郭日僑蕁
(peer
U
e.g. CH2OC
C17H35
0 件
(25)產地外海 育 四十月二年未磨
1991 中學會考預習專欄
明德出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
ethanoate
e.g. Penty1
flavour) in sweets;
Butyl butanoate (pineapple flavour). in milk shakes; Methyl benzoate (a 'mint' flavour) in minty chewing gume
1.5 Hydrolysis of Esters
(a) Esters are hydrolysed in the presence of a mineral acid or an alkali,
Chemistry (26)
CHOC - C17H35 +3NaOH
0
снос
CH2OH
Ester + Water
N. LAM
Alkanol Alkanoic acid Ong. CH3COOCHg + H2O
·CHOH
+ 307H3C -0- Nat
Soap
онгон
J& CHOH + CHGCOOH
Unit 15: Revision Notes on Esters. Soaps and Detergents
1. Esters.
1.1 General formula:
|
RCHORL where R and R' are alkyl
groups.
1.2 Ester formation (Esterification)
Alkanoic
acid
+ Alkanol
Conc
H2504
Ester +, Water
OOH
where. and... ▲ represents alkyl groups...
a.g. CHGCOOH+CH3OH CHGCOUCHg+H2O
1.3 Physical properties of Esters
{a} Most of them are colourless, volatile liquids with b.p.'s much lower than the alkanois and alkanoic acids of similar relative molecular mass..
(b) They have: characteristic
pleasant friit smells..
(c) Insoluble in water but good 'solvents for many. organic
compounds..
1.4 Uses of Esters.
(a) As solvents for many paints and adhesives due to their volatility and good dissolving power.
as nail
e.g. Ethylethanoatel
varnish remover;
(b) As artificial flavourings in perfumes, food, cosmetics and drinks
their etc. due to characteristic friuty smells:
(出五期星逢)
1.6 Fat
(b) Acid hydrolysis of esters is just the reverse of esteri fication. The reaction is reversible.
(c) Alkaline
hydrolysis
(saponification) of esters is irreversible and the reaction is almost complete. e.g. CHCOOCHg + NaOH
are
CH3OH + CHgCOO ̄Na+
and oils
esters found. naturally. They are esters formed. between
{or propan-1,2,3-triol - glycerol) are large organic acids. They can be represented by the structure below.
CH
.0
CHLOC - RE
11
CH OC-
Where of
Ryo R2 and Ra are hydrocarbon chains saturated or unsaturated, similar or different.
2. A detergent.is a substance which
cleans.
3. Soap a natural detergent.
3.1 Soaps are in fact the sodiu
potassium salarge alkanos acids.
eg. the most coman soap is sodium.
octadecanfate, u pudesco Nat
3.2 $app are made by the alkaline hidrol of the animal fats or e.g. glycerine reaction is ofter
este
known as: saponification.
NaOH
fats/pils+ or
KOH
刊
Na or K
glycerol+alkanoate
(soap}:
Propane-1,2,3-triol (g}ycerol)
3-3 Cleaning Action of Soap
(a) Soap particles have a structure
as shown below.
Hydrocarbon tal (Non-polar, hydrophobic, soluble In, grease)
coo
fonte "lead"
tfoler, hydrophilich soluble in waters
Thus, soap particles can dissolve, partly in grease and partly in water..
(b) Soap works in THO main ways in
cleaning:
(1) It emulsifies the dirt or grease. That is, it breaks. down the dirt or grease into tiny droplets so as to
Dirt or
Grease
Fabric
be washed away be water. Thus, soap
is emulsifying agent.
soap solution
五期星日九月三(一九九一)年十八国民瓈中
(2) it
lowers
the
surface
6.
'Hard' and ''soft' water
tension of water and hences makes water
better wetting substance.
6.1 Hard water is one consisting of
dissolved calcium ions
(Ca2+)
Attraction
molecule
vottad surface
High surface tension due to large intermolecular forces
Repulsion
soop particle -water molecule
Song Solution
vetted surface
Low surface "tansian due to the weakening of the forces between water molecules by the presence of soap particies and the. repulsion between the hydrophobia ends.
