Canada accusation of defeatism, 14 troops in Hong Kong, 10�V11, 13
Canton, 20
Carbonado operation (1945) see Wedemeyer; Hong Kong Casablanca conference ( January
1943), 128 Chamberlain, Neville, 12 Chatham House see Mount Tremblant
conference (1942); Hot Springs conference (1945)
Chennault, General Claire Lee, 140, 143
Chiefs of Staff (COS), 31�V2, 125 and defence of Hong Kong, 8�V11 favour joint Anglo-American
strategy in Paci.c, 138 poor opinion of Chinese military, 187 Chiang Kai-shek and America: success at in.uencing American opinion, 48�V9, 126,
130: Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 153, 154, 161, 197�V8, 201; growing American awareness of true character, 126, 129
Cairo conference and coup attempt, 155�V7 China��s Destiny, 7, 127: ��written by
Hitler or at least Franco��, 100 and Churchill, 89 and communists, 45, 211, 217:
hatred of, 127, 143
corruption, 128, 143, 160�V1, 213: and Allied loans, 69; ��just a bunch of crooks��, 160
decline, 155�V7, 163: limited world experience, 157, 206; marriage dif.culties, 155, 157; military incompetence, 212�V13; nature of regime, 126
and Hong Kong: and 1926 boycott, 76 (see note 52); surrender of Hong Kong (1945), 205�V9; fails to comprehend British attitude, 206, 208
and Indo-China, 159 and Roosevelt, 89, 127�V9, 144�V6, 167 Sian incident (1936), 156 and Soong, T.V., 144, 155, 156, 189 and Soviet Union: afraid of, 99,
146�V7; border incursions, Sinkiang 1944, 146; ��sore about terms of Yalta agreement��, 189
and Stilwell, 144�V5, 155
Chiang Kai-shek, Madame, 3, 49�V50 charm, 151 dislike of Britain, 47�V8 stress diagnosed by Churchill��s
doctor, 155
China, Nationalist civil war: collapse back into, 124, 211, 217; attempt to involve USA, 189, 198 claim to Hong Kong: pursued through America, 130�V1; during extraterritoriality negotiations (1942�V43), 85�V6; at Mount Tremblant conference (1942), 103; see also Mount Tremblant conference decline of: eclipse of China theatre, 129; military weakness, 45, 142�V3, 197; bene.t to Britain and Hong Kong, 124, 134; economic weakness, 69�V70; spectators at San Francisco conference (1945), 183 ��face��, 199, 202, 207, 208; see also British ��face��, 15 foreign policy: pursued through America, 130�V1, 146, 161, 189, 212; belief that America will not allow communists to win, 189; ��strengthened�� by Allied defeats, 50; success, dependent on playing off Allied powers, 147, 212; failure to comprehend British imperial consensus, 192 and Japanese, 147 and Soviet Union, fear of, 146�V8, 185, 197 Whampoa military clique (Chiang Kai-shek), 156 see also Anglo-Sino relations; Sino-American relations; Anglo-Sino-American relations; Chiang Kai-shek
China Association (CA) close relationship with CO, 109, 110, 123 as lobby group for British Far Eastern trade, 21�V2, 90, 101�V2, 187 at Mount Tremblant conference, 103 personnel in Hong Kong Planning Unit, 109
Sir George Moss, membership of, 116 see also Gent, Gerard; Colonial Of.ce; trade
China, People��s Republic (PRC) declared (October 1949), 218 and Hong Kong: attitude to, 100, 219�V20; reach Hong Kong border, 218 and Korean war, 217, 219 likeness to Chiang Kai-shek regime, 221 Taiwan, 220 Tiananmen Square, 100 trade, 22�V3 see also Mao
China��s Destiny see Chiang Kai-shek
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 130, 217 Chou Enlai, 126 sympathisers active around Hong
Kong during WWII, 194, 209 see also Mao Chinese Hong Kong community, 75 after Japanese surrender (1945), apathy to British rule, 218 pre-WWII industrial unrest, 76 (see note 52) Chungking: Chiang Kai-shek��s wartime capital, 47 Churchill, Sir Winston, as Prime Minister
Anglo-American relationship: attempt to monopolise, 43; damage to, 170�V1, 214�V15; contradictions of policy, 54, 138�V9
and Cairo conference, 150 and Chiang Kai-shek, 35, 151 and China: dangerous to Anglo-
