r. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 8, 1968, p. 149.
Quoted by Crisswell, C. in The Taipans: Hong Kong's Merchant Princes, p. 62.
Braga, J. M. (ed.), Hong Kong Business Symposium, p. 34.
Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, p. 203.
Endacott, G. B., A Biographical Sketch-book of Early Hong Kong, p. 62.
Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, p. 207.
Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, p. 207.
Norton-Kyshe, J. W., The History of the Laws and Courts of Hong Kong, Vol. I, p. 188.
NOTES TO CHA PTER 5
r. The correspondence is in the Public Record Office, London, F.O. 68 2/r977 9 May 1844 to
F.O. 682/198 1 20 March 1848. A brief summary of its contents is in Wong, J. Y., Anglo-Chinese
Relations I839-I860, pp. 109 -69 .
3 28 Notes
Labouchere, quoted in Endacott, G. B., A Biographical Sketch-book of Early Hong Kong, p. 71.
Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, p. 222.
Wong, J. Y., Anglo- Chinese Relations I839-I860 , pp. n 9ff.
A little after this, and probably consequent on the perceived need to tighten up various aspects of the administration, Davis issued on I May 1845 the first proclamation on what was legal tender in Hong Kong. Permitted specie were: gold, silver, and copper coins minted in the United Kingdom; the gold mohur (Indian) valued at 29s. 2d. or at r 5 rupees; Spanish, Mexican, and South American silver dollars at 4s.2d.; rupees at is. rod.; Chinese silver, and Chinese copper 'cash' at 280 to rs. This proved totally futile. Gold was not in use to any extent in the Far East, and silver - bullion or coin - regardless of whether it was Chinese, English, or other was in practice valued solely by weight, and not by its sterling value. The silver dollar, duly weighed, continued to be the supreme currency.
Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 6r.
Wong, J. Y., Anglo-Chinese Relations I839-I860, pp. 15 2-3 .
NOTES TO CHA PTER 6
�
r. Reprinted in Journal of the R oyal Asiatic Society, Vol. I I , 1971, pp. 171 -93.
The story of how, eventually, a suitable Government House was built is in Mattock, K., The Story of Government House.
Smith, C. T., Chinese Christians: Elites, Middlemen, and the Church in Hong Kong, p. 22.
Smith, C. T., Chinese Christians: Elites, Middlemen, and the Church in Hong Kong, p. 22.
Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 71.
NOTES TO CHA PTER 7
r. Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, p. 287.
Endacott, G. B., A Biographical Sketch-book of Early Hong Kong, p. 3 5.
Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, p. 25 3.
Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, p. 28 2.
Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, p. 254.
NOTES TO CHA PTER 8
r. The poet Thomas Hood (1 799-1 845) addressed lines to Bowring, 'a man of many tongues':
All kinds of gab he knows, I wis, From Latin down to Scottish
As fluent as a parrot is
But far more polly-glottish.
Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, p. 295.
Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, p. 297.
Smith, A., To China and Back, p. 63.
Smith, A., To China and Back, p. 4 2.
Smith, A., To China and Back, p. 3 3.
A resume of this and the following letters is in Wong, J. Y., Anglo-Chinese Relations I839-
I860, pp. 230££. The letters are also interesting in their revelation of the character of the writers.
Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, p. 306.
Wong, J. Y., Anglo-Chinese Relations I839-I860, pp. 230££.
ro. Bowring's suggestion of a cadet training scheme was accepted by the Colonial Office as a good means of filling posts in the China consular service. The idea was that the cadets should be a body of
Notes 3 29
men fluent in spoken and written Chinese whose first function was to interpret, especially in the courts. There they were certainly urgently required if Eitel's claim is accepted that in 1859 there was only one interpreter versed in written and spoken [Cantonese] Chinese, and no Chinese whose level of English even began to be adequate. The corps was formed in the time of the next Governor, Sir Hercules Robinson, in 1862.
After basic Chinese language training in London, the cadets came out to Hong Kong and were sent to Guangzhou for a more intensive course under Chinese teachers. The first three cadets were in fact never used as interpreters, such was the demand for administrators with Chinese language skills. Cecil Clementi Smith rocketed into the post of Registrar-General in 18 64, W. M. Deane became Super intendent of Police in 18 67, and M. S. Tonnochy held the positions of Sheriff, Coroner, and Marshall of the Vice-Admiralty Court in 1865.
Three cadets became Governors - May, Clementi, and Grantham. Two became Chief Justices, and four became Colonial Secretaries.
