kong, pp. 158�V61.
11.
Steve Tsang, A Modern History of Hong Kong (London: I. B. Tauris, 2004), p. 171.
12.
See Frank Welsh, A History of Hong Kong (London: Harper Collins, 1997), p. 461. On Chicago-school polemics, see Alvin Rabuska, Hong Kong: A Study in Economic Freedom [William H. Abbott Lectures in International Business and Economic] (Chicago: University of Chicago, Graduate School of Business, 1979).
13.
See David W. Clayton, ��Industrialisation and Institutional Change in Hong Kong, 1842�V 1960��, in John Latham and Heita Kawakatsu (eds.), Asia Paci.c Dynamism 1550�V2000 (London and New York: Routledge, 2000), pp. 149�V69.
14.
See David W. Clayton, ��Labour-intensive Industrialization in Hong Kong, 1950�V70: A Note on Sources and Methods��, Asian Paci.c Business Review, 12:3 (2006), pp. 375�V88.
15.
The National Archives (Kew, London), Foreign and Commonwealth Of.ce [henceforth TNA, FCO] 40/124, telegrams to London, 18 April, no. 481, and 24 April 1967, no. 495.
16.
See Jgen Osterhammel, Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview [translated from German by Shelley L. Frisch] (Princeton: M. Weiner, Kingston, Ian Randle Publishers, 1997), p. 60.
17.
On structures, George B. Endacott, Government and People in Hong Kong, 1841�V 1962: A Constitutional History (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1964). On historical processes, see Steve Tsang, Democracy Shelved (Hong Kong and New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
18.
See Norman Miners, Hong Kong under Imperial Rule, 1912�V1941 (Hong Kong and New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), on mui-tsai (indentured girl servants).
19.
See John M. Carroll, Edge of Empire: Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong (Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2005).
20.
England and Rear, Chinese Labour, p. 11.
21.
Ian Scott, ��Policy-making in a Turbulent Environment: The Case of Hong Kong��, International Journal of Administrative Sciences, 52 (1986), p. 455.
22
. See Clayton, ��Free Trade��.
23.
See Hong Kong Public Record Of.ce (PRO), Hong Kong, Record Series [henceforth HKRS] 939/1/65, Wah Kiu Yat Po, 7 September 1960; HKRS 939/52, Wah Kiu Yat Po, 18 January 1961, 13 and 20 March 1959, and the Hong Kong Times, 14 March 1959.
24.
See HKRS 270/5/60.
25.
See Steven Chi Man Chow, ��Economic Growth and Income Distribution in Hong Kong�� [Unpublished PhD] (Boston: University Graduate School, 1977).
26.
See David W. Clayton, ��Inter-Asian Competition for the British Market in Cotton Textiles: The Political Economy of Anglo-Asian Cartels, c.1932�V1960��, in John Latham and Heita Kawakatsu (eds.), Inter-Asian Competition for the World Market Since the Sixteenth Century (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. 186�V209.
27.
See Clayton, ��Free Trade��.
28.
See Ian Scott, Political Change and the Crisis of Legitimacy in Hong Kong (London: Hurst, 1989), pp. 81�V121.
29.
England, Industrial Relations, pp. 12�V16.
30.
Grace O. M. Lee, ��Labour Protection��, in Paul Wilding, Ahmed Sha.qul Huque, and Julia Tao Lai Po-wah (eds.), Social Policy in Hong Kong (Cheltenham, UK, and Lyme, US: Edward Elgar, 1997), pp. 128�V45; and Scott, Political Change.
31.
Lee, ��Labour Protection��, p. 131.
32.
For details, see Clayton, ��Free Trade��.
33.
TNA, FCO 40/127, ��Labour Conditions in Hong Kong��, memorandum by the Hong Kong Labour Department, July 1968.
34.
See Colonial Of.ce [henceforth, CO] CO859/1715, and note on the hours of work of women and young persons, Hong Kong, Labour Department, 16 March 1965.
35.
TNA, CO 859/1715, comment by J. S. Bennett, 9 October 1964.
36.
TNA, CO 859/1715, letter to Robert Black, Governor Hong Kong, 13 December 1963.
37.
HKRS 1017/2/2, ��Report on Visit to Hong Kong��, 4�V18 January 1963, by C. G. Gibbs, 14 February 1963.
38.
TNA, CO 859/1715, minute by Gibbs, 14 February 1963.
39.
TNA, CO 859/1715, letter from Trafford Smith to Black, 13 December 1963.
40.
HKRS 1017/2/2, telegram to Hong Kong, 5 June 1963.
41.
TNA, CO 59/1715, telegram to Hong Kong, 14 January 1964.
42.
TNA, CO 8859/1715, minute by Bennett, 13 December 1963.
43.
TNA, CO 859/1715, minute of meeting with Hong Kong of.cials, 9 October 1964; TNA, FCO 40/27, ��Labour Conditions in Hong Kong��, July 1968; HKRS 1017/2/2, report on Visit, Gibbs, 14 February 1963.
44.
TNA, CO 859/1715, minute by J. W. Vernon, 5 October 1964; TNA, CO 859/1715, minute of meeting with Hong Kong of.cials, 9 October 1964.
45.
HKRS 1017/2/2, report by Gibbs, 14 February 1963.
46.