4. Synthetic (Soapless) Detergents
4.1 Synthetic detergents
have a structure'similar to the soap but their
tails. hydrophobic hydrophilic heads
different from:that of the soap。
e.g.
are
言。
Hydrophobic tail
tonic head
4.2 The hydrophobic
and hydrophilic
parts of a synthetic detergent have 切 be
joined together using
chemical reactions.
4.3 Petroleum is the mairi source of the
materials for making, synthetic.
detergents.
4.4 The cleaning action of synthetic detergents. is similar to that of the soaps..
dirt 13 torn off
5.
stirring
Addi bings, I pësoaps and Detergents
alcohols with an
linkage: 它
to
clean fabric
reduce lather or foaming; (b) Bleachtags
(c) Antiydrous
"keep the
powder dry
The dirt is broken. up into droplets which remain separated
due to
tho
the repulslon between similarly-charged
heads of soap particles.
lonic
(d) NagPog. to remove Mg2+ and Ca2+
in hard water.
៨
and/or magnessium ions (Mg2+)...
6.2 Soft water is one which does not
have any dissolved Ca2t. or* Mg2+.
6.3 Soaps form scum (an insoluble grey
solid) in hard water. Scum is actually the magnessium and calcium
salts of large aikanoic acids.
e.g.Ca2+(aq)
7. Using Soaps
2.1 Advantages
櫥
20735000~
soap ion
-Ca(C1735000)2
SCUM
(a) Good cleaning agent, (b) Littie)
on
(s)
living
effect organisms, hence no pollution. problem.
(c) Biodegradable, i.e. decomposed
by bacteria.
7.2 Disadvantages
(a) Forming, scum in hard water;
(b) Not suitable in strongly acidic
medium.
(c) Increasing deniand on fats/oils
that coned be used as food.
8. Using Synthetic Detergents.
8.1 Advantages
(a) Not forming any scum in hard
water.
(b) Can be used in acidic medium.
(c) Less demand on fats oils,
8.2 Disadvantages
(a) Toxic to aquatic lives.
(b) Synthetic detergents consisting
of branched hydrocarbon chains- are non-biodegradable, causing pollution.
thus
environmental
and
9. Pollutions caused soaps
Detergents
Phosphates in: ̇most
detergents
stimulate the growth of algae which use up most of the dissolved oxygen: and hence: kill. the aquatic organisms (due to lack or oxygen).
10. Test for Detergents
