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major industries and services. It also organises the annual Young Industrialist Awards of Hongkong and the consumer product design category of the Hong Kong Awards for Industry.

The Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong (CMA), established in 1934, is a member of the International Chamber of Commerce and has a membership of nearly 4000. Services provided include the issuance of certificates of origin, handling of trade enquiries, and the organisation of industrial and trade promotion activities, seminars and training courses. It encourages product development and quality improvement, and through its Testing and Certification Laboratories provides manufacturers with technical back-up services, including materials, consumer products and environmental testing, pre-shipment inspection and technical consultancy services. Since 1989, the CMA has been the organiser of the machinery and equipment design award category of the Hong Kong Awards for Industry.

The Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce is the oldest business association in Hong Kong. Founded in 1861, it has around 4 000 corporate members and organises and receives trade missions to and from overseas as well as handling trade enquiries. It issues certificates of origin and is the sole local issuing authority for International Association Temporarie Admission Carnets. The chamber is represented on many official advisory committees/bodies, and it founded both the Hong Kong Article Numbering Association and the Hong Kong Coalition of Service Industries. The chamber also sponsors the Hong Kong Committee of the Pacific Basin Economic Council.

Established in 1900, the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce is a voluntary and non-profit-making organisation of local Chinese firms and businessmen. It has over 6 000 members. Services provided include a wide range of trade services such as issuing certificates of origin, providing Electronic Trading Access Service and trade enquiry services, organising conferences and trade delegations, and other trade activities promoting business information exchange. The chamber maintains close contacts with trade organisations in the Mainland and world-wide. It also organises regular training courses on Hong Kong's economy for senior officials and executives from the Mainland.

The Hong Kong Management Association is a non-profit-making professional organisation incorporated in 1960 to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of management in Hong Kong. With a membership of around 13 000, the association offers over 2 200 training programmes annually, provides various management services, and organises a series of awards and competitions.

The Hong Kong Chinese Enterprises Association was established in 1991. It has about 1 000 members which comprise enterprises that are wholly owned by Mainland investors or in joint ventures with Hong Kong or overseas investors. The objective of the association is to promote the co-operation and development of economy, trade, investment and technology among the Mainland, Hong Kong and other countries or territories.

The Hong Kong Exporters' Association was established in 1955. Since then, it has been an active promoter of Hong Kong's export and re-export trade. It has around 650 members.