TNA, CO 859 1715, minute of meeting with Hong Kong of.cials, 9 October 1964.
47.
HKRS 1017/2/2, report by Gibbs, 14 February 1963.
48.
Ibid.
49.
TNA, CO 859/1715, note by P. C. M. Sedgwick, 9 October 1964.
50.
TNA, CO 859/1715, minute by Vernon, 5 October 1964.
51.
TNA, CO 859/1715, minute by Bennett, 14 August 1964.
52.
HKRS 1017/2/2, report by Gibbs, 14 February 1963.
53.
TNA, CO 859/1715, minute by Bennett, 14 August 1964.
54.
TNA, CO 859/1715, minute by Shelia. A. Ogilvie, 13 August 1964.
55.
TNA, FCO 40/266, Hong Kong, Visit of Labour Advisor, 11�V16 October 1967, G. Foggon, 17 November 1967.
56.
TNA, FCO 40/124, telegrams from Hong Kong, 18 April, no. 481, and 24 April 1967, no. 495.
57.
TNA, FCO 40/127, ��Hong Kong��s Labour Legislation Programme: The Commissioner of Labour��s Address to the Legislative Council on 14th February, 1968��.
58.
TNA, FCO 125, telegram from Hong Kong, 19 June 1967.
59.
TNA, FCO 40/125, telegram from Hong Kong, no. 668, 23 May 1967; telegram from Hong Kong, 19 June 1967, no. 1138.
60.
TNA, FCO 40/125, telegram to Hong Kong, no. 1017, 23 May 1967.
61.
On lobbying, TNA, FCO 40/124, letter from J. Greenhalgh [General Secretary of the International Textile and Garment Workers Federation, London] to Judith Hart, Secretary of State for Colonial Affairs, 23 November 1967; TNA, FCO 40/125, letter from Greenhalgh to Hart, 5 May 1967; letter from Greenhalgh to Foggon, 4 May 1967; letter from Ernest Thornton to Hart, 18 May 1967.
62.
TNA, FCO 40/266, report on visit, Foggon, 17 November 1967.
63.
TNA, FCO 40/267, Extract from a report by the Special Branch, Hong Kong Police, 27 February 1970.
64.
Ibid.
65.
See Clayton ��Capitalism under Confucianism��.
66.
TNA, FCO 40/267, minute by Foggon, 19 February 1970; and TNA, FCO 40/266, minute by Foggon, 19 January 1970.
67.
TNA, FCO 40/267, note for a ��visit by Mr Anthony Royle��, October 1970.
68.
TNA, FCO 40/267, minute by Foggon, 15 May 1970.
69.
TNA, FCO 40/333, telegram from Hong Kong, no. 361, 11 May 1971; minutes by K. M. Wilford, 7 January 1970.
70.
TNA, FCO 40/266, letter from David Trench to Lord Malcolm Newton Shephard, Minister of State, 26 February 1970.
71.
TNA, FCO 40/333, telegram from Hong Kong, no. 380, 25 May 1971; minutes by E.
O. Laird, [undated].
72.
TNA, FCO 40/267, letter from D. R. Holmes to E. O. Laird, 10 August 1970.
73.
TNA, FCO 40/266: note of meeting with Lord Shephard, 19 March 1970; letter to The Guardian, 11 March 1970.
74.
TNA, FCO 40/266, comment by Greenhalgh, cited in minutes of meeting with Shephard, 17 March 1970.
75.
TNA, FCO 40/266, The Guardian, 3 March 1970; Con.dential Memorandum on ��Conditions of Employment in Hong Kong��.
76.
TNA, FCO 40/266, letter from Greenhalgh to Lord Shephard, 23 February 1970.
77.
TNA, FCO 40/333, Telegram from the Governor of Hong Kong, no. 402, 27 May 1971.
78.
TNA, FCO 40/333, minute by E. O. Laird, May 1971.
79.
TNA, FCO 40/267, extract from a Special Branch, Hong Kong Police, report, 27 February 1970.
80.
Ibid.
Chapter 9
1.
John D. Young, ��The Building Years: Maintaining a China-Hong Kong-Britain Equilibrium, 1950�V71��, in M. K. Chan (ed.), The Precarious Balance: Hong Kong Between Britain and China, 1842�V1992 (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1994), p. 139; Ian C. Jarvie, ��A Postscript on Riots and the Future of Hong Kong��, in Ian C. Jarvie and Joseph Agassi (eds.), Hong Kong: A Society in Transition (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969), p. 361; Keith Hopkins (ed.), Hong Kong: The Industrial Colony (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1971), p. xiii.
2.
David Faure (ed.), Society: A Documentary History of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1997), p. 287.
3.
Doug McAdam, Sidney Tarrow and Charles Tilly, The Dynamics of Contention (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 13.
4.
Alan Smart and Josephine Smart, ��Learning from Disaster? Mad Cows, Squatter Fires, and Temporality in Repeated Cases��, in Eric Jones and Arthur D. Murphy (eds.), The Political Economy of Hazards and Disasters (Lanham, MD: Altamira Press, 2009), pp. 267�V93.
5.
Alan Smart, ��Unreliable Chinese: Internal Security and the Devaluation and Expansion of Citizenship in Postwar Hong Kong��, in Deborah Cowen and Emily Gilbert (eds.), War, Citizenship, Territory (New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 219�V40.
6.