American alliance, 50�V1; dismissive of, 50, 54: ��faggot vote�� on behalf of America, 35; ��tirade�� against, at Potsdam, 191; reaction to Japanese 1944 offensive against, 143
and Clement Attlee, 171, 188, 192�V3, 205�V6 and Anthony Eden, 35�V6, 168
Churchill, Sir Winston �V continued Empire: defence of, 16, 33�V4, 53�V4, 96, 170�V1: see also strategic views not incompatible with Anglo-American relationship, 53; imperial consensus, places least trust in, 54; ��we mean to hold our own��, 101; would never surrender, 170 and Hong Kong: defence of Hong Kong (1941), 10�V11; urges greater sacri.ce, 13�V14; on fall of Hong Kong and Singapore, 62, 63, 137; determination to keep Hong Kong, 53�V4; see also strategic views: conversation with Americans: Patrick Hurley, 179�V81; Roosevelt, 161; Stanley Hornbeck (SD), 132; Mansion House speech, 34, 100�V1, 121; in opposition: parliamentary question to PM Attlee, 205�V6 personal qualities: faith, 16; inability to listen, 171; egoist, 54, 215 as politician: juggler, 55 and Roosevelt, 58, 152: meeting with for Atlantic Charter (1941), 51�V2; shows round Pyramids at Cairo conference (1943), 152; death, a great personal loss, 181 and Stalin, 167 and Oliver Stanley, dif.cult, 37�V8 strategic views, 136�V41: concedes America military control of Far Eastern war, 45; American bases in Paci.c, encouragement of, 183; obsession with Culverin operation, 137�V42 passim; on Malaya, 139; recapture of Singapore, Britain��s priority, 137; Soviet Far Eastern imperialism, encouragement of, 53�V4, 168: at Potsdam conference (1945), 188 as war leader, 167: dislike of post-war planning, 87�V8 see also Hong Kong; British Empire; Eden
CIA, 217 using Hong Kong as espionage base post-WWII, 220
Civil Service see Whitehall
Cobden, Richard, 24
Cold War see Hong Kong, post-WWII; Soviet Union; Stalin
Colonial Development Bill (1945), 115
Colonial Of.ce (CO) characteristics: bureaucratic decision making, 110; ��Cinderella�� of.ce, 30; viewed as temporary post by politicians, 29, 30; position within Whitehall, enhanced by WWII, 114�V15, 120 and Empire, key proponent of, 27�V8: crusading service, 27, 216 Foreign Of.ce, relations with: subservient to FO, 29�V31, 111, 191, 218�V19; con.ict with FO, 29�V30, 76 (see note 52) Hong Kong: Foreign Of.ce: efforts to coordinate with, 76�V8, 106, 117, 190�V2, 207, 218�V19; policy difference with, 30�V1, 64�V5, 76 (see note 52), 105, 116; in.uence on, 59, 187: limitations of power, 109, 111�V13; post-war policy on, 109�V15; SOE, special relationship with, 32: sponsorship of Hong Kong policy in Whitehall, 109�V23, 190�V2: fear Japanese withdrawal, 174; suggest use of BAAG to in.ltrate in emergency, operation Tidings, 174, 176; blocked by General Wedemeyer, 177�V8; special operation to recapture using SAS (1945), 194; statistics for: Blue Book, 22
communists, Chinese, 45, 209, 217 relations with Britain during WWII, 130 (note 16)
Cranborne, Robert Cecil, Lord (Colonial Secretary), 36, 74, 76�V8 America��s responsibility for Far Eastern war, 46 colonial policy, dif.culty of consistency, 30 Hong Kong: bargaining chip, 74; possibility of negotiating with China, 77�V8, 81
Creech Jones, Arthur as Colonial Secretary (1945) at 1942 Mont Tremblant
conference, 103 at 1945 Hot Springs conference, 173 recognises pre-eminence of Foreign Of.ce, 218 Culverin operation (British invasion of Sumatra and Malaya), 135�V42 Churchill��s obsession with, 137�V42
passim
impossible because of Overlord operation, 139 Currie, Laughlin, 70, 133
Dalton, Hugh, 27, 33, 37
Dairen, 161, 167
Deng Xiaoping, 1
Denning, Esler (political adviser to Mountbatten), 123, 125
Department of State see State Department
Donovan, William (Of.ce of Strategic Services, OSS), 143, 147
Dominions Of.ce, 36, 201
Dumbarton Oaks conference (1944),
119, 120 Dutch, 74, 103, 135, 139, 154, 159, 175 see also USA; anti-imperialism
Economist, 115
Eden, Sir Anthony (Foreign Secretary to PM Churchill), 27 Anglo-American relationship: America: ��hopelessly informed of world politics��, 52; resentful at Britain��s increasing dependence on, 137, 172