In 1 870 a competitive system was introduced to select them, and it remained in force until 193 2. By the 1920s, cadets held every major positi9n in the Colonial Secretariat, and the conduct of government was in their hands. Coming as most did from the British professional class with its educated, stuffy, usually fair-dealing outlook, they formed a body of incorruptible men. In the light of the statement by the director of recruitment for the Colonial Service in the 1930s and 1940s that 'in most colonies the Civil Servant is the Government, and not the servant of Government', their importance in the history of Hong Kong can hardly be exaggerated.
NOTE S TO CHAPTER 9
I. Endacott, G. B., A Biographical Sketch-book of Early Hong Kong, p. 50.
Endacott, G. B., A Biographical Sketch-book of Early Hong Kong, p. 50.
Endacott, G. B., A Biographical Sketch-book of Early Hong Kong, p. 81.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 10
r. Norman, Sir H., The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, pp. 25 -6.
Freedman, M., Lineage Organization in Southeastern China, p. 5 5.
Lethbridge, H. J., Hong Kong: Stability and Change, p. 61.
Quoted in Lethbridge, H. J., Hong Kong: Stability and Change, p. 63.
Scarth, J., Twelve Years in China, p. 256.
Mills, L. A., British Rule in Eastern Asia, p. 398.
Norton-Kyshe, J. W., The History of the Laws and Courts of Hong Kong, Vol. II, pp . 445 -6.
Smith, C. T., Chinese Christians: Elites, Middlemen, and the Church in Hong Kong, p. 19.
Smith, C. T., Chinese Christians: Elites, Middlemen, and the Church in Hong Kong, p. 21.
Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, p. 247.
1 r. Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, pp . 280-1.
Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, p. 391.
Endacott, G.· B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 138.
NOTES TO CHA PTE R l l,
r. Quotec;l by Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 143.
Endacott, G. B., A Biographical Sketch-book of Early Hong Kong, p. 83.
Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, pp. 425-6.
33 0 Notes
Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 158 .
Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 15 8.
Shakespeare wrote 'When', not 'Whence'.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 2
r. Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 1 66.
2. Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 167.
3. Eitel, E. J., Europe in China, p. 508.
NOTES TO CHA PTER 13
r. Pope-Hennessy, J., Half- Crown Colony, p. 79.
2. Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 175.
Dyson, A., From Time Ball to Atomic Clock, p. 22.
Dyson, A., From Time Ball to Atomic Clock, p. 22.
Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 181.
Bird, I., The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither, pp. 31 -2.
NOTE S TO CHA PTER 14
r. Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 1 84.
Quoted in Lethbridge, H. J., Hong Kong: Stability and Change, p. 168.
Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 189.
Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 190.
Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 191.
NOTES TO CHA PTER 1 5
r. From Chater's obituary in the Hong Kong Daily Telegraph, May 1926.
Reprinted in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 8, 1968, pp. 128-34.
Bird, I., The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither, p. 3 8.
Gower, Lord R., My Reminiscences, Vol. II, pp. 214-1 5.
Quoted by Sayer, G. R., Hong Kong: I862 -I9I9, p. 71.
Curzon, Hon. G. N., Problems of the Far East: Japan, Corea, China, p. 423.
NOTE S TO CHA PTER 1 6
r. Cameron, N., Power: The Story of China Light, pp. 1 8-20.
2. Curzon, Hon. G. N., quoted in Sayer, G. R., Hong Kong: I862-I9I9, p. 72.
Sayer, G. R., Hong Kong: I862-I9 I9, p. 72.
Dyson, A., From Time Ball to Atomic Clock, p. 5 2. This excellent work is essential reading on weather in all its Hong Kong aspects.
Arlington, L. C., Through the Dragon's Eyes, p. 168.
Coates, A., A Mountain of Light: The Story of The Hongkong Electric Company, p. 41.
Coates, A., A Mountain of Light: The Story of The Hongkong Electric Company, p. 42.
Sessional Papers No. 26, 1 89 6, p. 43 r.
Notes 33 1
NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 7
Sayer, G. R., Hong Kong: r862-r9r9, p. 91.
Sayer, G. R., Hong Kong: r862-r9r9, p. 92.
Atkinson, R. L. P., and Williams, A. K., Hong Kong Tramways, p. 23.
Sayer, G. R., Hong Kong: r862-r9r9, p. 11 2.
Sayer, G. R., Hong Kong: r862-r9r9, p. 114.
Sayer, G. R., Hong Kong: r862 -r9r9, p. II5.
From a speech to the Hong Kong University Congregation in 1925.
Report in the South China Morning Post.
