forgotten-souls-a-social-history-of-the-hong-kong — Page 7

departed to set up a haberdashery business in Shanghai leaving her husband and children behind. She died there in June 1860, followed in September by Adonia, aged thirty-seven. The surviving orphans, Eliza and Louisa, entered the newly founded Diocesan Orphanage where they were baptized in 1868, Louisa becoming a teacher there at the age of eighteen.
In the early 1860s, at the beginning of the Meiji Restoration, contacts between Japan and the outside world became more frequent. Missions and delegates sent overseas by the Japanese government always called at the port of Hong Kong. Records on early Japanese deaths here are inconclusive, though at least one Japanese official report on Hong Kong, Honkon Jijo (����Ʊ�), published in 1917 by the Japanese Foreign Ministry, recorded that earlier Japanese nationals were buried in the Chinese cemetery at Mount Davis. From the 1880s onwards, the Japanese formed a respected minority group. The number buried in comparison to the number of Chinese in the Cemetery suggests that it was easier for the Japanese to get permission for burial there. This may indicate that they were accorded a higher status by the British authorities, or that their total number in the colony being fewer, they never posed the threat of overwhelming the Cemetery.
Two hundred and twenty-seven of the Japanese graves are inscribed with information such as names and ages, in line with Japanese tradition. Some even give the person��s home address in Japan. Sixty -two graves were erected by various charitable and religious organizations, including four that were erected by Japanese medical doctors practising in
Hong Kong at that time. In 1873 the first
Japanese consulate opened to look after Japanese interests. The earliest recorded burial
was carried out five years later, in 1878, when
a twenty-two-year-old army second lieutenant, Yukawa (���t�ŧ@ ) [27/2/14], died in Hong Kong. He had been sent to France to study but caught a brain disease while there. He died in Hong Kong on his way home. The next earliest burial is of an able seaman, Shimizu (�M���F���U ) [27/3/15], who died one year later.
Unlike in other places in South-East Asia where the Japanese have been buried, in this cemetery, very few military men have been found and, surprisingly,
not a single one remains from the Second World War. The majority of the graves
belong to crewmen from the merchant navy, shop owners and employees of Japanese trading firms. The grave of Honda (���ЬF����) [31/4/5], for example, the first manager of the Mitsubishi Mail Shipping Company, heralds the growing
commercial links between Hong Kong and Japan. He arrived in Hong Kong
in 1879 and died just a year later. Next to him is a seaman of the same company,

27.3. Monument to Lieutenant Yukawa, the first Japanese to be buried in the Hong Kong Cemetery, d. 5.8.1878.

27.4. The inscription on the memorial to Lieutenant Yukawa.
Murakami (.�W�q�h ) [31/4/3], from the Province of Bungo who died aged twenty-one. His details are recorded, unusually, in both English and Japanese. One communal grave [34A/1/6] was erected by the Nippon Yusen Japanese
Shipping Company in 1901 to house the remains of four sailors who died in the
Government Hospital of an epidemic, probably the plague. In the first row of Section 34B, there lies the grave of the captain (�Ӯp�s�N) of the Japanese ship Daini Tatsumaru (�ĶL���Y ) which, in January 1908, was loaded with firearms
for the revolutionaries in Guangdong Province. The ship was spotted by Chinese government agents at Macau and surrounded by Chinese gunboats. The captain
was forced to lower the Japanese flag and raise in its place the yellow dragon of
China. The ship was escorted to Guangzhou and detained for one month. After
diplomatic activity, it was freed minus the firearms, but the unfortunate captain,
overburdened with worries, fell ill and died in Hong Kong on his way home.
By the 1880s, a number of Japanese had opened businesses and restaurants in Hong Kong including Miura (�T���M�@) [26/13/10], who died in 1919 aged forty-six. He came to Hong Kong in 1906 from Gifu near Nagoya to make his fortune by importing Japanese medicine and other products. He was sole agent for a very popular herbal medicine called Jintan (���� ) and was successful enough to open a shop in Wing Lok Street. Miura was cremated in the Japanese crematorium at So Kon Po. A local historian has been in contact with his descendants back in Japan who provided photographs of Miura and his assistants in Hong Kong, and expressed amazement that his grave still existed in the Cemetery.


27.5. The monument to Miura from a photograph taken in 1919 after his funeral.
27.6. Cremation of Miura at the So Kon Po Japanese crematorium. (By courtesy of Ko Tim-keung.)

27.7. Miura and his Japanese and Chinese employees on an outing. (By courtesy of Ko Tim-keung.)
In all, twenty-two Japanese are known to have perished in the terrible
racecourse fire of 1918. Monuments to commemorate victims include those of
Uetsuki (�Ӥ�ı�T ) who operated a well-known Japanese restaurant in Central Victoria, and a husband and wife surnamed Matsubara (�Q��v�T�� ) [31/4/1]. The husband owned a hotel/hostel in Central and was one of the many with stalls
providing food for the race-goers. The husband finally died on 7 March 1918,
so must have been one of those rescued, but too badly burnt to recover. Their monument is one of the most striking of the Japanese memorials.
A considerable number of the Japanese memorials belonged to the so-called Karayuki-san, young girls, mainly from Kyushu, though a small number were from the Kanto area, who were brought to South-East Asia and treaty ports in China during the Meiji and Taisho periods as prostitutes. In 1909, among the many colourful people who thronged the streets, the Japanese courtesans from Ship Street were described as ��dressed in their blue-figured Kasuri cloth��2 and shuffling by on their wooden shoes, exciting catcalls from the Chinese coolies. In most cases, these simple country girls were lured from their villages with stories of well-paid jobs as domestic helpers and then tricked into prostitution. An intriguing monument to a woman, aged thirty named Kiya Karayuki (�쨦���ߤk) [31/4/24] who died in 1884, points to her being the keeper of a brothel or perhaps a much-loved prostitute in it. Fifty-eight girls have their signatures inscribed into the granite base of his memorial in Katakana, the simple form of Japanese writing which usually signified only a very rudimentary education. An inscription in English on the body stone at the foot of the monument declares that the monument was erected by her friends.

In Section 34C, beyond the path, are a number of monuments to young girls who have been buried by one of the charitable organizations. These girls were probably from the Japanese-run brothels. Typical is one little column to Iwai����.. [34C/1/1] whose given name Haru
means spring, and who died in 1908
aged twenty-one. The names of the girls in this section are also written in Katakana, no relations are included in the inscription and the granite columns are small and insignificant in appearance. Prostitution was
big business and many of the Japanese working in Hong Kong were in some way related to the brothels. They worked, for example, in photographic studios, jewellery shops, cafes or as doctors caring for the health of the girls.
A well-kept Japanese monument (Manreito�U�F�� ) towers over the other
memorials at the top of Section 35 where the path ends. This memorial was first erected in the Japanese crematorium in So Kon Po in 1919. The crematorium was specially built for the Japanese in 1912 by a major Japanese charitable
organization in Hong Kong (Nihonjin Jisenkai�饻�H�O���| ) as cremation was not approved of or adopted by the Chinese in those days. It is not known
when the crematorium was demolished (perhaps around the early 1950s when
the cemeteries in So Kon Po were cleared), but the memorial remained in place
until 1982 when it was removed to the present site by the Japanese Club, under instructions from the Hong Kong government. When a troupe of Kabuki actors visited Hong Kong to perform in 2002, the wife of the leader of the troupe made the suggestion of planting Sakura trees in places associated with the Japanese
in Hong Kong. She had no difficulty in collecting the necessary funds in Japan.
27.8. Monument to Kiya Karayuki San, brothel keeper 1884.