10.1 A11 detergents form a lather (foam
and bubbles) when stirred with soft. water.
10.2 Soaps do not form lather, with hard
water as
detergents.
readily: as
特民移資投產地外海
經擬及。
菠臨檢號
一切透過賣屋經來,指所有上市,仍由一半。按揭贷是澳洲
A首希望有所增長的唯一
損,深受本級氣清洗方面。各洲的二手勇过
它內裡除了包括買賣雙 |時產生法律約剂效。
【完備的法律性文件
澳洲地產復甦
一期諸兩年之後
有關成 被洲房地產價格自級和郊區寫字樓的回報。
息率
「降至十座以下,才能恢復資家的信心,刺激買 【地產。儘管最近利率下降,地產界相信利要
牢,對備受衰退打擊的國內地產市場是利好消 由於過去利半高企,受難返打最大的是
加拿大聯邦政府和加拿大銀行最近放寬利
伍和參詳再提交給業降至興旺詩期前的三。 艾程序漸緒。對方透過八九年以来下降了百分率分别母百分之九至 黃成智利麵就之後,應之二十至四十,回報率十,百分之十二至十 宅、商業,樓宇、寫字樓和工廠大廈也明顯發 即使在党衰退影谳較小的西部地區,但
到影響。
鹹面 - 舊樓的買賣生往估的年回報率爲百分之三產市場的情況是「
百佔兩成左右。所甜舊百分之七至七點五。次計,地產市場至少在年省,今年的我願 《全部買賣的八成,新樓至六,到年中估計介乎的。按照最樂觀的估者青睞的卑詩 七月
發生宅樓宇買寶方降,高雅進一名地產分 ·業界艺
氣派。
步打緊
甦的跡象。1
啊,預計在今
多间多心產市 一場仍然陷入低不
琥表現出色 小
| 現將會較其他
【的工業心地會
多倫多爲中心的
· 方前會首先復性。
稅售銷與率利高制受
振不仍產房市兩多温
千計建築工人
上停頓,數以
出續供。
若凡个半多雖對滍谁
19 fit
多梅多出韪哥華的品悄校一年而下降了百
圖爲加拿大一所樓房的客廳擺設,甚具分之二十,班屋建築大鸟軟線。蟲場難的新
利
異迥度角點觀,同不境選格性
謹嚴度態樓實人加
躁急嫌稍業客港
例條賣買產地善完有大拿加惟
更已計劃把部份物業出售。
糖
|
synthetic
少點乞人惟 - 因有一抹笑容和一絲慈容。 好看起來;袁木也自夠醜陋雄看,倒是江澤民
·違的方法。 所謂會-就要懂得説
還要看個 人質案。
毛澤東的老師徐特立,是
堂、正氣凜然,予人好感而又富涵養才氣的? 數來數去,中共報導人中,誰個相貌堂
個齊虫。他聽過的齿 - 毛鋼東
福徐行
似乎只有一個周恩來。
汰,唯一可以使她感到滿意的 情愛。金錢不是最好的補供辦
;有理由付出這歷多感情,沒有 難,但我是永遠不能填補道份 理由澧此變故而引起種苦
抑鬱的原因之一。 未知數。也許還一點就是我心 種設想,實際發展如何,還是
背而不會,也是徒然。 以能象而不肯讀,固然不馥; 理一段路
《 於香港文化中心及大會
日】在維園舉行之城 來三月三十一日星期
堂的票房辦理手續。
·. 如果你起經歷一次不尋常的經驗-
日期爲四月五及六日,晚上七時,在威瑪蘭妮的表演
日世紀谆樂史等。. 一包括音樂賞析,十八至
・文娛表演:
血長笛及精他二重奏:香港文化中心
如有查詢,請懋七二四二九牌
(199).
市論壇」務暫停一次
:
\},訂座及查詢:五二七二五」。 .會演出。門票現已公開發售,分四十及三十元一藝穗會會
講瘗演奏會:
大堂,下午五時四十五分
題目:WA 莫扎特
|以前的古典小提琴
中東停戰未能帶來刺激
美國地產仍疲 年內難有起色
澳洲地產,暫時仍未能降價百分之二十至三滅,是百分之八十七,
完全擺脫困境。
出售。 日本縣市配參考。
1 十一假值数百溟澳元的所道路佔價 - 是 臺籍住宅以實供的五成物来,承繼及硬物稅而
去年地價
計算;疑新的字,將
用作在九二年微收新地
西區〔尤其是大津社荣 自八八年以來·
上升三成 瓦罗地價上升二倍。不 過最貴的地皮仍是位於
一項網查顯示,H 東京,張巡更是表表
市地便在去年上升百分 國稅局聯同厚生海
本四十七個縣的主要城者。
年大津地皮的增幅最
·和洽商。
足道的。
地產市道需要兩年至五年時間才復甦, : 不論美团或加拿大·如果單靠香港移民購買,在龐大市場中是他不
成表示今年會降低地產方面的投資,或者是把投資維持在去年的水平, 淡。以日爲例,二百家按受一項地產業瞵查的美國日本公司中,近八 只有百分之二表示會把投資額提高。一些本身出現財政翡题的日本公可
然息口下降,但面對觚濟低沉,收入減少,置業供家欲不高 在美语一項調查,一千六百名有代表性的被訪者中,七成以上認爲 光,但據另一些市場人士說,北美物来,在一年內很難有甚麽起色。雖 雖然有些國際物業顧問說,中東戰爭結束後,海外物業市場露出曦
|. 洛杉磯及三藩市雖然繼拽吸引海外投資者,但實家們的興緻已然轉
梅以呈現,但因她家地理優勢,令道區
在美國 - 旧州是美國過去十年發展最迅速的區域,鑑於常地工業生
港買家落行如杯水車薪
