ENG-2002 — Page 518

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HISTORY

Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan, Guangzhou in Guangdong and the Antiquities and Monuments Office, which was known to be the largest team ever mobilised in Hong Kong. Important discoveries, including artefacts and archaeological features of the Neolithic Period, Bronze Age, Tang-Song and Ming-Qing dynasties were revealed. These findings not only helped to portray the chronology of the local archaeological cultures, but also provided important clues to trace the prehistoric society and settlement patterns of the Pearl River Delta area.

Interesting archaeological features, almost certainly made by those people, include the rock carvings, most of which are geometric in style, at Shek Pik on Lantau Island, on Kau Sai Chau, Po Toi, Cheung Chau and Tung Lung Chau; and at Big Wave Bay and Wong Chuk Hang on Hong Kong Island.

The military conquest of South China by the North during the Qin (221-207 BC) and Han (206 BC–220 AD) dynasties must have brought increasing numbers of Han settlers into the region and exerted a variety of influences on the indigenous populations. Testimony to this is the excavation of coins of the Han period but the outstanding monument to this turbulent period must undoubtedly be the fine brick- built tomb uncovered at Lei Cheng Uk, in Sham Shui Po, in 1955 with its array of typical Han tomb furniture, dateable from the early to middle Eastern Han period. Recent rescue excavations at Pak Mong on Lantau Island, on Kau Sai Chau, at Tung Wan Tsai on Ma Wan Island and at So Kwun Wat in Tuen Mun all yielded considerable quantities of Han Dynasty finds in well-stratified sequences. These included pottery vessels of various kinds, iron implements and a large quantity of bronze cash coins. They provide important clues to understanding the daily life and activities of the local people of that period.

Archaeological remains from later historic periods are still relatively rare. Recent work has thrown a welcome light on one aspect of life in Hong Kong during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD) through a study of the dome-shaped lime kilns which are almost ubiquitous features of Hong Kong's beaches. Lime was a valuable commodity useful for caulking and protecting wooden boats against marine organisms, water- proofing containers, dressing the acid soils of agricultural fields, building and salt production among other purposes. It clearly played an important role in the economy of the period.

Strong traditions link Hong Kong with the events surrounding the Mongol incursions and the concluding chapters of the Song Dynasty in the 13th century AD. Several local finds are from this period: the Sung Wong Toi inscription, now relocated near the entrance to the former Hong Kong International Airport in Kowloon; the Song inscription in the grounds of the Tin Hau Temple at Joss House Bay; caches of Song coins from Shek Pik, Mai Po and Kellett Island; and celadons of Song type from various sites, especially Nim Shue Wan and Shek Pik on Lantau Island and Queen's Hill in Fanling.

Recent studies are beginning to shed fresh light on events in Hong Kong during the Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1911) dynasties. These include an analysis of considerable quantities of Ming blue-and-white porcelain collected and excavated from Penny's Bay, Lantau. It is very fine quality export ware of the kind that found its way to the courts of South-East Asia and further west, and dates from the first few decades of the 16th century AD. During the excavation in 2001, more Ming remains were retrieved, including building foundations and structures suggesting the presence of a Ming settlement in Penny's Bay. Archaeological investigations at the ancient kiln