Index 257
China, 212: sympathy towards, 35; Yalta agreement: ��discreditable��, 35; patience towards, 72; extraterritoriality, 85�V99 passim: wish for abolition (1942), 87
and Churchill, 35�V6, 87�V8, 137, 141, 167, 171: shared views on Empire, 35
and Cranborne, friendship, 36
Far Eastern military strategy, 141: must .ght without Americans, 137
and Foreign Of.ce, 35�V6: dependence on civil servants, 36
general election 1945: heart not in, 184
and Hong Kong: defence of (1941), 11; supports Bevin��s stance on (1945), 205; at Cairo conference (1943), 152; de.nes British policy, 105�V6, 113, 154; extraterritoriality negotiations, 87, 93�V5: separate issue to, 91, 96�V7; de.nes British position, 95�V6; ignorance of ��free-port�� status, 23; see also Roosevelt, ignorance of Far East affairs
illness, 184
and Roosevelt: using China to educate American public, 46; ��business methods almost non-existent��, 152; vague, 167
and SOE, 33 son, 185, 191�V2 and Stalin: dangerous, 167 and Oliver Stanley, 36�V7, 190�V2:
dif.cult, 37; and Conservative
Party, 55
El Alamein, battle of, 34, 100
Empire see British Empire
extraterritoriality, (��unequal treaties��) cession of Hong Kong marks beginning of, 6: Hainan, 81; Shanghai, 86; Weihaiwie, 99 Chinese desire for abolition, 49: Japanese invasion of Manchuria, interrupts (1931), 86
extraterritoriality �V continued 1942�V43 negotiations, 7, 85�V99: and America: attempt to manipulate vis-a-vis Hong Kong, 88; in.uence on China,
97: and Britain: FO consider abolition (March 1942), 87; missed opportunity, 87; separate from Hong Kong issue, 91; contemplate breakdown of negotiations, 97: and China: inclusion of New Territories, 86; link extraterritoriality and Hong Kong, 91; accept Seymour compromise, 98�V9: treatment of trade, 90�V1; 1943 agreement, 98�V9
see also Hong Kong, future of; Sino-Anglo-American relations
Fairbank, John King, 6
First World War, 51, 62
Foreign Of.ce (FO) and China: importance of China trade downplayed, 22�V3, 110: see also Treasury: China market needed for British exports, 162; urge countering of Chinese propaganda, 50�V2; vagueness of American policy towards, 166 and Hong Kong: supports British ownership, 189; growing defence of Empire, 179�V80, 187; policy differences with Colonial Of.ce, 65�V6, 105, 116 future of, 74�V84 passim, 179, 189,
206: prevarication over, 65�V6; distrust of Chiang Kai-shek, 206�V7, 210�V11; in.uenced by Soviet expansionism, 202�V3; last attempt to preserve Chiang Kai-shek��s ��face��, 208�V9; connected to British China trade, 210
pre-eminent of.ce, 29�V31, 193: control of Anglo-American relationship, 112; con.ict with CO, 29�V30, 76 (see note 52);
control of Hong Kong policy, 111�V12, 189; ��principled��, 120 reactive policy towards, 52, 112,
115�V16, 117 reticence over, 89 suggest assessment of
economic/strategic worth, 23 suspicious of China, 210�V11 France see Indo-China
Gauss, Clarence (American Ambassador to China) advice ignored in Washington, 89, 133 urges end of support to Chiang Kai-shek, 147 Gater, Sir George (Colonial Of.ce),
38, 74
Gellman, Irwin, 56
Germany
early defeat of, 59, 62 Gent, Gerard (Colonial Of.ce), 33, 38, 64, 208
Hong Kong: and FO: exasperated by, 66; misunderstands, 74; instrumental in pushing policy, 110�V11, 119: sponsors Hong Kong Planning Unit, 113�V14; plans emergency deployment if Japanese withdraw, 174, 176; in.uence over .nal surrender with Chiang Kai-shek, 208�V9; recognises importance of horse racing and golf, 109
Gimson, Franklin (Hong Kong Colonial Secretary, 1941), 5, 203�V5, 209�V11 anti-business, 26 liberation of Hong Kong (1945): ��man of the hour��, 203�V4; seizes control from Japanese, 204; British administration resumed, 204; Japanese remain threat, 205, 209�V10 in Stanley prison camp: 203; prevents civilian repatriation, 203 see also Prisoners of War; Hong Kong, surrender; British Empire, imperial mentality