Steve Tsang, A Modern History of Hong Kong, 1841�V1997 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2004), p. 205.
7.
For a brief survey of changing government policies on social services, see Catherine Jones, Promoting Prosperity: The Hong Kong Way of Social Policy (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1990), Chapter 6.
8.
Gertrude Williams, Report on the Feasibility of a Survey into Social Welfare Provision and Allied Topics in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1966), p. 1.
9.
Young, ��The Building Years��, p. 143.
10.
Commission of Inquiry on Kowloon Disturbances 1966, Report of Commission of Inquiry: Kowloon Disturbances 1966 (Hong Kong: Government Printer, 1967).
11.
Quoted in Faure, Society, p. 308.
12.
Commission of Inquiry on Kowloon Disturbances 1966, Report of Commission of Inquiry, p. 125.
13.
Ambrose Yeo-chi King, ��Administrative Absorption of Politics in Hong Kong��, Asian Survey, 15:5 (1975), pp. 422�V39; Elizabeth Sinn, Power and Charity: The Early History of the Tung Wah Hospital (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1989); John M. Carroll, Edge of Empires: Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005).
14.
Tak-wing Ngo, ��Industrial History and the Arti.ce of Laissez-Faire Colonialism��, in Tak-wing Ngo (ed.), Hong Kong��s History: State and Society under Colonial Rule (London: Routledge, 1999), pp. 119�V40.
15.
Stephen W. K. Chiu, ��Unravelling Hong Kong��s Exceptionalism: The Politics of Laissez-faire in the Industrial Takeoff��, Political Power and Social Theory, 10 (1996), pp. 229�V56.
16.
Leo F. Goodstadt, Uneasy Partners: The Con.ict Between Public Interest and Private Pro.t in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005).
17.
Ibid., p. 120.
18.
Ibid., p. 26.
19.
Tsang, Modern History of Hong Kong, p. 142.
20.
James Hayes, Friends and Teachers: Hong Kong and Its People 1953�V1987 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1996), p. 9.
21.
Siu-kai Lau, ��Utilitarianistic Familism: The Basis of Political Stability��, in Ambrose Y.
C. King and Rance P. L. Lee (eds.), Social Life and Development in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1981), pp. 195�V216; Society and Politics in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1982).
22.
Denis J. Dwyer, ��The Problems of In-migration and Squatter Settlement in Asian Cities: Two Case Studies, Manila and Victoria, Hong Kong��, Asian Studies, 2 (1965), pp. 145�V 69.
23.
Alan Smart, Making Room: Squatter Clearance in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, the University of Hong Kong, 1992); The Shek Kip Mei Myth: Squatters, Fires and Colonial Rule in Hong Kong, 1950�V63 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2006).
24.
Wai-man Lam, Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong: The Paradox of Activism and Depoliticization (Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2004).
25.
Ibid., p. 80.
26.
Goodstadt, Uneasy Partners.
27.
Smart, Making Room, p. 151.
28.
Lam, Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong, p. 105.
29.
Ibid., p. 105.
30.
Smart, The Shek Kip Mei Myth; ��Unreliable Chinese.��
31.
HKRS 920-1-2. This .le includes a compilation of societies denied registration and it is a fascinating list ranging from a drivers�� instructors association to the Hong Kong Chinese Basket-ball Society.
32.
Steve Tsang, ��Strategy for Survival: The Cold War and Hong Kong��s Policy towards Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Activities in the 1950s��, The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 25:2 (1997), p. 317.
33.
Ibid.
34.
HKRS (Hong Kong Record Series) 163-3-87.
35.
Manuel Castells, L. Goh and Reginald Kwok, The Shekkipmei Syndrome: Economic Development and Public Housing in Hong Kong and Singapore (London: Pion, 1990); James Lee, Housing, Home Ownership and Social Change in Hong Kong (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999).
36.
Smart, The Shek Kip Mei Myth, pp. 95�V116.
37.
Iam-chong Ip, ��Welfare Good or Colonial Citizenship? A Case Study of Early Resettlement Housing��, in Agnes S. Ku and Ngai Pun (eds.), Remaking Citizenship in Hong Kong: Community, Nation and the Global City (London: Routledge Curzon, 2004), pp. 37�V53.
38.
Christopher John Mackay, ��Housing Management and the Comprehensive Housing Model in Hong Kong: A Case Study of Colonial In.uence��, Journal of Contemporary China, 9:25 (2000), pp. 449�V66.
39.
McAdam, Tarrow and Tilly, Dynamics of Contention.
40.
Smart, The Shek Kip Mei Myth.
41.
Lam, Understanding the Political Culture of Hong Kong, p. 124.
42.
Trench��s last valedictory despatch, written shortly before his departure from Hong Kong, was considered ��little more than a covering letter to a copy of . . . [his] .nal address to the Hong Kong Legislative Council on 1 October 1971.�� TNA, FCO 40/385,
A. W. Gaminara to Mr Clewley and Mr Laird, 17 February 1972.
43.
TNA, FCO 40/292, Governor to the Right Honourable Michael Stewart, C.H., M.P., Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, 23 April 1970.
44.
Ibid.
45.
Ibid.
46.
TNA, FCO 40/323, J. R. A. Bottomley to Sir L. Monson, 17 February 1971.
47.
