ENG-1988 — Page 36

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CONSTITUTION AND ADMINISTRATION

links between the three tiers of representative government, and various practical electoral arrangements.

Role of the Governor

The Governor is the representative of the Queen in Hong Kong. He has ultimate direction of the administration of Hong Kong and is also the titular Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces stationed in Hong Kong. As head of the government, he presides at meetings of both the Executive Council and the Legislative Council. The Governor is in close touch with the administration of the territory and exerts a major influence over the direction of affairs.

The present Governor, Sir David Wilson, assumed office on April 9, 1987.

The Governor is appointed by the Queen and derives his authority from the Letters Patent passed under the Great Seal of the United Kingdom. The Letters Patent establish the basic framework of the administration of Hong Kong and, together with the Royal Instructions passed under the Royal Sign Manual and Signet which lay down procedures that must be followed, form the written constitution of Hong Kong. However, there are various well-established practices which substantially modify the operation of this formal constitution. For instance, although from the constitutional instruments described above, Her Majesty's Government would appear to have absolute power over the affairs of Hong Kong, in practice Hong Kong for the most part is left to run itself with a high degree of autonomy. Similarly, the Governor by convention rarely exercises the full extent of his powers: there is extensive consultation with the community on all major issues of policy and the conduct of the administration. Hong Kong thus enjoys a unique form of government by consultation and consensus.

The Letters Patent create the office of Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Hong Kong, and require him to observe its laws and the instructions given to him by the Queen or the Secretary of State. They also deal with the constitution of the Executive and Legisla- tive Councils, and the Governor's powers in respect of legislation, disposal of land, the appointment of judges and public officers, pardons, and the tenure of office of Supreme Court and District Court judges.

The Royal Instructions deal with the appointment of members of the Executive and Legislative Councils, the nature of proceedings in the Executive Council, the Governor's responsibility to consult the Executive Council and his right (a right not exercised in recent times) to act against its advice. They also deal with the membership of, and election to, the Legislative Council, the nature of proceedings there, the format of the legislation passed by the council, and the nature of legislation which may not be passed. The Standing Orders of the Legislative Council, made under the authority of Royal Instruction XXIII, provide how Bills are to be passed.

Central Government

Executive Council

The Executive Council consists of four ex-officio members the Chief Secretary, the Commander British Forces, the Financial Secretary and the Attorney General - together with other members who are appointed by the Governor with the approval of the Secretary of State. As at September 1, 1988, there are 10 appointed members, including one official member. Appointed members hold office for fixed periods.

The council meets at least once a week, in camera, and its proceedings are confidential, although many of its decisions are made public. In theory, the function of the council is to