27.9. Base stone of the monument to Kiya Karayuki San showing some of the 58 signatories inscribed round the monument.
Two years later fourteen of these young trees were planted near the Japanese graves inside the Cemetery. They can be identified by the labels directing that they should not be cut down. One hopes that these trees will be allowed to grow to maturity undisturbed.
The Russian Refugees
About 108 Russians are buried in the Cemetery. A group of sixty-three monuments belong to
the White Russian refugees who fled across the
Siberian plains and down into China, where they congregated in the northern Chinese cities such as Harbin. A number moved further south to Hong Kong to escape the fighting and upheavals in China. They stand out in the Cemetery with their special Russian Orthodox crosses with the extra slanted cross-bar. The simplicity of some crosses
points to the poverty of many of those who had fled
Bolshevik Russia. Only a handful of monuments to Russians are
from before the Second World War, with the great majority dating from the years 1950 to 1970. In those years they formed a close-knit
community with their own archpriest, Dimitri Uspensky [11A/4/11], vicar of the Russian Orthodox Church in Hong Kong and of a well-appointed chapel in Kowloon.
The Russians in the Cemetery impress with their longevity, many living into their seventies or eighties and one living into his nineties. A number of businesses in Hong Kong were started by them. For example, the Queen��s Bakery is partly responsible for changing the dietary habits of Hong Kong Chinese. It began the trend for cakes and buns that are now commonly seen in
bakeries all over Hong Kong. Without Russian


intervention, it is possible that the ubiquitous red bean bun and the barbecued pork bun would not have been invented. The other dish popularized in cafes run by refugees is borscht, the Russian soup made with beetroots. The Russian community has now decreased in numbers, many moving on to the United States in particular, but still at Easter time members come to the Hong Kong Cemetery to decorate family graves with
flowers and coloured hard-boiled Easter eggs.
One of the best known of the refugees, whose story is rather typical is George Vitalievich Smirnoff [13/2/7]. He was born in Vladivostock and, when he was eight years old, he and his mother fled to Harbin. He graduated from the Polytechnic Institute of Harbin in 1928, where he won a gold medal and a bursary to study in America which he was unable to take up. He first came to Hong Kong in 1937 and soon after joined the Volunteers. He was arrested by the Japanese and sent to Stanley Prison, but released one month later and in 1944 found refuge for


27.13. An example of Smirnoff��s work, ��Macao Landscape��. (By courtesy of the Macao Museum of Art.)
himself and his family in Macau. Although living conditions were hard and food
was scarce, Smirnoff found some excellent friends and patrons who provided him
with the means to demonstrate his talent for painting. Jose Maria Braga helped
him find work teaching art. The millionaire Dr. Pedro Lobo commissioned him
to paint a series of watercolours picturing Macau��s architecture and scenery, which established his reputation as an artist. Smirnoff returned to Hong Kong
in 1945 and took a job with the P.W.D., where he was asked to design and build
urinals and latrines, but his position as a foreman precluded him from receiving the supplies of soap, beer, cigarettes and chocolate which were reserved for
officers in the government, and from entering any of the clubs. He also complained
that the low level corruption of the ��old China hands�� was distasteful to him. In a
letter to Braga, he said: ��I feel myself perfectly insignificant, shrinking to zero and am developing �K an inferiority complex��. Just two years later in February 1947, Smirnoff died aged forty-three years.
Chapter 28
The Second World War
and Its Aftermath
This last chapter tells the stories of the Second World War that cannot be left out
of a history of the Hong Kong Cemetery. The war ushered in years of turmoil and
suffering for Hong Kong and a little of this can be deduced from the Cemetery
registers. One hundred and thirteen soldiers, forty-six of whom are entered as
unknown, were buried over the weeks of fighting when the Japanese invaded in December 1941. Conditions were such that none of them could be given a funeral service. All these soldiers were exhumed in October 1947 and taken to the Saiwan Military Cemetery. But more dramatically, on Christmas Day 1941, three Chinese
Jockey Club grooms or ma-fu as they are called were buried by the Red Cross in
Section 19, and the grave of the first became also the final resting place for one
of their horses. The horse and its groom were entered in the register as numbers
10043 and 10044. According to the records in 1976, these bones were exhumed
and removed to the ossuary to make way for the Aberdeen Tunnel. In fact the
horse was not the first animal to be buried in the Cemetery. In January 1931, Molly Hope [17/13/12], the wife of an officer in the South Wales Borderers, was buried with ��Tango, her beloved Alsatian��. The dog had died ten days before Mrs. Hope.
In February and March 1942, terrible events must have taken place close to the
Cemetery and emergency burial places urgently needed. On 1 February, four
Chinese males were buried together in one grave numbered 10062 in Section 17 and on 2 February, five more were buried together in Section 45, followed by four
more on 3 March. According to the records, these Chinese men are still there. The Cemetery itself was fought over as is shown by shell damage to certain graves, for example to that of John Smith [10/2/3].
During the war years, very few funerals were held in the Cemetery. About seventy civilians were buried, almost all by Johan Nielson, a Scandinavian pastor, who remained as the only Protestant minister on call during the war. The Russian dead were buried by Arch Priest Dimitri Uspensky [11A/4/11], vicar of the Russian Orthodox Church in Hong Kong. Many of those buried had names that put them into the category of Eurasians, like Starling Jex, Arthur Hall, Josephine Ryrie Greaves and Aileen Rapp. Sympathy must go to Lavinia Alice Madar [37/2/18] of the Armenian family who survived the war years, only to be killed at the very end by an American bombing raid on Kowloon. Surprisingly, according to the records, among the invaders who were buried in the Cemetery, there were more Koreans than Japanese. The records list eighteen Koreans, eight males, seven females and four children, whereas only sixteen Japanese are listed. These graves have not been found. The remains were likely to have been repatriated after the war.
Sixty-one of those buried in the Cemetery are known to have been interned by the Japanese, among whom one of the best remembered must be Harold Smyth [11A/9/1], a director of Deacon & Co. He is an example of a man who came out of the ordeal with an enhanced reputation. He had himself assigned to the military hospital in Bowen Road where he took charge of the large copper outside the hospital
building. Daily he filled it with water to boil the
daily ration of one pint using dried grass twigs
and anything burnable that he could find. Later
at the Stanley Camp Harold is said to have helped hundreds survive the ordeal of camp life. After the war he lived quietly on Cheung Chau Island and distinguished himself by acts of kindness and generosity to all in need. It was said at his funeral service: ��Chinese or European, rich or poor, whatever their virtues or faults, he was a friend to all��. At St. John��s Cathedral a room in their new hall was named after him, and at St. Andrew��s Church in Kowloon the new pews and choir stalls were also named after Smyth.1
Other Stanley camp internees buried in the Cemetery include the two sons of the late commissioner for Chinese customs in Kowloon, William George Lay [45/11/4]. William was the grandson of George Tradescant Lay, missionary
and interpreter who converted Adonia Rickomartz to Christianity and later
became the first consul in Foochow. His father was Horatio Nelson Lay, who became the first inspector general of the Chinese Imperial Customs in 1863. Alec Hyde Lay, who had lost a leg in the First World War, and his wife were among
those killed when a stray American bomb fell on a bungalow in the camp. His brother, Arthur Tradescant Lay died soon after the war of an illness contracted in the camp. John D. Tobin [9/18/2] from Michigan was a purchasing agent for the U.S. Navy when he was interned. After the war, he worked for the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration in Hankow and was then posted to Shanghai, where he acted as naval attache to the British consulate. He ended up back in Hong Kong, again as purchasing officer for the U.S. Navy. Thomas H.G. Brayfield [10/2/1] began his career early in the century on ships