A brief history of the institution is published by The Helena May.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 1 8
I. Coates, A., A Mountain of Light: The Story of The Hongkong Electric Company, pp. 82-3 .
2. Lethbridge, H. J., Hong Kong: Stability and Change, p. 94.
Miners, N., Hong Kong Under Imperial Rule r9r2-r94 r, pp. 189-90, appears to accept quite another set of figures.
Coates, A., A Mountain of Light: The Story of The Hongkong Electric Company, p. 96.
Coates, A., A Mountain of Light: The Story of The Hongkong Electric Company, p. 9 7.
Coates, A., A Mountain of Light: The Story of The Hongkong Electric Company, p. 1 27.
By Alfred Bunn (1 796?-1860) from The Bohemian Girl, Act II.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 19
1. Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 29 5.
2. Much of the information in the preceding five paragraphs is succinctly brought together in Collins, Sir C., Public Administration in Hong Kong, pp. 150-64.
3. Cameron, N., Power: The Story of China Light, p. 134.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 20
Endacott, G. B., Hong Kong Eclipse, p. 6 5.
Foreign Office 371 /2775 2. Telegraph from the Governor to the Secretary of State, 14 December 1941.
Endacott, G. B., Hong Kong Eclipse, pp. 80-1.
South China Morning Post, 25 December 1941. Quoted in Lindsay, 0., The Lasting Honour: The Fall of Hong Kong r94 r, p. 146.
Endacott, G. B., Hong Kong Eclipse, p. 183.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 21
Hutcheon, R., SCMP: The First Eighty Years, p. 95.
Tuchman, B. W., Stilwell and the American Experience in China r9rr-45, p. 410.
Endac5m, G. B., Hong Kong Eclipse, p. 259.
Endacott, G. B., Hong Kong Eclipse, p. 33 7.
Endacott, G. B., Hong Kong Eclipse, p. 33 9.
33 2 Notes
Colonial Office 1 29 (1945 - 6) 543 2 /45 (in the Public Record Office, London).
Endacott, G. B., Hong Kong Eclipse, p. 264.
Cameron, N., Power: The Story of China Light, p. 150.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 22
r. The subject is well expounded in Wong, L. S. K. (ed.), Housing in Hong Kong; A Multi disciplinary Study, pp. 128-59.
Hong Kong Government, Annual Report, 1982.
Endacott, G. B., Hong Kong Eclipse, p. 31 2.
NOTES TO CHAPTE R 23
r. The statistical information in this chapter has been taken principally from government sources. A readily available digest of the material is to be found in the Annual Reports. �
2. Joseph Y. S. Cheng's compilation Hong Kong in the I98os is a useful overview of the period.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 24
r. Lethbridge, H. J., Hard Graft in Hong Kong: Scandal, Corruption, the ICAC. This is the definitive account.
2. Lethbridge, H. J., Hard Graft in Hong Kong: Scandal, Corruption, the ICAC, p. 66.
Cooper, J., Colony in Confl,ict: The Hong Kong Disturbances, May I967-January I968, sets down in detail all the significant facts.
Lethbridge, H. J., Hard Graft in Hong Kong: Scandal, Corruption, the ICAC, p. 84.
Lethbridge, H. J., Hard Graft in Hong Kong: Scandal, Corruption, the ICAC, p. 85.
Annual Report of the Activities of the Independent Commission Against Corruption, 197 5.
NOTES TO CHAPTER 25
r. The sole exception is that of the coaling station of Weihaiwei (Weihai) on the Shandong Peninsula which was returned to China in 1930. The action had minimal human or commercial significance.
Any attempt to assess the meaning and effect of events in relation to Hong Kong after 1984 must be much more subjective than the analysis of events before current emotions ran high. Except in barest outline this has not been attempted.
APPEND ICES
APPENDIX r
Since archaeological excavation began in 1920, a certain amount of prehistory has come to light. A neolithic culture has left stone artefacts from about 6000 BC, and a later one about 3 500 BC produced pottery with designs linked to those on the Shang and Chou bronzes of 15 00-221 BC. A number of shoreside sites have yielded evidence of Yueh fishermen building temporary shelters, and it was doubtless they who carved the geometric designs on rocks at Big Wave Bay and elsewhere, discovered in 1970.
