1991-12-18 — Page 25

( 25 ) 育教 日三十月-----十年未辛

Factors which helped the spread of nationalism,

1.

1992 中學會考預習專欄

明德出版社

MILL & DALE PRESS

History (11)

J. LUI

The rise of nation-states in Europe(2) the unification of Italy

Geographical and political background of Italy made. its unification different.

The obstacles faced by the Italians. 1. Unlike Belgium, which

originally an independent state in 1815, Italy was mainly governed by foreign rule. It could be best described as. a geographical expression in 1915 only because --- except the Kingdom of Piedmont-

The oppressive foreign and native rulers, e.g. the King of Naples,

discontent generated

among Italians.

the.

2. A. unified Italy under Napoleon helped to inspire Italian nationalism.

3. Since there was no praper form of channel for the Italians to air their hatred, discontent and anger, they formed secret societies. For example, the Carbonari and the Young Italy.

4.

These secret societies had a common goal of achieving independence by of staging uprisings and means revolutions.

In the. 1820's,

they appealed mainly to the workers, students and intellectuals.

5. The Romantic Movement and the study of their past glory also ignited Italian nationalism.

Sardinia, the rest of the Tr

Italian States was ruled either by the Austrians, the French (the House of Bourbons) or the Pope.

UnTike Belgium, Italy was ruled and controlled by Austria,

The independence of Belgium was ensured and the political map:of 1815 was partly changed just because the Austrians were busy with the suppression of the national uprisings elsewhere in émpire.

3. Thus,

unlike the independence movement of Belgium, Austría Intervened and tried her best in suppressing the : national Independence movements inside her empire.

5.

Austria tried her best to prevent Italian unification for fearof disintegration of her empire.

As a result. the Austrians tried her best to hunt dowm the Italians uprisings in the 1830's and 1848.

was. too divided by her

6. Italy

Treligious. differences

politicial discrepancies.

6.

The Romantic intellectual of the 1830's, Giuseppe Hazzini, founded the Young Italy aimed at achieving national independence through the support of workers and intellectuals.

Moreover,. his ideas .of nationalism were characterized by universal love for the oppressed in the world.

The immediate cause of the Revolution of 1848 in Italy.

The

Causes

February Revolution in France in 1848 encouraged the revolutionaries of other. countries to stage revolts and demand liberal reforms.

:

The Italians seized the opportunity and staged a lot of insurrections and rebellions. For some time, the Austrians

driven away. were

from the territory. However, the revolts were hunted down and the Italians were not áble to gain independence at that. stage.

1. The revoluntionary leaders were ton. divided the future form of governments.

a. Mazzini

demanded a republican form of government

報日僑華

2. The nationalist forces were poorly

organized.

a. The Italians uprisings were not well-organized. They lacked careful planning and all erupted simultaneously, ·without much coordination.

•

b. At first, the revolutionaries succeeded in forcing the rulers of Naples to grant: them a liberal constitution. Revolts broke out successfully in the Austria-controlled states of venetia, Lombardy and Tuscany.

c. Although the king of Piedmont, Charles Albert, voluntarily, granted his people a liberal constitution, he was not able to gain the support of, the republicans and the Pope. d. The Republicans were radical, and the Pope turned France, for help.

e. Worst still, lack of popular support, the Republic of Rome formed under the leadership of Mazzini. was crushed.

3. Throughout their struggle for independence, the Italians had to face two big enemies. They were France and Austria. However, the Italians Jacked strong armed force, so they were finally crushed and suppressed.

The impact of the 1848 Revolution on the Unification of Italy.

The French intervention

1. Before 1848, the greatest enemy which prevented Italy from gaining independence was Austria.

The

After 1848, France had become another obstacle.

The aggressive attitude of Louis Napoleon would mean that Italy would face another obstacle. In 1948, Louis Napoleon crushed the republic set up by Mazzini in Rome in order to please the French Catholics at home.

strategy new

of the Italian Revolutionaries a 2. Learning from the lesson at the Revolution of 1848, the Italians can realized that disorganized ard spontaneous uprisings could not force the Austrians from the Italian territory."

三期星日八十月二十(一九九一年十八國民華中

the strength of their armed force and economy and foreign help.

to

4. Thus, Charles Albert of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia introduced a series of

So as reforms strengthen his kingdom.

He reformed the finances, and the army, promoted agriculture, and lowered tariffs. Although Charles Albert still ruled as and absolute monarchy, Piedmont had become one of the most politically conscious and active parts of Italy.

5. Another significant development was that after 1848, nearly all. the Italian patriots realized that they should rally behind the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia if they wanted to fight against Austria to win their independence.

-Thus, Garibaldi, the follower of Mazzini, handed the conquered Naples to Cavour in the later years..

The role of Cavour in the unification of Italy

Cavour did play ̇significant role.

1. Until 1861, Count Camillo di Cavour was one the most important men in Italian politics.

2. He

a convinced liberal who devoted to constitutional liberties and to develop along modern lines the agriculture, industry and finance of his country.

3. His mission of life

"westernize"

Piedmont eventually the whole of Italy.

to and

4. He strengthened the power of the King by reducing the power of the Church.

5. He carried but the reforis with the

consent of the parliament.

6. Also, he strengthened the economy of Piedmont by making a series of commercial. treaties with Belgium, France and England,

7.

8.

form

They realized that they needed a strong armed force and correct military strategy.

and

c. The

Piedmont King

preferred

3. Also, they realized

manarchy.

that triumph of the movement depended on

the

b. The Pope. hoped

theocracy.

the Finance of He strengthened Piedmont by expanding her commerce. By 1854, he modernized the structure of business corporations, banks, cooperative societies, the civil administration, and the army. which were based on the British and Freich models.

He strengthened the political ties between Pf edmont and the libera? West / b. *Forming' a series of diplomatic alliances and wars. For Instance, he backed up France and Britain in the Crimean. War of 1855-56%

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9. Success of above

made

strategies had

Piedmont a prosperous and

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of leading the rest of the Italians to independence.

10. Thus by 1661, the Kingdom of Italy with Piedmont as its core but still excluding Venetia and Rome founded.

The significance of Unification

Points to consider

was

the

Italian

1. As examined before, the 1848 Revolution, marked a watershed in the national independence movement of Italy.

2. Before 1848; the secret societies led the movement. However, after 1848, it was led by the enlightened statesmen and revolutionaries.

more

3. Before 1848, the military strategy of the revolutionaries was limited to the staging of insurrections and uprisings. After 1848, the revolutionary leaders were realistic. They realized importance of strengthened armed force and modern economy in their struggle for independence. 1848, romanticism had died down.

the

By

4. The political strategy of the Italfans also changed after 1848. After 1848, the Italians were more realistic, Before

1848,

they

purely relied on their on efforts in their stuggle for independence. After 1848, the enlightened leader's realized the importance of foreign helpin their struggle independence.

for

they.

- Thus, they leaned on France,

then on Britain, later needed German support in order to complete the unification.

political

5.

The role of enlightened leaders and statesmen such as Cavour Mazzini etc should not overlooked when we assess significance of the movement.

and

be

the

6. Unlike Germany, the Unification

Italy did not upset the balance of power of Europe.

of

7.

However, because of their social, political and

economical differences, the political unity between:`the northern Italy. and.. southern Italy did create a lot of problems which were later to be inflated bombast of fascism.

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國民華中

日三十月一十年未辛曆

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