taking cheap Chinese labour to the goldfields of Australia and South Africa. He came to Hong Kong in 1919 as a partner in Carmichael and Clarke. After the
war he became a successful businessman and a member of the Hong Kong Club with his own race horses.
Twenty men have been found in the Cemetery who endured camp life at Argyle Street or Sham Shui Po. Frederick P. Franklin [7/12/9] must speak for the others in Hong Kong. He had fought in the First World War with the Australian forces and volunteered while working for the South China Morning Post as manager. He was made a lieutenant in the Royal Engineers. He was wounded while trying to take cover in the grounds of the Indian Club and was saved by the Punjabi soldiers he was commanding. After recovering at the old military hospital in Bowen Road he spent the rest of the war as a prisoner-of-war. The grim reality of life in camp is conjured up in two verses from his poem written in captivity:
Now Prisoner of War.
With your uniform all tattered,
Not a pillow for your head;
Your hopes and visions shattered,
And scarce your daily bread.
With the wire-girt grim confinement,
For an undetermined spell;
Not a vestige of refinement
You��re not very far from Hell
When at night you lie a��thinking,
On the boards that form your bed,
You can��t help your spirit sinking
From the doubts that lie ahead.
You��re derelict and friendless,
All links of love have snapped; You��re facing something endless, You��re starving, broken, trapped. 2
Franklin was released on 15 August 1945, the day victory against the Japanese
was declared, weighing 105 pounds. He went straight out to organize the SCMP office, requisition a generator, and print and distribute the now famous one-column paper, letting the Hong Kong people know that the war was over. Among the other prisoners of war buried in the Cemetery are Leslie Wilfred Peckham [1/1/1] and James McLachlan Macintyre [9/9/3], both Volunteers. Peckham served as a sergeant in the Dockyard Defence Corps and died aged forty-three in December
1942 while in the Sham Shui Po Camp.
Macintyre timed his arrival in Hong Kong
in 1940 very badly. He worked for the war
taxation department, and immediately joined the Volunteers and then found himself among those sent to Japan. He survived
the ordeal to work for UNRRA in Canton, Shanghai and Washington before
returning to Hong Kong. One can only speculate on how many other men and
women who suffered similarly during the Second World War, and whose stories
are waiting to be uncovered, may now also be lying at rest in the Cemetery.
The Postwar Years
The turmoil of the war years was slowly righted during the next few years. Unknown male bodies found in various places around the territory were brought to the
Cemetery for burial, only to be exhumed again for reburial at the Sai Wan Military Cemetery. Even as late as 1950, bodies were still being discovered, for example, the one from near culvert number 10572 in Repulse Bay. Unexploded shells as well as unknown bodies needed to be dealt with. In March 1946, an act of great courage
brought the military medal to Joseph Hughes [16D/2/1], a driver with the RASC.
The work of removing live ammunition from the military camp at Chai Wan
was in progress. The area had been used by the Japanese and had been the site of fierce fighting. A convoy of lorries laden with unexploded ammunition was making its way down to the water��s edge. On the lorry driven by Joseph Hughes, the netting covering the ammunition had worked loose and wound itself round a wheel, where it ignited. Hughes tried to alert the others in the convoy by hooting, but they thought he was having a joke. Rather than jumping clear of his lorry and saving his own life, Hughes drove as fast as he could towards the sea, hoping to reach the water in

time to douse the flames. However the ammunition
began detonating and the ensuing explosion blew
a huge hole in the cliff face that can be seen to this
day. Driver Hughes was killed, but his brave action had spared the lives of those driving behind him.
The city, still feeling the effects of the Japanese occupation, had no housing for the refugees who came from China. Whole townships of shacks made of
corrugated iron and wood grew up on hillsides. One to the west of Kennedy Town covered the slopes all the way down to the sea. These mini towns lacked drains and clean water and were at the mercy of landslides. One such encampment grew up alongside the Cemetery, which became a much loved
playground for refugee children who flocked there to pick fruit from the cemetery
trees. The author heard this from G.S. Yue who had returned from California to pay his respects and see once again the haunts of his boyhood.
Life was tough and desperate men roamed the hillsides. Newcomers to the colony were
advised by old-timers to carry a sufficient sum of
money if they went walking. The money would satisfy any robbers they met who would then let them proceed without violence. Two company directors of Deacon & Co., Ronald Ross and Lytton Bevis Wood [37/5/8], were not so lucky
in February 1948, when they went walking in
the Kowloon Hills. They were attacked by four men near Lion Rock, overpowered and bound



hand and foot. They were both beaten up and had their pockets rifled. Ross was dumped in some bushes and survived, but Wood, who was thrown headlong into
a shallow stream died of his head injuries.
Hong Kong entered the age of the aeroplane with a number of early air disasters before the war. Two pre-war incidents involved the Royal Air Force. In 1928, a Fairey 3D sea plane, piloted by three officers, went out of control and crashed into the harbour on its way back to the aircraft carrier HMS Hermes. According to the Hong Kong Telegraph, it had been carrying out ��an almost bewildering series of stunt evolutions��. The body of Alfred
W.B. Hale [21A/4/6] was recovered from the waters. Hale, Lieutenant P. Graham [21A/1/10] and Stanley Jackson [21A/5/23] then shared a grand funeral. In 1930 Alfred Jarvis [21A/2/28] managed to fall out of the cockpit of a Fairey sea plane from a height of two hundred feet.
The postwar years heralded the founding of Hong Kong��s own airline, Cathay Pacific, in 1946. Three years later, the company suffered the first crash of a passenger plane. The pilot,