See Yep��s chapter in this volume, for a detailed analysis of Governor Trench��s interactions with the Foreign Of.ce during and in the immediate aftermath of the 1967 riots.
48.
TNA, FCO 40/439, Governor to the Rt. Hon. Sir Alec Douglas-Home, K.T., M.P., 1 January 1973.
49.
Ibid.
50
. TNA, FCO 40/329, C. M. MacLehose to Sir Leslie Monson, Mr Wilford, Mr Morgan and Mr Laird, 16 October 1971.
51.
Ibid.
52.
TNA, FCO 40/439, Governor to the Rt. Hon. Sir Alec Douglas-Home, K.T., M.P., 1 January 1973.
53.
Ibid.
54.
Ibid.
55.
See, for example, Kwong-leung Tang, Colonial State and Social Policy: Social Welfare Development in Hong Kong 1842�V1997 (Lanham, NY: University Press of America, 1998), Chapter 5. Social welfare under MacLehose is described as a ��big bang��.
56.
Tai-lok Lui, ��Between Metropole and Colony: Re.ecting on Hong Kong��s Coloniality.�� Keynote speech delivered at the 9th Annual Conference of Hong Kong Sociological Association, 8 December 2007, City University of Hong Kong.
57.
TNA, FCO 40/439, Governor to the Rt. Hon. Sir Alec Douglas-Home, K.T., M.P., 1 January 1973.
1967: Witnesses remember
1.
Oxford, Rhodes House Library, Mss.Ind.Ocn.s.337, Transcript of interviews, 23 and 24 April 1987, given by Sir David Trench, Governor of Hong Kong (1964�V71), to Dr Steve Tsang, and edited by Sir David Trench.
2.
Gary Cheung (2000), Xianggang liuqi baodong neiqing (Inside story of the 1967 riots in Hong Kong) (Hong Kong: Paci.c Century Press).
3.
Women Bisheng Gangying Bibie (We will win! The British will lose!) (Hong Kong: Ta Kung Pao, 1967).
4.
Chow Yik (Zhou Yi), Xianggang zuopai douzheng shi (A History of Leftist Struggle) (Hong Kong: Liwen chuban, 2002).
5.
This was a detention centre used by the Hong Kong Police Special Branch during the riots.
6.
Li Yee, ��Canjia fanying kangbao di rizi�� (Days of involvement in the anti-colonial struggle) Apple Daily, 6 May 2007, A. 14.
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Index
User��s Note:
The arrangement of entries is word-by-word. Entries comprising numbers are alphabetized and placed in the appropriate alphabetical sequence, e.g. ��1967�� is read as ��nineteen sixty-seven�� and placed after ��Ngo��.
Where references are made to subject matter in the endnotes, the page number is followed by ��n�� and then the number of the note, viz: 189n59.
Tables and charts have also been indexed where the subject matter does not appear in the text on the same page. References to tables and charts comprise the page number followed by the table or .gure number in parentheses, viz: 124 (Figure 7.14).
Afternoon News, 9, 31 Akers-Jones, Sir David, 50 All Circles Anti-Persecution Struggle
Committee, 4, 6, 9, 22 American Chamber of Commerce, 27 Americans, see United States Annieson, Anthony, 93 Anti-British Struggle Committee, 70 anti-colonial campaign, 6�V8, 22 anti-riot policy, 41�V2 archives, 16, 21, 74, 105, 148, 153 arrests, 1, 9
editors and publishers, 9, 31, 40 Auxiliary Police Force, see Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force
Bank of China, 121, 122 Bank of England, 113 bank deposits, 118�V20
mainland banks, 122�V3, 124 (Figure 7.14) banking system, impact of 1967 riots on, 115�V26
banknote issue, 113, 115
banks, see Chinese mainland banks, foreign banks, and names of individual banks
Beijing, demonstrations in, 6, 22 Bennett, N. H. T., 113, 116 Benton, Gregor, 13 Bernacchi, Brook, 28, 45 Black, Sir Robert Brown, 13, 130, 132 bombs, 11, 30, 41, 81,177
bombing campaign, 3, 8, 97�V8
statistics, 6, 7 (Table 1.1) Bonavia, David, 63, 89 border, Hong Kong-China
��border screen�� security, 100�V2
incidents, 100�V1 Bottomley, J. R. A., 154 boycotts, against British goods, 71, 76 Bray, Denis, 38, 39, 41
on crisis of legitimacy, 50, 189n59 on use of emergency powers, 42, 43 Britain (see also Sino-British relationship) policy towards China, 74
position on Hong Kong, 63�V4, 66, 108 relations with Hong Kong as sovereign power, 5, 15�V6, 74, 105, 107, 133, 158 British concessions in China, 74 British consulate, Macao, 55 abandonment of, 53, 59�V61 demonstrations against, 57�V9 British garrison, 13, 26, 90, 98, 100 deployment of, 40, 93 ��British interests�� defence of, 25, 36, 74 interpretation of, 15 British Mission, Beijing, attack on, 9, 31, 41 British Mission, Shanghai, 31 Bulwark, HMS, 10, 77, 96 business community, opposition to labour reforms, 136, 137, 138, 139, 143