推 地道的加拿大人與香港人也有差異之城市有大且過點的寫字一樣輕易獲得贷款。東南 在加大。也有人來 裨洲的我退意味對|物業性托,是一個少有 他活動一樣,來得爽快和有效率。越羹 百分之十三至十四。Countries購 Cancunt 定,成爲有樓人士,正如香港人進行其 梨明年的空置率會升至地 的Capital & 例如家人的儲蓄及收入足够,便開始物。墨爾本和柏斯將分 Burwill公司一上市公 從基本需要出發,待過擠橫件成熟 - 未來十八個月將繼續雄 有百分十五欲的 香港一般家庭購買第一間居所,多百分之九點五至十六, 度。最近新加坡政府機 寫字模的错求大減。裁的利好消息。
博情形大致相同,不過胜菜的觀念上,性。除坎培拉外,各個影響,不能再像以前那 在加拿大購買住宅物業,與香港購 半至兩年後才會跟始復| 改變及因內利率上升的 接。寫字樓空置率升至 亞投資者採取觀望
亦可見一斑,
四點
|時買賣合約的擬就和談判都透過兩個經紀進行,買方通常不會見築主,足八億
【黨主的業樟以及物業的科举確資料,提供給賣屋經包卡
[經紀包辦了兩個身份,兼不全郦價金,出盤至紀要低音從田土愿查清楚一
生所殘透過登山,盤紀•一個是買家的寬一股新型格魯斯維諾大厦 澳洲現在指密住宅
期款項較大;另行著。上著她的人
堨通常只做七成五, 這個既活躍又兢爭激體的臨產經紀行業,現單在太溫哥華市有經紀約七恩公司準備出售雪梨的交。 期,到他們有條件行出第一步, 至於接宇寶實的線性過程,也是她獲得多,無怪乎在加拿大出現了 級寫字樓大廈。例如克 近以五千六百五十萬成 高,一般家庭不容易省下那一筆的首 倒閉。 常的害禛,願填亦要花上一月不,我打怪也 入中胜出來選摶的儲蓄不多,若望價 八。今年會有更多公司被接管的酒店以低於退 幾乎是件終身大事。首先,道理一般按下,達八年來的最高影響今年的銷售。計劃 道個情況・置業安居的態度十分嚴謹,點一上升至百分之八點 屈,但波斯灣戰爭將會 至一月底,澳洲的失業 . 反之 - 地道的加拿大人買樓並不是率由一年前的百分之六 年有幾宗成交打破 一價出售。例如在布维斯
兩店和休憐琳莉去
賣合約表格是一個非常是五十年以上的樓撈; | |一向沿用的臨時對 正稱得上是舊屋的往往很高。
一種半降至現在的十三座
第二本旅行證件
38 SQ. FT. 330 THE CORINTHIAN
進行道路估價,發現
FULLERTON,30,000 S.F.
.
STY GARDEN
STYLE. ASSUM .9% FIN
【當您取得這一項非常有價值的全新
(料後,定可解決您的移民煩惱。潔闊了 ,請以英文:
$1.6 MM
徒
力少人拟際登住
华测当股价年寫和掛补讓倫剛索地人
Bahamas-Freeport, one bedroom CALIFORNIA, USA
3 VIDEO STORES
plus mobile video to 41 outlets
No.Callf. $1.3 Mil, $200K net.
condornintum on boach. Completely
furnished cable tv. two pools; two
MARYLAND, USA
Waiting to Serve You:
VERTTAS TRADERS
easinos nearby. Selling price $75,000 Brokers for loather, silk & wool
ju.s. Please answer in English.
| Doug Sundby. CB Dufour Really,Write "Conde" P.O.Box 334,Fiyder:
916/895-1545 or 342-4025
Fax 916/343-8233
TEXAS USA By Owner
HANCH FOR SALE
Approximately 360 Acres
Fenead with pipe cornor post and bracing,.
new steet T-post and 5-strand barbed wire Cross fonced with 4-strand Gallagher 免High Energy lectric, 6 ponds, 15,
pastures improved with coastal : 90'X80'/ (shop and equipment shod. Excellent steel
ppo working and holding peres. Many? baxvbilu honrosites, community water plenty of trees, minerais. Located East of Waco Texas Ranch is in excellent condition.
Call (713) 492-6102
Station Brookiyn, NY 11234-0007 U.S.A.