J.C. Paish, was coming in from Manila to land at fog-bound Kai
Tak Airport on 24 February 1949.
He was disorientated by the low cloud and flew in too low over the Braemar Reservoir, striking the twenty-foot retaining wall of the reservoir and knocking out a chunk of masonry. He then smashed into Mount Butler killing all nineteen passengers and
four crew. Had the aircraft flown just two feet higher, it would have cleared the
wall and avoided the hill-side. Olive Batley [17/12/10], the young air hostess and
two others, are buried in Section 17.3
Something of the turmoil in China that accompanied the Communist takeover is reflected in the Cemetery. A number of coffins were brought down from Shanghai around 1956 by relatives fearing that their loved ones would receive short shrift under the new government. Section 16G was cut out of the hillside to receive the displaced remains. Others are scattered throughout the Cemetery and include the remains of Billie Liddell nee Coutts [12A/4/13], who was reputed to be the best dressed lady on the China Coast, and was only the second lady owner-trainer in 1924 and in 1924 triumphantly rode two of her own ponies to victory at the Shanghai Racecourse. Her husband, Jack Liddell, owned a firm of hydraulic packers with a branch in every port in China. The fears of the descendants were not unfounded and now few if any graves of foreigners remain in Shanghai.
The Cyril Wild Story
Colonel Cyril Wild [17/11/8] was one of the four sons of the Bishop of
Newcastle. Whereas his brothers all entered Holy Orders, Wild after his
education at Charterhouse and Oxford started his career with the Shell Company. The company sent him to Japan to work with the Rising Sun Company where he
learnt to speak fluent Japanese. Wild was a keen territorial and, at the outbreak of war, he joined the
Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry. After a short stint in Ireland, he was attached to the Indian Army who sent him to Singapore to work under General Sir Louis Heath. After the surrender of Singapore, he was invaluable as

the only fluent Japanese speaker available and thus the only translator capable of
helping to negotiate the terms of the surrender. He is the man in the well-known photograph marching to the Ford Factory in Bukit Timah to open negotiations,
carrying the white flag of surrender accompanied by Brigadier T.K. Newbigging,
who carried the Union Jack. This Union Jack was later concealed in a tin and
hidden from the Japanese. When Wild was questioned as to its whereabouts, he
described how he had faced England and solemnly burnt it on the ramparts of
Fort Canning, which story both satisfied and impressed the Japanese. And so the flag survived the war.
During his imprisonment at Changi Prison and subsequently on the Thai-
Burma Railroad, Wild earned the Japanese nickname of the tall man who never
slept. This was because he was called out at any time day or night to put the case in Japanese for the defence of prisoners accused of infringements of regulations
and often threatened with the death penalty. When he won a case and secured the release of a prisoner back to the camp, Wild often had to endure a beating from
the guards, but in spite of this he continued to defend the men to the very best of his ability. The testimony of the men he had defended won him the M.B.E. medal.
At the end of the war Wild returned
to England. His detailed knowledge of the

28.8. The headstone of Colonel Cyril Wild M.B.E, d. 25.9.1946.
Japanese behaviour towards the prisoners-
of-war made him very valuable to the War
Crimes Tribunal and they begged him to return to the East to help the prosecution gather the evidence of war crimes. He agreed on condition that he could bring his wife, and that he would be made a full colonel, so that he could negotiate with his American counterparts from a position of parity. After
the guards and minor figures had been tried,
the tribunal began to amass evidence in order to prosecute those responsible for the Japanese policy of brutality and degradation
towards its prisoners. Wild had collected
a number of signed statements from high-ranking officers in custody, including General Yamashita himself and travelled
to Hong Kong from Tokyo en route to Singapore. On 25 September 1946, he
was found seats at short notice on the scheduled Royal Air Force Transport
Command Dakota to Singapore, via Saigon. When the plane took off from Kai
Tak Airport, it gained height normally, then was seen literally to fall out of the sky, crashing into the Kowloon Tong hillside between Lion Rock and Beacon Hill. Nineteen people lost their lives, including six soldiers and four airmen who are
buried in Row 11, Section 17 of the Cemetery with Colonel Wild. The average age of the ten men buried with Colonel Wild was just twenty-three. They were in the
wrong place at the wrong time. The interview transcripts and detailed notes relating to evidence for the
War Crimes Tribunals were reduced to cinders, which meant that all further
trials were compromised. On news of the crash there was jubilation amongst the
Japanese in custody. It was impossible to find the cause of the crash, but it was
thought that the triads may have been involved in sabotaging the plane in return for a big payoff. Lord Mountbatten had presented General Yamashita��s sword,
which had been offered up at the surrender of the Japanese, to Colonel Wild. The Wild family also had in their possession the Union Jack that had been buried at
Changi and survived the war. These two artefacts were donated by the family to Charterhouse School and may be seen in the chapel there.
The Pearl River Incident
Seven headstones in Row 7 of Section 17 tell of another sad and largely forgotten
story of these years. They recall the deaths of six young sailors from the Royal Navy, none of whom was over twenty-three years of age, and a captain from the Royal Hong Kong Defence Regiment who was acting as liaison officer. In
September 1953, an incident occurred which could have had serious repercussions had the affair been allowed to escalate. It was sparked by the gung-ho captain of
Motor Launch No. 1323. Lieutenant G. Merriman [17/7/14] had a reputation for ��communist baiting�� and he deliberately provoked the trigger-happy commander of a Chinese warship.
On 9 September, the motor launch left HMS Tamar, the British naval depot in Hong Kong, on a routine patrol past Deep Bay and into the Pearl River estuary. A signal had been sent three weeks earlier that the patrol boats should not on any account provoke incidents and that they should keep well clear of Chinese territorial waters. In spite of this signal, Lieutenant Merriman decided to close with and photograph a Communist warship in a move that took the motor launch perilously close to, if not within, Chinese waters. The warship immediately ordered the launch to stop. Far from stopping, Merriman ordered the engines to be put to full speed ahead and began to turn away from the warship.