There is no hard evidence of Chinese inhabitants until about 200 BC, after which the Chin and Han empires spread from the Yangzi region down to Guangdong. An Eastern Han tomb (AD 25-220) was discovered in Kowloon in 19 5 5 as a site was cleared for housing, and contained pottery and bronze related to the Guangdong culture of that time. But it should not be assumed that the Han were settlers. The earliest written material dates permanent settlement much later, to the Song dynasty in the eleventh century. But Tang dynasty (AD 618 -907) garrisons seem to have been set up here and there, one at Tuen Mun (Garrisoned Gate), overlooked by Castle Peak, which was declared by an imperial decree of AD 868 a sacred mountain. Tang lime kilns and others for calcining sea shells continued working well into the twentieth century. The flight of the last princes of the Song ended in the defeat of the Song army and navy east of Hong Kong.
Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1 644 -19 12) villages and forts and Kowloon City existed, the latter gaining its wall in the first British years. The Portuguese were at Tuen Mun in 1514 and founded Macau just 30 years later.
With the Qing (Manzhu) dynasty in 1 644 came suspicions about the local inhabitants' loyalty, and in 1 662 the whole population was evacuated 30 miles inland and the seaboard laid waste. The San On (New Peace) district included what was to become Hong Kong, Kowloon, and the New Territories. The official Gazetteer records the hardships of the people driven from their lands, and the year after (1 663) the Viceroy was pleading that total clearance be abandoned in view of the misery caused. People were allowed to return in 1 669. A con temporary description of this barbaric process gives heart-rending details of suffering, suicide, the selling of children, and starvation. 'The authorities treated the people as no more than ants . . . several hundred thousand . . . died.'
A wave of Hakka people (Hakka means 'stranger' or 'guest') from the neighbouring provinces took over much of the vacated land from the local Punti.
The Gazetteer of San On County first appeared in the late sixteenth century and was published at irregular intervals until 1819. It records, among screeds of gossip, historical facts such as the building of the Tung Lung island fort in the time of the Kangxi emperor (excavated 1979-82), and tells tales of the pirate Chang Bocai, the local Robin Hood, who eventually joined forces with the Qing authorities. Other inhabitants of San On County were two fishing communities - the Hoklo from Fujian Province, and Tanka people said to be descended from aboriginals.
3 3 4 Appendices
Few current inhabitants of Hong Kong know anything of the Qing villages and the graves, milestones, and fertility-related monoliths scattered over the colony, and only recently has there appeared a guide to such sites.
Source: Bard, S., In Search of the Past: A Guide to the Antiquities of Hong Kong.
APPENDIX 2
Hong Kong's long steamy summers appear with great regularity in travellers' and residents' accounts, and the typhoons which occur now and then as climactic points during them have been vividly described. These tropical cyclones are, with earthquakes, nature's most destructive and savage force. The word typhoon derives from the Chinese tai fung, 'big wind'.
Forming over the tropical Pacific, the rapidly rotating warm air surrounds a relatively still central 'eye', the whole mass moving towards land where its force soon dissipates.
Until the Royal Observatory opened on 1 January 18 84, there were few i:�liable indicators of the approach or severity of typhoons. When the telegraph linked the colony with the Philippines and other places, at least some warning was available. But not until the deploy ment of weather satellites did there begin accurate predictions of the severity, speed, direc tion, and location of such storms.
Records of typhoons affecting Hong Kong are incomplete but severe winds, probably typhoons, are recorded early on. The first came barely six months after annexation in 1 841. On 21 July the storm passed to the west, destroying most of the flimsy structures then standing. Others are recorded in September 1 848, July 18 64, August and October 1867, September 1870, September 1871, and September 1874 - all being severe. There was a merciful inter regnum, noted by the Hong Kong Daily Press, between autumn 18 67 and September 1870. A few years later came the disastrous typhoon of 24 September 18 74. On 26 September the same paper chronicled the terror of the events. 'At times even above the fierce howling of the wind could be heard the pitiful cries of thousands vainly battling with the storm. Not a ship in port escaped undamaged and the casualties and loss of life - the latter estimated at 2,000 souls - have exceeded anything . . . before.' Eitel, who was present, recorded: 'The town looks as though it had undergone a terrific bombardment. Thousands of houses were unroofed, hundreds of European and Chinese dwellings were in ruins, large trees had been hurled to a distance, most of the streets were impassable . . . The Praya was covered with wrecked sampans and the debris of junks and ships, whilst in every direction bodies were seen floating or scattered along the ruins of what was once the Praya wall.'
Among subsequent typhoons there was a monstrous one in 1900, and other severe occur rences in 1906 and 1908. More recently, the devastation of typhoon Wanda in September 1962 was a memorable if tragic experience. In 1964 there were five such visitations. Today, as much damage is done by rain as by wind - the yield of typhoons varying between about four hundred and over five hundred millimetres of water. But casualties do not now result from lack of information on the approaching storm.