Gladstone, William, 25
Grantham, Sir Alexander (Governor Hong Kong, 1947�V58) Hong Kong: unimportant to British electorate, 218; hawkish views on defence of, post-WWII, 218; concern at American espionage, 220
Grasett, Major General, 10�V11 see also Canada; Hong Kong, defence of (1939�V1941)
Halifax, Edward Wood, 1st Earl (British Ambassador to America), 27, 94, 164
Hong Kong: asks for advice on, 104, 187 Hall, George (Colonial Secretary to
PM Attlee, 1945), 199
Han Li-wu, 95
Harcourt, Admiral Sir Cecil, 196, 205, 208, 209�V11 arrival in Hong Kong harbour (29 August 1945), 5, 209 ��Chinese incompetence��, 211 Hong Kong surrender signed, 211
Harvey, Oliver (Foreign Of.ce), 3
Hayes, Major General (British military representative to China), 178 checks surrender document for Chinese claim to Hong Kong, 211
Hong Kong and Anglo-American relations: thorn in, 40, 45 British defence of (1939�V1941), 7�V15: Japanese surround (1939), 8; dif.culty defending, 8�V9; prestige, 9; not a vital interest, 9; Canadian reinforcements sent, 10�V11; complacency, 11�V12; surreal normality, 12; Japanese attack, 12�V14; racial stereotypes, 13; triad threat to Europeans, 13; rejection of 1939 Chinese troop offer, 65 British surrender (1941) 12�V14, 47,
48: eclipsed by fall of
Index 259
Singapore, 14; recrimination in defeat, 14�V15
defence of, general: distance, problems of co-ordinating from London, 200, 207; strategic liability, 19�V20: required acquiescence of mainland power, 19, 76 (see note 52), 78; Washington Naval Treaty (1922) terms: ��beginning of end�� for Hong Kong, 19; lease of Weihaiwie lost, 99; post-WWII considerations, 220�V1: joint Anglo-American responsibility for, 217�V21 passim
early history, 5�V7, 85: features, 4; cession from Manchu dynasty, 5; importance of British traders, 6, 7, 166; .rst class colony by 1900, 7; Governor Sir Reginald Stubbs (1922), 19; British territorial acquisition of: Nanking, Treaty of (1842), 5, 17�V18; Peking, Treaty of (1860), 7; lease of New Territories (1899), 85
future of: inseparable from wider Empire, 2; test case for future of Empire, 4; British retention of: Cairo turning point, 161�V2; return to Britain not inevitable, 17, 186; issue treated with circumspection by Britain, 61�V84 passim, 89; bargaining chip, 75; lease of New Territories too short, 78; Chinese claim, 85�V106 passim; Eden and Stanley stand .rm, early 1943, 105�V6; excluded from SEAC command, 109; CO assume return of Britain to, 113; Attlee statement to Parliament (November 1944), 122; Chinese downplay due to Soviet threat, 161�V2, 185; Yalta agreement betrays Chinese, 167�V8; death of FDR helps Britain, 181; Soviet threat
Hong Kong �V continued strengthens Anglo-American relationship, 182; ambivalence of British in China towards retention, 178, 198, 207�V9 post-WWII: devastation, 5; looted, 218; decline in importance, 218; Korean War, 219; engulfed by Cold War, 219�V20; and Britain: ��domino�� theory advanced to include, 219; garrison reinforced, 219; compared to West Berlin, 219; and America: support of British sovereignty, 217; no longer colonial issue but national defence, 217; and China: attitude to, 100, 219�V20; claimed by Chiang Kai-shek and Mao, 218; PRC troops reach Hong Kong border, 218 and surrender (1945): and America: confusion over surrender ��order no.1��, 201; guilt at letting down Chiang Kai-shek, 201�V2; attempt to extricate themselves from, 202; and Britain: fears American seizure on behalf of Chinese, 200; naval task force (Shield) readied at Subic Bay, Philippines, 196; speed of essence, to present fait accompli to Chiang Kai-shek, 200�V1; arrives Hong Kong, 209; see also Harcourt, Admiral; emergency operation to seize, 199; not discussed at Potsdam, 193�V4 and Chiang Kai-shek: British inform of their return to Hong Kong, 198; disputes British rights; Hong Kong in China theatre, 198, 205�V9: upset, 208; distrusted by FO, 206�V7, 210�V11; forced to agree to British surrender terms, 208�V9 and Japanese: remain a threat, 205, 209�V10; suicide boats, 210; Chinese community exact revenge on,