Almost immediately, the Chinese vessel opened fire. The crew took shelter in the
wheelhouse whose armour plating provided a measure of protection, with the
exception of Leading Seaman Cleaver who checked the engine room and finding
an unexploded shell in the starboard corner, carried it up on deck and dropped it into the sea. Merriman remained on the bridge taking photographs when a shell smashed into it severing both his legs above the knee, smashing his right arm and blowing off his right hand. Another shell hit the forward six-pounder gun and seriously wounded Able Seaman O��Keefe. Yet another smashed into the wheel house killing five men including Captain E. Gower [17/7/8]. This left Cleaver, who had been promoted four weeks earlier and was just twenty years old, in
charge of the motor launch. Shells and machine gun fire continued to rain down.
The wheel house was hit again, killing Able Seaman Ralph Shearman [17/7/9] and putting the steering out of action.
Two Hornet jets from the 80th Squadron saw the gunfire and smoke rising
from the stricken launch. They dived low over the Chinese vessel again and again,
drawing away the fire power from the motor launch. The warship altered course
towards Lin Tin Island leaving the motor launch in a critical condition with half
its crew dead, the steering blown away and a fire in the engine room. Meanwhile
the wind was rising and conditions at sea deteriorating. The remaining crew members managed to douse the flames and Cleaver then organized the fitting of the emergency steering. Merriman remained on deck where he had fallen, in
great pain and asking for morphine, which no-one could find. The mast had been
shot away and was hanging over the side and needed to be cut away, no easy task as the launch plunged and heaved in the heavy seas. The launch made for Tai O
where Police Inspector Anderson, who had heard gunfire, sent out a police launch
to bring in the crippled boat and help berth it at Tai O pier. Soon after berthing, Merriman died from his wounds.
On 11 September 1953, the seven casualties were given a funeral service at HMS Tamar and buried with full naval honours in Hong Kong Cemetery. A protest note was sent to the Chinese government, but was rejected by the Chinese who said that the launch was carrying no flag and was taken for a pirate ship. There was widespread condemnation of the Chinese action just at the time when China was trying to join United Nations. Neither side wanted the incident to increase tensions. The Chinese quietly leaked it that the captain of their warship had been tried in secret and executed. The authorities on both sides were happy for memories of this incident to fade away. Back in England, the queen approved the award of the British Empire Medal to Leading Seaman Cleaver, the son of a postman from Esher, Surrey, for his coolness and courage under fire. In the report on the incident, it was stated that Merriman had been involved in previous incidents, on one occasion going so close to a Communist ship that he was threatened with hand grenades.4
The Big Move
The final rearrangement of the Cemetery took place in 1976 when land was
resumed to make way for the Aberdeen Tunnel to be built. A further strip was taken from the Cemetery to allow for the widening of the road that leads to the
tunnel. In this major upheaval, 3,473 graves had to be cleared from these two
areas. Of these nearly nine hundred were re-sited around the Cemetery. New terraces were dug, for example Section 16C, trees and bushes were cut down on old sections to make more room for extra graves to be slotted in, as for example in Sections 4 and 20. The remains from over two thousand were placed in an ossuary or, where no remains were found, were commemorated by plaques on a wall. It must have been an arduous and grisly job dealing with that number of remains. That so big a portion of the Cemetery could be resumed in order to ease the
flow of traffic round the island shows how vulnerable the Cemetery is to outside
forces. Colonial cemeteries similar to this one have disappeared, for example in Singapore. There is always a hunger for more land for building, especially when it is so conveniently placed and it could command very high prices. Yet should this ever be allowed to happen, Hong Kong would lose a beautiful, historical, ecologically valuable asset. It is strongly recommended that the line of cemeteries in Happy Valley should be given some kind of preservation status by the
Antiquities and Monuments Office that would ensure that future generations can
learn from their stories and enjoy their peace and tranquillity. It is also important that funding should somehow be found to preserve the early tombs that are in a poor condition before they collapse and another solid reminder of Hong Kong��s history is lost forever.
Appendices
1. Time Line of Hong Kong History
1839 High Commissioner Lin Tse-hu appointed to stamp out the drugs trade in
Canton.
1840 The beginning of the First Opium War.
1841 Treaty of Nanking. The treaty ports of Amoy, Canton, Foochow, Ningpo and Shanghai opened for international commerce.
Hong Kong ceded to the British. Sir Henry Pottinger, first governor.
1843 Governor, Sir John F. Davis. Queen��s Road laid out. 1845 The establishment of the Ice House Company. The China Mail first published.
P. & O. Steam Navigation Co. established monthly mail route. 1846 The Hong Kong Club opened. 1848 Governor, Sir George Bonham.
Opening of the gold fields in the Sacramento Valley, California. American
whalers began refitting in Hong Kong. 1849 Defeat of the pirate fleets of Chui Apou and Shap-ng-tsai.
Opening of St. John��s Cathedral. 1851 The Cricket Club established. 1852 The Taiping Rebellion refugees started to arrive in Hong Kong. 1853 The beginning of regulated coolie emigration. 1854 Governor, Sir John Bowring.
U.S. Squadron under Commander Matthew C. Perry arrived on the way to Japan.
1857 The beginning of the Second Opium War.
Establishment of the Aberdeen Docks. 1858 The Treaty of Tientsin signed, legalizing opium sales in China.
1859 Governor, Sir Hercules Robinson.
1860 The sacking of the Summer Palace in Beijing. Convention of Peking ratified, formalizing lease of the Kowloon Peninsula and Stonecutters Island to Britain in perpetuity.
1861 Hong Kong Chamber of Commerce founded. The Botanical Gardens laid out.
1864 Gas street lighting introduced. 1865 The Hongkong & Shanghai Banking Corporation founded. 1866 The Hong Kong Mint opened.
Governor, Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell.
1867 The blockade of Hong Kong by Chinese customs cruisers.
1868 Mint closed.
Tung Wah Hospital founded. 1869 Visit of Duke of Edinburgh and royal opening of City Hall. 1870 Completion of submarine telegraphic link to China. 1872 Governor, Sir Arthur Kennedy. 1873 Major typhoon. 1874 Rev. James Legge appointed professor of Chinese at Oxford University. 1877 Governor, Sir John Pope Hennessy.
Ng Choy, first Chinese barrister admitted to the bar. 1878 Secular system of education introduced to government schools.
Grant-in-aid schools to have freedom of religious instruction.
1879 First rickshaw. Appointment of Ng Choy as unofficial member of the Legislative Council.
1881 Publication of Chadwick��s report on sanitary conditions in Hong Kong.
1884 Sino-French War sparked riots in the colony. 1887 Governor, Sir George William des Voeux.
College of Medicine for the Chinese. Sun Yat Sen became an early student. 1888 Peak tram.
1890 Duke of Connaught laid foundation stone for Sir Catchick Paul Chater��s
praya reclamation.
1891 Governor, Sir Willam Robinson. 1892 Gas lighting introduced to Kowloon. 1894 Outbreak of bubonic plague. 1898 The Convention of Peking. Ninety-nine-year lease of New Territories to
Britain. Governor, Sir Henry Blake.
1900 British Expeditionary Force against the Boxers. 1904 Governor, Sir Matthew Nathan.
Electric tramways on Hong Kong Island.
1907 Governor, Sir Frederick Lugard.
Time Line of Hong Kong History
1906 Worst typhoon in Hong Kong��s history. 1910 Opium divans in Hong Kong closed.
First car seen in Hong Kong.
1911 Kowloon-Canton railway opens. First aeroplane flight. 1912 Abdication of Puyi, the last emperor of the Ching dynasty.
Supreme Court Building (now the Legislative Council Building). Opening of the University of Hong Kong. Governor, Sir Francis Henry May.
1918 Happy Valley racecourse fire.
End of First World War. 1919 Governor, Sir Reginald Stubbs. 1922 Seamen��s strike in Hong Kong. 1925 Death of Sun Yat Sen. Chiang Kai-shek became leader of the
Kuomingtang. The general strike and boycott in Hong Kong.
1925 Governor, Sir Cecil Clementi. 1932 The Japanese annexation of Manchuria. 1935 Governor, Sir Alexander Caldicott.
The Long March ending at Yan��an.
1937 Governor, Sir Geoffry Northcote.
The beginning of the Japanese invasion in China with the capture of the Marco Polo Bridge.
1939 The beginning of the Second World War in Europe. 1941 Governor, Sir Mark Young. 1942 Japanese invasion of Hong Kong.
Surrender of British Forces to the Japanese.
1945 Surrender of Japanese forces. British rule resumes. 1947 Governor, Sir Alexander Grantham. 1949 Founding of the People��s Republic of China headed by Mao Tse-tung. 1958 Governor, Sir Robert Black. 1964 Governor, Sir David Trench. 1967 The beginning of the Great Proletariat Cultural Revolution.
Riots and explosive devices in Hong Kong.
1971 Governor, Sir Murray Maclehose.
2. Sources
1. The Blue Books, a series of yearbooks that give details of the government accounts and some reports by heads of departments. The series begins in 1855. Exact figures are given in these books with great confidence, but one wonders how accurate these figures are in the light of the tools available to the civil service in the early days, the lack of manpower and their lack of knowledge of Chinese. They have been quoted in various places in the book, but should perhaps be seen as educated guesses.
2. The annual Government Gazettes begin in the same year and include the jury lists as well as lists of justices of the peace, those chosen to sit on the legislative or executive councils and legislation passed.
3. The two newspapers mainly quoted are the Friend of China (F. of C.) and the China Mail (C.M.). The Friend of China started in 1843 and was used in early days to gazette government appointments and announcements. It became rather anti-government in its views after being acquired by William Tarrant, the civil servant sacked by the government for alleging that Major Willam Caine was involved in corrupt practices. It became the spokesman for the merchant navy and tradesmen of the colony. The China Mail began in 1845. It usually supported the government and was closer to being the paper of the establishment. These two are supplemented towards the last quarter of the nineteenth century by the Hong Kong Telegraph (H.K.T.) edited by Robert Fraser-Smith.
4.
Carl Smith, the well-known genealogist and historian of Hong Kong and Macau history, compiled an invaluable card index of about ten thousand names from his readings in the local papers, and his researches into the land records and the Government Gazettes. This index has been extensively used and the author is very indebted to Carl Smith.