Solid Contacts. Phone:(301) 439-6254 Fax: (301) 270-5815
BRUSSELS - BELGIUM - E.E.C. HEADQUARTERS -
Prestigious furn key construction projects Residential Offices Shops
Projects completion
International Banks
Rental return guaranteed From Starling +/- 125.000.000 € For information
32.2.360.03.19
warranted
by
3.750.000
€
tu
fax
NYC FOH SALE BY OWNER
PANORAMIC CITY VIEWS, BD. DESIGNER SGL
JEWEL, 112 MARBLE BA
MARBLE FLIIS THAOUGHOUT. MIRRORED DA 7% C.F. ASK $4.2 MM
HEALTH CLUB TERRACE
CONCIERIGE
DOWN DOORMAN VALET GARAGE. LOW TAXES +
|BKR/OWNER. MAINTENANCE. NR UN ALSO AVAIL FURNO $370,000 212-370-4581 FAX : 212-557-2952 ATTN: (818) 795-7066 G. MOONEY
CENTRAL OREGON, REDMOND RESTAURANT + LOUNGE $485,000 OLD STYLE SALOON TRADITION 7500 SQ. FT. WIPARKING LOT FINE DINING
DANCING LIVE MUSIC SOCIAL GAMING GREAT CASH FLOW (CPA STATEMENT AVAILABLE OWNER TERMS DY OWNER (503) 447-6239 FAX (503) 447-4724
OREGON COAST.U.S.A
NEAN COLUMBIA RIVER. APPROX 10,000 8.F. BLDG. ZONED
SERVICE RV PARK
I ACRE
(SAN MARTIN,CALIF USA
--DC PRESS-- CH, P.O. Box 333, (SANTA ANA 6150, COSTA RICA.
INVESTORS NEEDED FOR THEME HARRISON NEW YORK
NEW VICTORIAN ON 1 ACRE LOT PARK
BEAUTIFULLY RENOVATED FRENCH]
VIEW OF THE VALLEY, HOT TUB, TO BE BUILT IN BOOMING LAS PROVINCIAL ON WESTCHESTER GOLF
CLUB GROUNDS PRICED AT $1,950,000; VEGAS,NV.MIN. TOTAL $7 MILLION GENGION MANSION,11000 SO,
|WINE CELLAR+ MORE,4,800 SO
FT.4 BD.4 1/2 BA. $1,090,000
CALL NOW AND ASK FOR NICK (408) 683-4965 FAX: (408) 683-0488
NV-L.V.
IN EXCHANGE FOR EQUITY. PRIME FT. ON 5 1/2 ACHES. UD.. 12 BA 130
MINUTES TO NEW YORK LOCATION NEAR AIRPORT & STRIP
(STEVEN OPPENHEIM 1-301-869-9079 CITY $5,900,000 (914) 230-8065 OR (9141)
65 ACRES PARTIAL 288 LOTS 42 X
FAX : 1-301-921-4194
USA FLORIDA PALM BEACH COMMERCIAL PROPERTY FOR SALE
238-3408
COMMERCIALLY IN PRIME VACATION AREA. FULL 100S ALSO 224 CONDO LOTS 16 TO Tremendous opportunity, uxcullunt location THE ACRE READY FOR IMMED, and income potential. Four stores, two 2 UNDER CONSTRUCTION, EXC INCOME W/2 APTS DEVEK, $5,820,000 ALL OR PART. Įbodroomi duployos, five i Brellicluncas. BEST HESTAURANT
FRONTING HWY 10t
WS YH, LEASE, LOT ON BUSY INTERSCOTION FOR MORE INFORMATION (702) Write KSJ Co., PO Box 146, Baldwin NJ
11510 916/546-5110 INFO, PHOTOS AVAIL. CALL 24 TIRS. 503-739-8664384-7575
OCEANFRONT COMMUNITY-PRIVATE HOME
FOR SALE BY OWNER
5 B.R., 2.6 Bathroom ocean block home with ocean views - large lot » 2 mlles from Atlantic City, N.J. U.S.A.,casios. US $385,000. Call or write: Thomas F. Pender, 400 28th St. Briganting, N.J. 08203 USA (600) 266-8455
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