Cabinet Ministerial Committee on Hong Kong, 27 Callaghan, James (later Lord Callaghan of Cardiff), 106 Canton (see also Guangzhou), 54 Canton Trade Fair, 32 capital, .nancial, see .nancial capital Carvalho, Nobre de, 54, 57 Carver, General Sir Michael, 3 Cater, Sir Jack, 30, 31, 38, 40 quoted, 39, 48, 80, 83 Catron, Gary, 69, 70, 72 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 107 Centre of Contemporary British History, London University, 164 Chamberlain, Joseph, 84 Chan Chi Kong, 176�V7 Chartered Bank, 116, 117 Chatham Road detention centre, 176 Chen Yi, 24, 187n25 Cheng Wu Pao, 116 Cheung Ka-wai, 75, 165 Chiang Kai-shek, 74, 92 China (see also Sino-British relationship), 23, 35, 74 importance of Hong Kong to, 107�V8 policy towards Hong Kong, 73
support for Hong Kong disturbances, 41, 70, 71�V2, 73, 74 threat from, 8, 107 China factor, 11�V2, 70�V4 views on, 49, 155 China Motor Bus, 69 Chinese (language), as of.cial language, 83, 151 Chinese (people), government attitude towards, 148, 151, 152 Chinese Communist Party, 13, 36, 72, 107, 128 Chinese communities in Britain, 10, 13 overseas, 79 Chinese mainland banks in Hong Kong, 105, 117, 118, 119, 120�V5, 126 liquidity of, 124�V5 Chinese Manufacturers��Association (CMA), 130�V1 Chinese Mechanics Institute, 76 Chinese militia, 101 Chinese nationalism, 74, 76 Chinese News Agency, see Xinhua News Agency Chinese Seamen��s Union, 76, 78 Chinese Students Weekly, 173 Ching, Pedro, 101 Chiu, Stephen W K, 149 Chow, Shouson, 12, 72, 79, 82, 84 Chow Yik, 165�V6, 167 Chung Kwok San Man Po (China News), 72�V3 Chung Wah Middle School, 10, 32, 34, 176 city district of.ces system, 148 City University of Hong Kong, ��May Days�� workshop, 163�V4 Clementi, Sir Cecil, 71, 73, 77, 78, 84 Cole, Leo, 116 colonial administration, see Hong Kong government colonial administrators, British, 5 colonial governance, 5, 12, 15, 155 Colonial Of.ce, 4, 5, 133, 135, 137, 155 colonial police forces, 89�V90 Colonial Police Service, 90
colonial policy, con.ict with diplomatic policy, 5 colonial state, the, see Hong Kong government Commonwealth Relations Of.ce, 4, 30 communist schools closure of, 10, 32, 77, 185n51 proposed de-registration of, 34 communists, Hong Kong, 23, 152 raids on premises of, 9 ��confrontation��, use of term, 3 confrontation prisoners, 34, 36 constitutional reforms, plans for, 84 Cooper, John, 1, 75 corruption, 84, 103, 175, 178 Counter-Propaganda Bureau, 79 Cowperthwaite, Sir John J., 109, 115, 130 ��crisis��, de.nition of, 49 crowd control, ��newer�� methods of, 96 Cultural Revolution, 3, 33, 38, 75, 79 impact on Hong Kong, 69, 95 1967 riots seen as result of, 37, 167, 171 curfew, 178
Darwin, John, 4 Davies, Emrys, 53, 60 Davies, Hugh, 53, 60 death threats, 82 deaths, 1, 71, 81, 93, 94, 98, 101 Defence and Overseas Policy Committee, 62 Defence Review, British, 10, 13, 26, 100, 105 Working Pary, 64 demonstrations, 6�V7, 22, 39 detention centres, 168, 176 Dicks, Anthony R., 190n15 District Watch Force, 79 disturbances, see riots Double Ten riots (1956), 14, 90, 92�V4, 146, 152, 158, 178 Dowbiggin, Sir Herbert, 195n15 Dwyer, Denis, 150
Eates, Edward (Ted), 29, 92, 94, 95, 102 economy, 71, 76, 133 education, 10, 77 communist in.uence in, 32, 33
eight-hour day, 127, 132, 135, 137, 139 Elliot, Elsie, 45, 75 ��emergency��, use of term, 3 emergency legislation, 9, 42 Emergency Regulations Ordinance, 42, 77 employers, see business community Employment Ordinance, 129, 148 Ernst, Fritz, 93 Ernst, Ursula, 93 evacuation of Hong Kong, 15, 27, 34, 65�V6 of Macao, 56 Ewins, Fred, 98 Executive Council, 12, 14, 28, 30, 32, 84, 137
Factories and Industrial Undertakings Ordinance, 134�V5 amendment of, 137, 138, 139, 141, 142 enforcement of, 139�V41 factory inspectorate, 139�V40, 141 Faure, David, 81, 146 Federation of Hong Kong Industries (FED), 29, 130�V1 Federation of Students, 79 Ferdinand, Peter, 188n56 .nancial capital, .ight of, 110�V1
5.22 incident (1967), see Garden Road incident Foggon, G., 139 food rationing, 39 Ford, (later Sir) David, 38 foreign banks, in Hong Kong, 117, 118, 119 Foreign and Commonwealth Of.ce, 4, 142 Foreign Of.ce, 4, 5, 15, 74, 155 Fu Ki, 168 Fung Kam Shui, 166