5.
The names of cities in China have been cited in the form by which they were known in the nineteenth century. For example, Guangdong has been left as Canton.

6.
In this work, where amounts in dollars are given, the amounts specified are always in Hong Kong dollars unless otherwise stated.


Sources
7. The Hong Kong Cemetery has been known by several different names. In the past, it was more usually referred to as the Protestant Cemetery and later as the Colonial Cemetery. In the interest of consistency, it has been called the Hong Kong Cemetery throughout this work.
8. The lack of standardization in the former spelling of Chinese names makes it difficult to write Chinese names correctly. Some names are found spelled differently in different places. As far as possible the most usual spelling has been used.
3. Glossary
Amah Arrack Barracoon Cajuput oil Chop boat Colporteur
Crimping Dhobi Factory
Godown Joss-house Lascar Lorcha
Matshed Nabob Nullah
Punkah
Queue Rattan Samsoo, Shamshoo
Shako
Children��s nurse (of Anglo-Indian origin). Alcoholic spirit manufactured in the East from cocoa palm or rice. A set of sheds or enclosure in which the Chinese emigrants were temporarily detained. Aromatic medicinal oil obtained from a Malay tree (Melaleuca cajuputi). A house boat. The chop originally meant that the boat had been given the chop of approval by the Chinese authorities. One employed by a society to sell or distribute bibles and religious writings from place to place. Decoying men in order to persuade them to use a particular boarding house. A washerman. An establishment where foreign traders lived and stored their goods in an overseas country. A warehouse or store for goods in Asia (of Malay origin). A Chinese temple. An East Indian sailor. A fast sailing ship built in China with the hull based on the European model but rigged in Chinese fashion and usually carrying guns. A temporary structure made of rattan and covered with palm leaf matting. A person of great wealth or formerly of high rank returning to Britain usually from India. A deep ditch or river bed. A large fan to cool a room; a large swinging cloth fan on a frame worked manually by a punkah-wallah. A plait of hair worn at the back. Malaysian climbing palms used for walking sticks, furniture etc. Chinese liquor distilled from rice or sorghum. Uniform hat worn by the 55th Regiment.
Glossary
Shroff A banker or money changer; to shroff: to examine coin in
order to separate the counterfeit or base.
Solar topee Pith hat designed to protect the head from the sun.
Specie Coin money as opposed to paper money.
Stinkpot A small missile emitting suffocating smoke when thrown,
used as a diversionary tactic in attacking and boarding
ships.
Sycee Fine uncoined silver in the form of lumps of various sizes,
usually stamped with the banker��s or assayer��s seal, formerly
used as a medium of exchange.
Taipan A foreign merchant or businessman in China; the head of a
foreign business.
Tiffin A light lunchtime meal.
Yamen The seat of local government in China presided over by a
mandarin.

Notes
Introduction
1.
Ken Nicolson, The Happy Valley: A History and Tour of the Hong Kong Cemetery, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010.

2.
Wan Chai is the district to the east of Central in Hong Kong.

3.
Ko Tim-keung, ��A Review of Developments of Cemeteries in Hong Kong: 1841�V1950��, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 41, 2001, pp. 241�V80.

4.
F. of C., 10.7.1850.

5.
E.J. Eitel, Europe in China, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1983, p. 219.

6.
Surveyor General��s Report in the Blue Book, 1856.

7.
Blue Book, 1850.

8.
Robert McLachlan, ��Oh for the Joys of England��, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 14, 1974, p. 80.

9.
Rev. James Legge, ��The Colony of Hong Kong��, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 11, p. 175.

10.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 189.

11.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 167.

12.
Susanna Hoe, The Private Life of Old Hong Kong, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1991, pp. 76�V77.

13.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 245.

14.
F. of C., 14.1.1846.

15.
Dominick Harrod (editor), War, Ice and Piracy: The Remarkable Career of a Victorian Sailor, London: Chatham Publishing, 2000, p. 48.

16.
C.F. Gordon Cumming, Wanderings in China, Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood and Sons, 1886, p. 114.

17.
Letter written by Lieutenant Collinson to his father, Rev. J. Collinson at Bolson Rectory, Gateshead, dated 22

February 1844, Hong Kong Public Records Office, H.K.M.S. No. 140, D. & S., No. 1/1.

18.
Ko Tim-keung, op. cit., p. 241.

19.
Michael Levien (editor), Naval Surgeon: The Voyages of Dr. Edward Cree, Royal Navy as related in his Private Journals, New York: E.P. Dutton, 1982, p. 89.

20.
Michael Levien, op. cit., p. 90.

21.
F. of C., 10.7.1850.

22.
Robert Fortune, Three Years Wanderings in the Northern Provinces of China, Shanghai: University Press, 1945, p. 22, footnote.

23.
F. of C., 16.8.1851.

24.
Blue Book, 1851.

25.
F. of C., 1.2.1845.

26.
F. of C., 10.10.1845.

27.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., pp. 246�V47.

28.
Blue Book, 1845, p. 40.

29.
Sprue is a tropical disease involving ulceration of the mucous membrane of the mouth and chronic enteritis.

30.
Blue Book, 1855. 31. C.M., 23.11.1865.


32. From the personal correspondence of Bandsman F. Davis, 2nd Battalion 20th Foot who was posted to Hong Kong between December 1863�VJanuary 1864 and May 1866�VMarch 1867, quoted in Ko Tim-keung, op. cit., p. 245.
33.
Blue Book, 1861, p. 78.

34.
Keith Sinclair (editor), A Soldier��s View of Empire: The Reminiscences of James Bodell 1831�V1892, London: Bodley Head, 1982, p. 66.

35.
F. of C., 10.2.1844.

36.
F. of C., 30.4.1849. 37. C.M., 19.3.1857. 38. C.M., 23.11.1865.


39.
List of Tombstones from the Old Colonial Cemetery, Hong Kong Government Gazette, 2.11.1889.

40.
Mortimer Menpes, China, with text by Sir Henry Arthur Blake, London: Adam & Charles Black, 1909, p. 112.

41.
These definitions are taken from J.C.J. Metford, Dictionary of Christian Biography, London: Thames and Hudson, 1883.

42.
C.F. Gordon Cumming, op. cit., p. 114.

43.
Major Henry Knollys, English Life in China, London: Smith & Elder & Co., 1885, p. 18.

44.
Grave No. 4953. This grave has not been found by the author. 45. H.K.T., 10.11.1909.


Chapter 1
1.
Edward W. Said, Orientalism, New York: Vintage Books, 1979, p. 40.