210; POWs, British: Gimson sent message to administer colony, 196, 200; resume administration of Hong Kong, 204 surrender, 198�V211: .nally signed (16 September 1945), 211
trade: economics of, 20�V4, 165; ��ill-gotten gains��, 26; and opium trade, 21 (note 12); importance began after WWII, 21
wartime: communist guerrillas surround colony, 194, 209 see also New Territories Hong Kong Planning Unit (HKPU), 113�V15
breadth of subjects considered, 114: attachment to Carbonado operation 174; militarised, 196
CO idea for re-establishing British rule, 109
see also Wedemeyer; Colonial Of.ce; MacDougall; Hong Kong
Hopkins, Harry (adviser to President Roosevelt) at Cairo, 154, 169 illness, 59, 149 on imperialism, 170
Hornbeck, Stanley (State Department), 59, 70, 71 as architect of America��s China policy, 132 raises Hong Kong issue with Churchill, 131�V3 Hot Springs conference (1945), 172 ambivalent feeling of FO towards, 173 Hull, Cordell (Secretary of State to President Roosevelt) admiration for China, 71: removed from decision making, 55 attempts to prise Britain from Hong Kong, 88�V9 forces removal of deputy, Sumner Welles, 56 illness, 59
Hurley, General Patrick, 158, 169�V70, 175, 179�V81, 202 attempt to lobby Truman over Hong Kong, 202 threatens British lend-lease aid in Far East, 180
ICHIGO operation see Japan India, 42, 135 Indo-China, 10, 139, 177
FDR offers to Chiang Kai-shek, 159 Indomitable, HMS see Harcourt Ismay, General Hastings, 1st Baron,
137, 151, 207
Institute of Paci.c Relations (IPR) see Mount Tremblant conference (1942); Hot Springs conference (1945)
Japan atrocities, 8: in Hong Kong, 13, 210 and Hong Kong: withdrawal from,
worries British, 174, 186�V7, 190, 194; Chinese community exact revenge on, 210; remain a threat to Allied forces (1945), 205, 209�V10: suicide boats, 210
Ichigo operation (April 1944), 134,
142�V4, 166�V7, 174 imperialism, 44�V5 Sino-Japanese war (1932/37), 8, 45 surrender in Paci.c War, 195 see also Hong Kong, British defence
of (1939�V1941); Hong Kong,
surrender of (1945) Jardine Matheson, 21 Jebb, Gladwyn, 64
Kai Tak airport, 10, 12, 209 ��under water�� according to Japanese (1945), 205
Keswick, John, 48 work for SOE, 48 see also Jardine Matheson
King, Admiral, 140 Kipling, Rudyard, 24, 116 Koo, Dr Wellington Korean War (1950�V53) see Hong
Kong, post-WWII Kowloon see New Territories
��kowtow�� and tribute system, 6
Kung family, 48, Dr Kung, Chinese Finance Minister, 155, 156 Kuomintang (KMT) see China, Nationalist Kurile islands, 167
Law, Richard MP (Foreign Of.ce under-secretary of state), 36, 47, 82�V4
Hong Kong, ��not worth putting a .ght up for��, 105 Leahy, Admiral, 57, 128�V9, 153, 163, 168, 195
lend-lease (American), and Britain, 45, 180 China, 131, 133, 144, 155, 197�V8
Macau or Macao (Portugal), 20, 220
MacArthur, General Douglas, 138, 140, 143, 201
MacDougall, David (head of Hong Kong Planning Unit), 102�V3 as head of Hong Kong Planning Unit (September 1944), 114: dif.culty recruiting personnel, 188; trip to China, 178�V9, 188 and Hong Kong issue, 65, 103�V4 at Mount Tremblant conference, 102�V3 tries to park car during Japanese attack, 13
Malaya, 4, 10, 80, 137, 139
Maltby, Major-General C.M., 14�V15
see also Hong Kong, defence of (1939�V1941) Mansion House speech (1942) see Churchill Mao Tse-tung
.ghting Chiang Kai-shek, 45: meets Sir Horace Seymour (August 1945), 130 (note 16); attitude to Hong Kong, 219�V20
see also China, People��s Republic (PRC); Chinese Communist Party; Chiang Kai-shek; communists, Chinese Miners, Norman, 110 missionaries, 50 Morgenthau, Henry (Secretary of
Treasury to President Roosevelt), 69, 70, 160 Moss, Sir George, 116�V17, 212
see also Colonial Of.ce; China Association; British Empire, imperial mentality