Galsworthy, Sir Arthur, 3, 62, 64 Garden Road incident (1967), 165, 167, 169, 172 garrison, British, see British garrison Gass, Michael, 5, 42 Gibbs, C. G., 135 Godber, Peter, 84, 93 Goodstadt, Leo, 13, 15, 84, 150, 151 Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), 98
Government Information Service, 38 attitude towards Chinese, 148, 151, 152
Government-Military and Medical Staff capacity of, 12�V4, 132, 146
Union, 174 contribution to defence costs, 106, 107
governors, Hong Kong (see also names of crisis in legitimacy of, 46�V50
individual governors), 74, 77�V8 interaction between, and local population, 147,
Grandy, Air Chief Marshal Sir John, 100 149, 152, 157
Grantham, Sir Alexander, 182n19 local disturbances, policy response to, 21�V2, 43�V4
Greenhalgh, J., 138, 142 public support for, 4, 11, 12, 28�V9, 49, 159
Grey, Anthony, 24 response to the Macao crisis, 62, 107
Guangzhou, 71, 73, 76, 78 Hong Kong Government Of.ce, London, 10
demonstrations in, 6, 22 Hong Kong Government Permit Of.ce, Macao, 57�V8
Guomindang, 39, 57, 72, 92, 128, 152 Hong Museum of History, 1
Guyatt, Les, 93 Hong Kong Plastic Workers�� Union, 165, 166
Hong Kong Police Force (see also Police Tactical
��hair water��, 176, 177, 179 Units, Police Tactical Squads
Hang Seng Bank, 118 Police Training Contingent, Special Branch), 13,
Hankou, 74 90�V2, 93, 97, 102�V3, 169�V70
Hase, Dr Patrick, 48, 189n59 Chinese members of, 8, 29
hawkers, 172 international reputation of, 89
Hayes, Dr James localization, 103
Heaton, William, 16 loyalty of, 10, 80, 195n12
Hermes, HMS, 82, 97 morale of, 29, 80, 96�V7
Hewitt, Peter, 41, 70 relations with military forces, 98�V100
Hill, Norman ��Bomber��, 98 treatment of prisoners by, 97, 166, 168, 171, 178,
Ho Yin, 30 179
Hon Wah Middle School, 185n51 use of weapons by, 175�V6
Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force, 79, 99, Hong Kong population (see also local population), 75
169, 195n6 Hong Kong Seamen��s Union, 73, 95, 171
Hong Kong, colony of, 4�V5 Hong Kong Telephone Company, 151
China factor in, 11�V2, 70�V4 Hong Kong Tramways Company, 151
economy, 71, 76, 133 Hopson, Donald, 34, 40, 41, 70
as .nancial centre, 105 attitude of, to crisis, 24�V5, 30, 33
future of, 107, 156, 158 Housing Authority, 147
relationship with sovereign power, 5, HSBC (Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation),
15�V6, 74, 105, 107, 133, 158 113, 115, 116, 117, 118
strategic interests of United States in, humiliation,
26�V7 of British in Macao, 61
value of, to mainland China, 107�V8 of China, 62
withdrawal of British sovereignty from, Huntingdon, Samuel, 47�V8
108
Hong Kong Commercial Daily, 176 identity, Hong Kong, growth of, 80�V1, 147
Hong Kong Daily News, 31 Illegal Strike and Lockout Ordinance, 85
Hong Kong Evening News, 9 India, police recruits from, 91
Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions, intelligence services, 98
6, 22 International Textile and Garment Workers�� Federation,
Hong Kong government 138
action against local leftists, 9�V10 interviews, with left-wing leaders, 16
anti-riot policy, 41�V2 Ions, Norman, 53, 55, 57�V60, 66
Irish Constabulary, see Royal Irish Constabulary
Jenkyns, Henry, 64, 65, 108 Jin Yaoru, 1 Jiujiang, 74
Kan, Sir Yuet-Keung, 28�V9, 106 Kemble, John, 55, 58, 60 Kiu Koon Mansion, 43 Kiu Kwan Building, 169 Knight, Frank, 102 Kotewall, Robert, 12, 72, 79, 80, 82 Kowloon disturbances (1966), see Star
Ferry riots Kowloon Motor Bus, 69 Kowloon Walled City incident (1948), 14,
146 Kung Sheung Yat Po (Industrial and Commercial Daily Press), 79 Kwangtung Provincial Bank, 122
labour advisors, British, 133, 135, 139, 142 Labour Advisory Board (LAB), 132, 138 labour laws, 127, 129, 148
enterprises not subject to, 131 making of, 134�V9 views of workers towards, 131
labour policy, making of, 130�V4 Labour Protection Bureau, 79, 80 labour unions, see trade unions laissez-faire, 150
principles not applied, 151 Lam Bun, attack on, 81 Lam, Wai-man, 150, 151, 152 Lam Yuet Tin, 175�V6 Lam, Siu-kai, 150 Laughton, David, 60 law and order, maintenance of, 39, 96, 152 Lee, Grace O. M., 134, 143 Leese, John, 93 leftists, local, 37, 79, 169