2.
It was amended on 13 November 1844.

3.
F. of C., 9.11.1844.

4.
Blue Book, 1845.

5.
Blue Book, 1845.

6.
Blue Book, 1845.

7.
Rev. J. Collinson, Letter, op. cit.

8.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., pp. 186 and 246�V47.

9.
Peter Ward Fay, The Opium War: 1840�V1842, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 1975, p. 324. Fay writes that during the winter of 1842, according to Pedder��s (the harbourmaster) lists, every fourth vessel that touched Hong Kong carried opium.

10.
Letter to F. of C., 16.10.1852.

11.
F. of C., 4.4.1849.

12.
As I write, still in the same place that it was in 1845, but soon to be pulled down and replaced with new developments.

13.
F. of C., 4.4.1849.

14.
F. of C., 4.4.1849, letter from Job.

15.
Letter to F. of C., 14.8.1851. 16. C.M., 9.10.1856.


17.
F. of C., 1849.

18.
F. of C., 18.6.1845. 19. C.M., 31.2.1849. 20. C.M., 7.9.1848. 21. C.M., 31.1.1852.


22.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 277.

23.
W.D. Bernard, Narrative of the Voyages and Services of the Nemesis, London: Henry Colburn, 1844, p. 83.

24.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 35.


Notes to pp. 39 - 53
25.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 91. Also see Maurice Collis, Foreign Mud, London: Faber & Faber, 1946, p. 219.

26.
The merchants had already paid what had been demanded in the way of import dues to the Cantonese Customs authorities and felt that it was reasonable to demand compensation for their losses.

27.
Jack Beeching, The Chinese Opium Wars, London: Hutchinson, 1975, p. 98.

28.
Michael Levien (editor), op. cit., p. 83.

29.
W.D. Bernard, op. cit., p. 399. He is most likely the same man as on the monument whose name is spelt C. Hewet.

30.
W.D. Bernard, op. cit., p. 429.

31.
Michael Levien (editor), op. cit., p. 97.

32.
Michael Levien (editor), op. cit., p. 105.

33.
Michael Levien (editor), op. cit., pp. 100�V102.

34.
Solomon Bard, Garrison Memorials at Happy Valley, Hong Kong: Antiquities and Monuments, Occasional Paper, No. 4, 1987.

35.
F. of C., 7.9.1843.

36.
Solomon Bard, op. cit., p. 58.

37.
W.D. Bernard, op. cit., p. 238, He states that: ��For gallantry and steadiness of the single company cut off near San-yuan-li in May the 37th Regiment of the Madras Native Infantry were appointed a grenadier regiment��.

38.
Jack Beeching, op. cit., p. 116, quotation from the Indian Gazette.

39.
Jack Beeching, op. cit., pp. 59�V160.

40.
F. of C., 17.3.1842.

41.
F. of C., 24.7.1850.

42.
F. of C., 18.7.1846.

43.
F. of C., 3.2.1847.

44.
G.B. Endacott, An Eastern Entrepot �X A Collection of Documents Illustrating the History of Hong Kong,

London: His Majesty��s Stationery Office, 1964, p. 132.

45.
F. of C., 4.8.1844.

46.
F. of C., 31.8.1844.

47.
F. of C., 10.7.1848.

48.
F. of C., 6.2.1850.

49.
David Cannadine, Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire, London: Penguin, 2000, p. xix.

50.
David Cannadine, op. cit., p. 9.

51.
C.M., 11.1849. Taken from the periodical The Constitutional.

52.
David Cannadine, op. cit., p. 4.

53.
F. of C., 20.4.1848.

54.
David Cannadine, op. cit., p. 28.

55.
Edward Barrington de Fonblanque, Niphon and Pe-che-li; or Two Years in Japan and Northern China, London: Saunders, Otley and Co., 1863, p. 2.

56.
F. of C., 17.3.1842.

57.
F. of C., 17.3.1842.

58.
Henry T. Ellis R.N., Hong Kong to Manilla and the Lakes of Luzon, London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1859.

59.
David Cannadine, op. cit., p. 59.

60.
A.N. Wilson, The Victorians, London: Arrow Books, 2002, p. 120.

61.
A.N. Wilson, op. cit., p. 28.

62.
F. of C., 6.4.1850.

63.
F. of C., 23.2.1853.

64.
William Graham [11A/3/3], staff assistant surgeon, Bengal Establishment, died of fever 1843; Jane Fitzgerald [9/18/7], d. 1846, wife of Major Fitzgerald, 42nd Madras Native Light Infantry; Lieutenant


George Dixon [9/14/7], d. 1847, Bengal Rifles; Lieutenant Kelson [9/14/11], d. 1847, Ceylon Rifles; Lieutenant C.E. Kingsmill [9/1/10], d. 1848, Ceylon Rifles; Jane Mylius [7/10/16], d. 1848 of cholera, wife of Captain Rodney Mylius, Ceylon Rifles; Lieutenant Alfred Millar and two sons, Alfred and Frederick [9/17/2], d. 1849, Ceylon Rifles; Lieutenant F.T.F.A. MacDonnell [9/16/4], d. 1849, Ceylon Rifles; Lieutenant Gorege and Maria Dawson [16cii/6/25], d. 1851; Elizabeth Mitchell [9/9/13], d. 1852, niece of John Williams formerly assistant surgeon of the Madras Sappers and Miners and later hospital clerk of the hospital ship, HMS Minden; Elizabeth Johnston [9/1/4], d. 1858, ��the last surviving daughter of Lieutenant W. Johnston, Commissariat Department, Madras Army��.
65. C.M., 9.11.1854.
66.
F. of C., 2.11.1850.

67.
George Pottinger, Sir Henry Pottinger: First Governor of Hong Kong, U.K.: Sutton Publishing, 1997, p. 79.

68.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 207.

69.
George Pottinger, op. cit., pp. 50, 127�V28.

70.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 207.

71.
Maggie Keswick, The Thistle and the Jade, London: Octopus Books, 1982, p. 17.

72.
The inscription is very faded and difficult to read and his name may be wrongly spelled.

73.
Fred Dagenais, ��John Fryer��s Early Years in China: First Impressions of Hong Kong and the Chinese People��, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 30, 1990, p. 155.

74.
Dennys, Mayer et al., The Treaty Ports of China and Japan, London: Trubner & Co., 1867, p. 36.


Chapter 2
1.
A.D. Blue, ��Chinese Emigration and the Deck Passenger Trade��, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 10, 1970, p. 81.

2.
John Evelyn Fortunatus Wright, Diary. Unpublished original manuscript held at the P.R.O., Hong Kong,

No. HMMS 143/1/2. Date 27.9.1850.

3.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 273.

4.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 387.

5.
James Hayes, ��The Nam Pak Hong: Commercial Association of Hong Kong 1868�V 1968��, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 19, 1979, p. 216.

6.
B.L. Ball, Rambles in Eastern Asia Including China and Manilla during Several Years Residence, Boston: James French & Co., 1856, p. 204.

7.
W. Harland, from The Letters of William Harland M.D. and William Aurelius Harland M.D., Unpublished manuscript held at the Hong Kong Library, No. R.A.S. 826 Har., Letter dated 20.3.1849.