Mount Tremblant conference, Quebec (1942), 66�V7, 102�V4 and Hong Kong: Britain heavily criticised, 66�V7, 103 see also Hot Springs conference (1945)
Mountbatten of Burma, Louis, 1st Earl (Supreme Commander of SEAC)
argument with Chiang Kai-shek over Indo-China theatre, 177 and Stilwell, 153
Nanking, Treaty of (1842) see Hong Kong, early history
National Party of China (Kuomintang) see China, Nationalist
Niemeyer, Sir Otto, 69, 70 see also Anglo-Sino loan (1942�V43); trade New Territories communist guerrillas occupy during WWII, 194, 209 lease, 78, 85: CO desire extension of, 179 (note 54) necessity for viability of Hong Kong, 92 proposed return to China (post-WWI), 80 see also Hong Kong Nimitz, Admiral, 140, 143
Opium War 1842 Li Peng on, 100: Opium Day (1944), 146 Of.ce of Strategic Services (OSS), 156, 177 Of.ce of War Information (OWI), 129
Overlord (operation), 59, 118, 135, 139, 150�V1, 153, 160 Oxbridge (Oxford and Cambridge Universities), 25�V7, 57, 216 see also British Empire, education
Paci.c Relations Conference, 47 see Mount Tremblant conference (1942); Hot Springs conference (1945)
Palmerston, Henry Temple, Viscount:
��will never make a mart��, 21 Pearl Harbour, 12 Peking, Convention of (1860) see
Hong Kong, early history Peterson, Sir Maurice (Foreign Of.ce), 18, 33, 36, 40, 64
strong views on Hong Kong, 76, 78�V9: related to American acquisitions in Paci.c, 118
Port Arthur, 163, 167 Porter and Stockwell British reoccupation of colonies re.ex action, 39 tempering of American anti-
colonialism, 213 Portugal see Macao Potsdam conference (1945), 188�V92
British Government in limbo due to general election, 188 Hong Kong: British attempt to discuss with America, 191�V4 rise of Soviet Union overshadows,
188 Pottinger, Sir Henry, 17�V18, 21 Pratt, Sir John (Foreign Of.ce):
sympathy for Chinese over Hong
Kong, 104 Prince of Wales, HMS, 10 Prisoners of War (POWs), British: in
Hong Kong, 200, 203�V4 links with SOE, 32 public schools, 25�V7 see also British Empire, imperial mentality
Repulse, HMS, 10 Ride, Colonel Lindsay (commander BAAG), 14, 119, 205
Ride, Colonel Lindsay �V continued refuses to use BAAG to recapture Hong Kong, 176: reverses policy, 199
threatens to use BAAG to seize Hong Kong (August 1945), 200 Roosevelt, President Franklin D. (FDR)
and Chiang Kai-shek, 127�V8, 143�V4: promised amphibious Burma operation, 153; reneges, 160; threatens Chiang Kai-shek, 144�V5, 167; secret meeting at Cairo, 158�V60
and Chiang Kai-shek, Madame: blood-sucking vamp, 158
and China: association with China policy, 157�V8; seeks to project as ��Global Policeman��, 134; treats as public relations exercise, 157; offers Chinese territory to Stalin, 161
and Churchill, 58, 152, 177: meeting with for Atlantic Charter (1942), 51�V2; Mansion House speech ill-advised, 172
and Congress, 43, 55: China issue
used to attack FDR, 55 death, 163�V4, 181 and Empire: dislike of, 40, 46; ��too
much Eton and Oxford��, 57
and foreign affairs: dictatorship of, 55�V6, 57�V8, 83; failure of foreign policy, 164; ignorance of Far East affairs, 157�V8; vagueness, 57�V8, 166
and Hong Kong: will return to China, 150, 157�V9, 164: once Churchill removed, 148; sacri.ced to American-Soviet relations, 168, 172, 213
illness, 56, 59, 149, 167: impairs judgement at Yalta, 168�V9 and Indo-China, 179: ��milked�� by French, 139
and Stalin: need to retain friendship, 147, 161, 167; encourages Soviet expansionism, 213
and General Stillwell, 159 strategic views, 213�V14 ��table talk��, 159, 172 as war leader, 83, 152, 181�V2 see also USA; Hong Kong, future of;
Stilwell; Sino-American relations; Churchill Royal Institute of International Affairs (RIIA)
see also Mount Tremblant conference (1942); Hot Springs conference (1945)
Royal Navy, 9, 20, 28, 140 at battle of Okinawa (1945), 142 Russia see Soviet Union
San Francisco conference (1945), 164,
182�V3 anti-colonial debate, 182�V3 Chinese spectators at, 183 inauguration of UN, 182