alienation of population by, 8, 70 anti-colonial campaign, 6�V8 government action against, 9�V10, 43�V4,
167 ��guerrilla�� campaign, 81 leaders, interviews with, 16
legitimacy, concept of, 47�V8 ��legitimacy crisis��, debate on, 46�V50 Lethbridge, Henry, 81 Li Cheng Uk Estate, 152, 174 Liang Jiaqun, 2 Liang Wailin, 23 Liang Weichen, General, 79�V80 Ling Man Hoi, 166�V8 Liu, Alan P. L., 48, 188n56 local population
alienation of, by leftists, 8, 70 interaction between government and, 147, 149, 152, 157 support for colonial government by, 11, 12, 28�V9, 44, 49, 79, 96
values of, 150 Locking, Robert, 38 Louis, William Roger, 5 Lui, Tai-lok, 14 Luk Kai Lau, 169�V70 Luk Tak Shing, 170�V2 Luo Guibo, 70
Ma Man-fei, 188n49 Macao, 26, 54�V5 12.3 incident, 11�V2, 54, 55, 56�V7, 165, 167, 171 lessons from, 62�V3 Macao demonstrations (1967), 55�V61, 63,
107 Macartney, Lord, 54 MacFarquhar, Roderick, 62 McGregor, Jimmy, 77 MacLehose, Sir Murray (later Lord
MacLehose of Beoch), 36, 77, 83, 146,
149, 153�V8, 159 annual reporting by, 155, 156 reputation of, as social reformer, 127,
142, 147 Macmillan, Harold (1st Earl of Stockton),
26 Maddocks, Arthur Frederick, 17 Mao Zedong, 35 market forces
self-regulation by, 144
social justice and, 143 Marine Police, see Water Police May, Charles, 91
mechanics�� strike (1920), 76 Metropolitan Police, 89, 91, 103 military forces, British (see also British garrison), 10, 13 expenditure on, 106�V7 relations with police force, 98�V100 withdrawal of, 16, 106 Miners, Norman, 49 Ming Chan, 76, 78 Ming Pao, 29 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, China (MFA), 6, 22, 24, 41 Mount Davis Road detention centre, 168, 176 Mutual Aid Committees, 147, 149
Nanyang Commercial Bank, 121, 122 National Commercial Bank, 122 Nationalists, Chinese, see Guomindang New China News Agency, see Xinhua News Agency New Evening News, 176 ��New Territories Action Group��, 81 New Youth, 172, 173 newspapers left-wing, 72 ��mosquito newspaper��, 6, 172 suppression of pro-communist, 9, 29�V32, 40, 176 Ng Huen Yan, 172�V4 Ng Kin Piu, 177 Ngo, Tak-wing, 149 1967 riots, 21, 144 banking system, impact on, 115�V26 context of, 2, 5�V6 contrasting accounts of, 1�V2 domestic character of, 164 .nancial impact of, 109�V15 lessons of, 14 origins, 6, 22, 37, 95, 171 phases of, 37�V46 policy making, impact on, 127, 129, 134, 143 public representation of, 1 renewed interest in, 2 research on, required, 16, 17 social reforms, impact on, 14�V5, 83, 143, 158, 159
statistics, 7 (Table 1.1) victims, 167, 168, 179 ��witness accounts�� of, 17, 163�V80
of.cial language, Chinese as, 83 Oil Paint Union, 171 overtime, 138, 139, 140�V1
Peel, Sir Robert, 89 Peking, see Beijing People��s Daily, editorials, 6, 7, 8, 22 People��s Liberation Army (PLA), 23, 40, 41, 57 People��s Republic of China, see China Perth, Lord, 135 police, see Hong Kong Auxiliary Police Force, Hong Kong Police Force police raids, 9, 42�V3, 71, 82, 97, 171 Police Tactical Squads (PTSs) (see also riot squads), 195n19 Police Tactical Units (PTUs), 94, 95, 102, 169 Police Training Contingent (PTC), 93 policing models, 89�V90, 91�V2 political apathy, 150 population, see Hong Kong population, local population Portugal, relations with China, 63 Portuguese, response to demonstrations in Macao, 56, 57, 58, 61 posters, 72, 77 Printers and Publishers Ordinance, 85 propaganda, 7�V8, 10, 29, 72, 79 public con.dence, maintenance of, 96, 154�V5, 157 public opinion, 4, 97, 146 Pui Kiu Middle School, 185n51
Qiaoguan Building, raid on, 9 Quine, Richard, 103
Radio Hong Kong (now Radio Television Hong Kong), 38 Red Guards, 16, 21, 28, 56, 57, 73 attack on British mission, 9, 41 reforms, see social reforms ��refugee crisis��, 133 mentality, 134, 137, 141
remittances, from overseas Chinese, 111�V2 Requisitioning of Ships Order, 34 research, on 1967 events, required, 16, 17 Resettlement Department, 147 resettlement estates, 92, 152, 174 ��Reunion Incident�� (1952), 174 riot squads, 93, 94 ��riots��, use of term, 3, 4, 167 riots, see Double Ten riots (1956), 1967 riots, Star Ferry riots (1966), Tung Tau Comfort Mission riot (1952) Robinson, Sir William, 84 Rogers, Philip, 5 Rose, Richard, 11 Royal Hong Kong Police Force, see Hong Kong Police Force Royal Interocean Line, 95 Royal Irish Constabulary, 89, 91 Royal Ulster Constabulary, 103, 198n86 Rubber Labourers�� Union, 177 Rusk, Dean, 27 Ruttonjee, Dhun Jehangir, 28