8.
Wright Diary, op. cit., 23.12.1852. 9. C.M., 10.7.1856.


10.
J.W. Norton-Kyshe, The History of the Laws and Courts of Hong Kong, Vol. I, Hong Kong: Vetch & Co., 1898, p. 423 (quoting from a passage in the journal of T. Raikes Esq.).

11.
J.W. Norton-Kyshe, op. cit., p. 258.

12.
J.W. Norton-Kyshe, op. cit., p. 295.

13.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit. pp. 261�V62. These words are said by Eitel as having been quoted verbatim by Sir John Bowring.

14.
G.B. Endacott, op. cit., p. 99.

15.
C.M., 15.7.1858. The previous quote attempting to analyze the problem is from the same editorial.

16.
J.W. Norton-Kyshe, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 383.

17.
The Times, 15.3.1859.


Notes to pp. 68 - 82
18. C.M., 23.6.1859.
19.
William Maxwell Wood, Fankwei or the ��San Jacinto�� in the Seas of India, China and Japan, New York: Harper Bros., 1859, p. 478.

20.
William Maxwell Wood, op. cit., p. 491.

21.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 311.

22.
J.W. Norton-Kyshe, op. cit., Vol. I, p. 424. (He is quoting a letter written by Sir J. Bowring to the Liverpool Courier.)

23.
Rev. James Legge, op. cit., p. 185.

24.
Richard Brooks, The Long Arm of the Empire: Naval Brigades from the Crimea to the Boxer Rebellion, London: Constable, 1999, p. 87.

25.
George Wingrove Cooke, China: Being the ��Times�� Special Correspondence from China in the Years 1857�V1858, London: G. Routledge & Co., 1858, pp. 330�V31.

26.
Dominick Harrod, op. cit., p. 60.

27.
D. Bonner-Smith and E.W.R. Lumby, The Second China War, 1856�V1860, Naval Records Society, 1954, p. 360.


Chapter 3
1.
David Cannadine, op. cit., p. 63, quotation of a poem by Robert Southey.

2.
F. of C., 4.12.1850.

3.
David Cannadine, op. cit., p. 14. 4. C.M., 26.5.1859.


5. E.J. Eitel, op. cit., pp. 282�V83. 6. C.M., 18.3.1852.
7. The names of the memoralists included Messrs. C.W. Bowra, G. Duddell, J.W. Brimelow, C. Markwich,
J.A.
Brooks and T.A. Lane who were all ship��s chandlers and auctioneers, and A.H. Fryer, W. Emeny and

H.
Marsh who were shopkeepers.


8. Trial by Jury Enactment, No. 7 of 1845, also E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 220. 9. C.M., 12.10.1848. 10. C.M., 12.10.1848.
11. F. of C., 10.1.1852. 12. C.M., 13.3.1859.
13.
Henry T. Ellis, op. cit., p. 6.

14.
Alfred Weatherhead, Life in Hong Kong, 1856�V1859, transcript of talk given in London. Donated by the

family to the Hong Kong government and held by P.R.O., Hong Kong, No. HMMS 143/1/2.

15.
Henry T. Ellis, op. cit., p. 6.

16.
F. of C., 11.12.1844.

17.
F. of C., 18.12.1844.

18.
F. of C., 18.1.1851.

19.
Alfred Weatherhead, op. cit.

20.
W. Harland, op. cit., letter dated 24.12.1845.

21.
W. Harland, op. cit. p. 58.

22.
Advert., F. of C., 1.8.1852.

23.
Bayard Taylor, A Visit to India, China and Japan, Vol. 2, London: Ganesha Publishing, 2002, p. 217.

24.
Bayard Taylor, op. cit., p. 219.

25.
W. Harland, op. cit., p. 80.

26.
Wright, Diary, op. cit., P.R.O.


27.
Wright Diary, 18.9.1850.

28.
Wright Diary, 24.10.1850.

29.
Michael Levien (editor), op. cit., p. 143.

30.
F. of C., 14.2.1845.

31.
F. of C., 18.5.1850, quoted again in the paper, 29.5.1851.

32.
F. of C., 26.9.1849.

33.
G.B. Endacott and Dorothy She, The Diocese of Victoria, Hong Kong: A Hundred Years of Church History, Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh, 1949, p. 35.

34.
F. of C., 22.6.1843.

35.
F. of C. 10.11.1846. 36. C.M., 2.8.1860.


Chapter 4
1.
F. of C., 1.12.1851.

2.
F. of C., 18.9.1852.

3.
Osmond Tiffaney Jr., The Cantonese Chinese, Boston: James Munroe & Co., 1849, p. 212.

4.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 370.

5.
F. of C., 9.1.1850.

6.
Henry T. Ellis, op. cit., p. 6.

7.
Solomon Bard, Traders of Hong Kong: Some Foreign Merchant Houses, Hong Kong: Urban Council,


1993, p. 82. 8. C.M., 10.1.1850.
9.
W. Harland, op. cit., p. 80.

10.
Carl Smith, Card Index.

11.
F. of C., 22.10.1851.

12.
Sword Family Papers, Pennsylvania Historical Society Manuscript Collection.

13.
Albert Smith, To China and Back, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1974, pp. 32�V33.

14.
Albert Smith, op. cit., p. 56.

15.
F. of C., 25.10.1851.

16.
F. of C., 10.10.1851.

17.
Maggie Keswick, op. cit., p. 26.

18.
F. of C., 9.11.1844.

19.
F. of C., 8.1.1847 and 3.2.1847.

20.
F. of C., 14.10.48.

21.
F. of C., 30.1.1850.

22.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 330.

23.
Osmond Tiffaney Jr., op. cit., p. 213. 24. C.M., 13.7.1848.


25.
Frank Welsh, A History of Hong Kong, London: Harper Collins, 1997, p. 178.

26.
Fred Dagenais, op. cit., p. 155.

27.
Bayard Taylor, op. cit., p. 217.

28.
Alfred Weatherhead, op. cit.

29.
The merchant, N. Duus, advertised for sale, ��A patent Water Closet for an upper story complete�� as early


as 5 August, 1845, and some of the grander merchants�� houses were advertised as ��with water closets��. 30. C.M., 24.1.1850. 31. C.M., 14.10.1858.
Notes to pp. 109 - 128
32.
All the details in this and the previous two paragraphs have been taken from advertisements put by tradesmen on the front page of the Friend of China.

33.
B.L. Ball, op. cit., pp. 84�V85 and 87.

34.
Bayard Taylor, op. cit., p. 217.

35.
Osmond Tiffaney Jr., op. cit., p. 215.

36.
Judith Balmer (editor), Thompson��s China: Travels and Adventures of a Nineteenth-Century Photographer, Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1993, p. 5.

37.
Blue Book, 1852.

38.
Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov, ��Hong Kong, translation from a book chapter written by Ivan Alexandrovich Goncharov in 1853��, Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol.


38, 1998, p. 143. Goshkevitch was a Russian naval officer who was interned with his crew for a short time
during the Crimean War.
Chapter 5
1.
E.J. Eitel, op. cit., p. 233.

2.
F. of C., 24.5.1848.

3.
F. of C., 22.7.1844.

4.
According to the inscription on his chest tomb.

5.
F. of C., 5.1.1847.

6.
F. of C., 2.5.1846.