Scott, A.L. (Foreign Of.ce), 50, 65 SEAC see South East Asia Command Seagrave, Sterling, 48, 127 Segal, Gerald, 221 Selborne, Lord (head of SOE), 27, 33,
116�V17, 176�V7 Seymour, Sir Horace (British Ambassador to China) holds Chinese regime in poor regard,
50: sympathy for China, 72
and Hong Kong: melancholy view on British claim to, 91, 148, 179, 207; ��if British forces could only recapture Hong Kong . . .��, 186; role in negotiating surrender (1945), 198�V211 passim
views regarding Chinese
communists, 130 (note 16) Shanghai, 6, 21, 86 Singapore, 1, 4, 10, 15, 19, 47, 62, 63 Sino-American relations
characteristics: American desire for one-sided relationship, 128: Chinese betrayed by FDR at Yalta, 163�V70, 189, 213 and Tehran, 161; Roosevelt treats as public relations exercise, 157;
Sino-American relations �V continued temporary marriage of misconceptions, 212; war against imperialism, 117: desire to exclude British in.uence from China, 48, 175, 177�V8 deterioration, 126, 189, 198: bene.t to Britain, 125 emotional, 47�V8: American guilt over letting Chiang Kai-shek down, 201�V2; rejection of American friendship never truly accepted, 221; see also USA, anti-colonialism; USA, China .nancial loan signed (1942), 71: Chinese ask for further loan (1944), 160
Sino-Anglo-American relations, 2, 44�V7 Chinese asks for .nancial loan (1942), 68�V72: sets precedent for relations, 47 presents opportunity to neutralise Japanese racial propaganda, 62�V3
Slim, General F.M., 134
Soong dynasty, 48
Soong, T.V., 156, 185, 189 and Chiang Kai-shek: potential successor to, 144; estranged from, 155 corruption of 133, 213: ��richest man in world��, 131 and Hong Kong, 91, 130 hopes for WWIII, 217
South East Asia Command (SEAC), 108�V9, 135�V7, 177 political importance to Britain, 108,
135: Hong Kong excluded from
SEAC theatre, 109 supports America��s China strategy,
136: as ��American sop to British��, 108 see also Hong Kong Planning Unit Soviet Union, 146�V8 expansion and Far East ambitions, 167�V8, 213
shapes British Hong Kong policy, 202�V3
Special Operations Executive (SOE), 32, 107�V8, 186, 200 amateurism, 32 and BAAG: 32, 118�V19, 199; dispute with BAAG, 174�V8 passim determination to retain Hong Kong, 32, 164, 165, 200: special relationship with CO, 32, 116�V17; touchstone for Britain in Far East, 165 warn of Chinese nationalism, 79
Special Air Service (SAS), 194
Stanley, Oliver (Colonial Secretary to PM Churchill, 1942�V45) acknowledges weakness of CO in Whitehall, 111 and Churchill: relations dif.cult with, 37�V8 and Eden: relations dif.cult with, 37 and Empire: consistent supporter of, 38; .nancial sacri.ce required to be colonial power, 24, 27�V8; conversation with Truman on ( January 1945), 182 and Hong Kong: promotes Britain��s return to, 36�V8, 110�V11, 174,
177: .nal letter to Eden asking him to raise issue at Potsdam, 190�V2; agreement with Eden to stand .rm on, 106; argument with Roosevelt, 172; sensitivity over, 182�V3
relations with OF: belief that FO put Anglo-American relations before colonies, 68
retrospective view of, 216
see also Colonial Of.ce; Churchill; Hong Kong, future of; Gent, Gerard
Stalin, Joseph, 160, 183, 188�V9 clear view of war aims, 167 meeting with Mao (1949), 220
State Department (SD), 83, 130�V3, 198 attacked by Patrick Hurley for communist sympathies, 170
State Department (SD) �V continued and Hong Kong, 97, 130�V1: pursue anti-imperialism under Truman, 182 importance of China to, 169, 198: China White Paper (1949), 221 internal politics, 56, 59, 132�V3 sidelined by FDR, 158
Sterndale Bennett (Foreign Of.ce), 210�V11
Stettinius, Edward R (Secretary of State to Roosevelt, 1944�V45), 55, 149 Churchill admonishes, 169�V70
Stilwell, General Joseph (American commander in China), 126, 135�V6, 140, 145 on Chinese Nationalist Army, 134 Deputy Supreme Commander of SEAC, 135�V6: on Britain, Hong Kong and Roosevelt, 145; at Cairo conference, 153; unimpressed by Roosevelt, 159 dismissal, 123, 145 military strategy of, 126, 136