San Po Kong, 74�V6 San Po Kong Arti.cial Flower Factory incident, 6, 95, 165, 169, 170, 172, 175�V6 schools, see communist schools Schouten, Peter, 93 Scott, Ian, 14, 51, 134, 143 on colonial state, 12, 132 ��legitimacy crisis��, case for, 37, 46�V9 Scott, Ivan, 91 seamen��s strike (1922), 76, 78 Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), 98 security, of Hong Kong, see law and order Sedgwick, P. C. M., 138 Sha Tau Kok Anti-Persecution Committee, 177 Sha Tau Kok (Shatoujiao) incident, 23, 97, 101 impact on local population, 9, 81 policemen killed in, 9, 40, 71, 176 Shackleton, Lord, 199n17 Shamian Massacre (1925), 71 Shanghai, 31, 70 Shanghai Municipal Police, 77 Shek Kip Mei, 174 Shek Wai, 168
Shock, The, 172, 173 Sin Hua Trust, 122 Sino-British relationship, 22, 24, 33, 36, 63 Smart, Alan, 14 So Sau-chung, 75, 94 social conditions, 75, 149�V52, 175 social reforms, 145, 147�V9, 154, 156 demand for, 44�V6 impact of 1967 riots on, 14�V5, 83, 143 Societies Ordinance, 151 South China Morning Post, 115 Special Branch, Police, 38, 62, 65, 167 ��Special Group��, establishment of, 38 Squatter Resettlement Programme, 146 squatters, 150, 151, 152 Stanley Prison, 179�V80 Star Ferry riots (1966), 14, 75, 84, 94�V5, 146, 151, 165 statistics, of disturbances, 7 (Table 1.1) sterling balances, 109 devaluation of, 65 sale of, 114 (Figures 7.5�V7.6) shortage of, 113 sterling area, 25, 105 strike-boycott (1925�V26), 69, 76�V7, 78, 82, 83 impact of, 84, 85, 128 in.uence of forces in China on, 71�V2, 73, 74 strike pickets, violence by, 82 strikers, dismissal of, 39 strikes, 7, 69, 76, 78, 165 Stubbs, Sir Reginald Edward, 71, 72, 73, 78 Sun Fo, 76 Swire Automobile Union, 171 Swire Dockyard Union, 171
Ta Ku Ling, attack on, 101 Tam Chi Keung, 167 testimonies, of 1967 riots, 163�V80 Thornton, Ernest, 138, 141 Tin Fung Yat Po (Tin Fung Daily), 9, 31, 176 trade associations, 130�V1 Tram Workers�� Union, 167 trade unions (see also names of individual unions), 38, 85, 128, 132, 140, 144, 175
Trench, Sir David, 13, 16, 33�V4, 38, 77, 130, 132, 136, 142, 153 career of, 5 colonial governance, 155 communist newspapers, proposed action against, 30, 31 diagnosis of disturbances, 23, 62, 70, 71 ��.ea-bite�� quote, 164 labour law, amendment of, 137, 138, 139, 141 public con.dence, concern for, 97, 154, 155 quoted, 2, 9, 17, 44 strategic response to local disturbances, 21�V2, 28, 35 triads, 92, 93 Tsang, Steve, 147, 150 Tsuen Wan riot (1956), 93, 174 Tu, Elsie, see Elliot, Elsie Tu, Parker, 185n51 Tung Tau Comfort Mission riot (1952), 14, 146, 155, 158 Tung Wah Hospital Committee, 79 Tung Wah Hospitals, 12 Tyrer, Edward, 196n33
��unfair�� competition, 133 unions, labour, see trade unions United Nations Association, 44, 188n49 United States as factor in British strategy, 16 strategic interest in Hong Kong, 26�V7 University of Hong Kong Students�� Union, 79
violence, 6, 7 (Table 1.1), 31, 81�V2, 164, 167, 172 volunteers, 79
Walden, George, 60 Waldron, Stephen, 83 Wan Kwok Hang, 177
Wang Li, 40, 41 Water Police (later Marine Police), 90 water supply, 73, 170 Weihaiwei, 74, 91 Wan Wei Po, 30, 72, 165, 167, 173, 176 Whampoa Dockyard Union, 176 ��white terror��, allegation of,167 Williams, Lady Gertrude, 148 Wodehouse, Captain Superintendent P. P. J., 80 women, working hours of, 127, 129, 134, 137, 139, 140, 143 workers, 177 customary regulation by, 144 erosion of customary protection, 128 in public utilities, 8 (Table 1.2) unco-ordinated bargaining by, 140 views of, towards labour laws, 131 working hours, factory women, 127, 129, 134, 137, 139, 140, 143 World Trade Organisation (WTO), demonstration at meeting of, 169, 170 Worseley, Lieutenant-General Sir John, 99 Wu Kang-min, 187n30 Wu Tin Leung, 177�V9
Xinhua News Agency, 4, 23, 43, 44, 72, 77, 108, 176 Xu Jiatun, 4
Yang Jiang (Yeung Kwong), 4 Yao Dengshan, 40, 41 Yau Yue Commercial Bank, 120 Yeung Kwong, see Yang Jiang Yip Mo Chiu, 179�V80 Young, John, 80, 146 Youth Garden, 173 youth movement, 173
Zhenjiang, 74 Zhou Enlai, 40, 70 Zhou Yi, 2
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