APP ENDIX 3
Appendices 3 3 5
Population, 1 845
346
Men Women
Children Total
Europeans
455
90
50
595
Indians
1 2
4
3 62
Chinese in brick buildings
6,000
960
500
7,460
Chinese in boats
600
1 ,800
1, 200
3, 600
Labourers
10,000
10,000
Visitors
3 00
Chinese in European employment
1,500
Total
23 ,817
Note: Figures do not include 618 European troops in the garrison.
Source: Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 65.
AP PENDIX 4
Figures for 1844 show 538 ships with a gross tonnage totalling 189,257 entered the port. By 1847 the number was 694 with a total tonnage of 229,465. Their countries of origin were Britain with 5 3 ships, India 114, Australia 3 3, North America 16, South America, the Pacific Islands, and East Indies 5 6, the China coast 13 9, and Guangzhou river vessels 28 3. Three years later ( 18 5 o) the totals were 8 84 ships totalling 229,009 tons.
Source: Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, pp. 74-5.
AP PENDIX 5
Volume of Trade, 1 9 24- 1 927
Vessels in Foreign Trade
River Trade
Year
Number Total Tonnage
Imports Exports
19 24
57,765
3 8 ,770,499
493 ,79 1
663,802
1 925
41 ,3 36
3 2, 1 79,05 3
201 ,128
3 1 8,502
1 926
30, 23 1
28,3 71, 1 04
11 7,42 1
123,322
1927
51 ,289
3 6,834,01 4
No figures available
Source: Hong Kong Government, Annual Reports, 1924-19 27.
3 3 6 Appendices
APPENDIX 6
Hong Kong Trade (per cent)
Year
Britain
British Dominions
China
Other Countries
Imports
19 21
10.24
10.79
19.12
59.77
193 1
9.94
8.88
27. 84
53 .34
1939
6.62
7.o3
37 .95
48 .40
Exports
1921
0.9 1
9.99
64.65
24 .45
1931
0.89
9.o9
5 r.67
38 .3 5
1939
5- 23
13 .93
14.83
66.01
Source: Endacott, G. B., A History of Hong Kong, p. 29 1.
APPEND IX 7
The return made by General Maltby listing the casualties in the Battle for Hong Kong makes grim reading. Listed as kilied or died of wounds were 74 officers and 97 1 men of other ranks. There were 2,3 00 men of all ranks wounded. Of the 1,069 missing 62 were officers and 1 ,007 men of other ranks. In total Maltby's return shows that there were 4,414 casualties.
It is probably fair to conclude that the total of those listed as missing can be included with killed or died of wounds since death was almost certainly the fate of all but a very few. The heaviest casualties were among the Rajputs who lost every officer and 6 5 per cent of their men. The Royal Scots and the Royal Rifles of Canada lost over 50 per cent of their men, and the remaining three battalions suffered casualties ranging from 40 to 50 per cent.
Regarding Japanese casualties, on 29 December 1941 a Japanese news agency gave the figures for those killed as 1,996 and wounded 6,000. A broadcast from Tokyo some days later listed as killed 3,000 and wounded 20,000. Maltby's own estimate was killed 3,000 and wounded 9,000.
Source: Lindsay, 0., The Lasting Honour: The Fall of Hong Kong I94 I, pp. 200- r.
AP PENDIX 8
Major Indicators of Growth of Economic Activity in Hong Kong (per cent per annum)
2
-44
r3.73
r7.45
8.79
Indicators Nominal Growth Rates Real Growth Rates 1980 Level
r4.49
ro.45
26.39
17.17
r3. r 3
7.44
45 ,02 5
$5 6/day
15 .89
ro.53
15 .87
r5 .49
r5 .53
1960-70
1970-80
1960-80
1960-70
1970-80
1960 -80
Population (mid-year)
-
-
-
2 .88
2 .66
5 .04 m
GDP (at market prices)
Total GDP
18.71
16.3 2
ro. 24
9.18
9.68
$r o6,77om
Per capita
ro.94
15 .88
13. 5 2
7.54
6. 58
7.o3
$ 2 1,191
International trade
Total exports
20 .49
rr .93
ro ..24
rr .0 8
$98, 243m
(per capita)
I I. 2 8
17.62
14.4 1
7.62
8. 20
$1 9,499
Domestic exports
15. 72
18 .63
8.54
ro.8 r
$68,rr r7m
Re-exports
18.15
8. 24
1 2 .00
$3 0,07 2m
Imports
rr . 62
20 . 29
9.63
ro.08
$r r r,65 rm
Manufacturing
Employment -
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