Swire & son, 21
Tehran conference (1943), 150, 160�V2
Thorne, Christopher, 136
Tientsin, 21
Time magazine, 92, 126
trade British trade with China, 162, 165�V6, 210: in.ated importance of Sino-British trade, 101�V2 free trade and democracy, 42
Treasury, USA see Morgenthau
Treasury, Britain, 31 ��notoriously penny pinching��, 24
Truman, President Harry, 181�V2 accepts surrender of Japan, 195 and Hong Kong: on surrender of, 201�V2; more relaxed attitude towards British possession of, 202 informs Chiang Kai-shek of Yalta agreement, 189
inherits contradictions of Rooseveltian foreign policy, 164
issue of Soviet Union predominates, 181 recognises hypocrisy of American anti-colonialism, 181 trusteeship, 119�V20, 164, 170 and Attlee, 38 Tsang, Steve, 113
unequal treaties see extraterritoriality United Nations (UN), 67, 119, 131, 164 embargo on Hong Kong during Korean War, 219 inaugurated at San Francisco conference (1945), 182�V3 United States of America (USA)
anti-colonialism: traditional, 45�V6, 170; .nds true voice in see Sino-American relations; tempering of anti-colonialism, 181, 213: onset of Cold War, 217; hypocrisy of, 170, 172, 181, 202, 213�V14; see also British Empire
and China: eclipse of China theatre, 126, 129, 143�V4, 213; collapse of China policy, 144, 163, 217, 220�V1; criticism of, 160, 166, 189: critical views of, rejected, 71, 89, 128, 144, 132�V3; and .nancial aid: generosity excites Chinese contempt, 126; aid cut to Chiang Kai-shek regime, 198; China forced to drive on right-hand side, 189; personalised nature of US support, 144; romantic notions of, 46�V7, 48�V9, 103, 126, 169; extraterritoriality see extraterritoriality
foreign affairs: ��children playing with bricks��, 83; lack of consensus over, 57�V8: jealous of British, 57; desire for speci.c war aims, 57, 60, 62;
United States of America �V continued dictatorship of by Roosevelt see Roosevelt; moral and military basis, 164: ��universalism��, 42 imperial presidency of FDR, 55, 57, 181�V2 ��manifest destiny��, 170, 213�V14; see also British ��manifest destiny��, 16 military strategy in Paci.c, 45, 125�V49 passim: disagreement over, 58; able to pursue several parallel strategies, 136 obsession with communism, 170 and Vietnam, 60, 132; see also Indo-China see also Anglo-American relations; Sino-American relations; British Empire; Roosevelt
United States Navy see King, Admiral; Leahy, Admiral
Vietnam, 60, 132 see also Indo-China
Washington Naval Conference (1921�V22), 19 see also Hong Kong, defence of, general
Wedemeyer, General Albert (American commander in China), 42�V3, 123, 181, Carbonado operation (1945), 174, 190, 197�V8, 203: joint Sino-American operation to capture Canton/Hong Kong, 174; halted by Japanese surrender, 195 concern over vague American war aims, 60
favours abolition of Empire, 123 undermines British Hong Kong policy, 174�V8 Wellington Koo (Chinese Ambassador to London), 65, 69, 98 Wells, Sumner (Under-Secretary of State to Roosevelt), 55, 130
in.uence with Roosevelt, 56
Welsh, Frank, 21
White, Teddy (American journalist in
China), 127, 130 Whitehall comparison with Washington, 43, 55�V6, 83 enables consistent foreign policy, 54, 185, 193 system of government, 28�V33, 43
Wiart, General Carton de (PM��s personal representative to China), 178, 200, 207�V8
supports Chiang Kai-shek because anti-communist, 208 symbol of Churchill��s indifference to China, 54 Wood, Sir Kingsley (Chancellor of the
Exchequer), 102 Anglo-Sino loan (1942), 70 death, 52 see also Treasury, Britain
Wu, Dr, 95
Yalta conference (1945), 163�V9 and Roosevelt: betrays Chinese, 167; believes he can charm Stalin, 167; agreement kept secret from British, 168; kept secret from Roosevelt��s own Secretary of State, 169; Chiang Kai-shek only informed by Truman in July 1945, 189
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