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『迫,大受香港人 医新開設的越南集: 到有泰國菜館開 子洛克道的獲泰国
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泰國火鍋
1991 中學會考預習專欄
二明德出版社
MILL & DALE PRESS
Economic & Public Affair (20)
Consultation with the people
THE NEED FOR CONSULTATION"
Advisory boards and committees
The Hong Kong Government has developed, over many years, a huge network of advisory boards and committees on every subject of importance to government. Over 400 such boards and committees advise both the government as a whole and individual departments. In the Table below, you can see Some of the best-known advisory boards or committees.
M. T. Kwok
Fimction
Education & Manpower
Health & Wolfare
Whatever the system of government is, mutual trust is needed: between the The ma for government and the people. causes of distrust are injustice and bad:" administration, unpopular. government policies, the government's. failure to satisfy the people's needs, and a lack of understanding between the government and the people.
Security
Advisory board/committen
Board of Education Labour Advisory Board Environmental Pollution
Advisory Committee
Tung Wah Group of Hospitals
Advisory Board
Fight Crime Committee Action Committeo Against
Narcotics: Trade & Industry Textiles Advisory Board
: Transport:
Transport Advisory Committee
As well as government officials, about 5000 members of the public serve on the boards and committees, They are chosen for their specialist knowledge. (e.g. Jawyers, doctors, businessmen). or perhaps for their known interest in the (eg. district-board member's). New members are frequently included so that the boards keep active and up-to-date.
Distrust between the government and the people can be overcome if there are ways in which they can communicate with
other... -each
Such channels of communication
community ára particularly important in countries that do not have fully-representative government. They are particularly therefore, in Hong Kong
CONSULTATION IN HONG KONG
important,
There are many different ways of doing consultation in Hong Kong, both. Formal and informal. They range from. formal petitions to the Executive Council and questions raised in the. Legislative Council to informal complaints on radio phone-in programmes and demonstrations outside Government House. Between these two extremes, there is a wide variety of consultative bodies and consultative procedures for communication between the people and the government.
Advantages processing
1997中學會考預習專讚:
'MULE A DALE PRESS"
Computer (20)
of
K. Choy electronic data
1. The speed of processing is faster than that of manual data processing.
2. Human may feel tire after long timİZ. of work. However à computer can The continue its work without rest. accuracy is then increased.
3. The equipment and storage devices
are compact in size..
much easier.
Storage is
4. The updating of file is much easier.
5. Time-consuming and
expensive
clerical operations are reduced.
6. Sharing of file is possible through the installation of network system. It will reduce the storage of. redundant files.
7. Files may be transmitted through telephone lines easily. e.g. Fasimile (Fax) and Modem.
8. Prestige of the computer may be
increased through the use
computer.
Data
of
control in electronic data
processing
1. The input data must be carefully. controlled because the accuracy of Output depends on the input data. "Garbage In Garbage Out",
When the government is considering a new law or a new policy, it consults the relevant boards to discover the' effect that this law or policy would have on, for example, a particular The or social problem. industry members meet, usually in private, tor discuss the proposals and sometimes to suggest their own Improvements current policies. They then report back to the government. This ensures a thorough exchange of ideas long before any new proposals are put to the Executive Council. And this, in turn; helps to ensure that the proposals are in the best interests of the Hong Kon people.
2. There should be no
real-time contro
to
Kes during
3. Data control should so TheTude the
security of data.
of confidental
Chauthorize use data should
be
forbiple
4. Data coronaves a wide range of verificati and protection. It involved the following areas: (a) Data:
Input data by the user must be verified and validated.
(b) Programi
The updating Or processing must be error free. It test intensively before the actual application. (c) Heman:
Unauthorized access to the data in the computer system either per sope 15A or through telephone line should be detected and forbidden.
(d) Accidentia
Data or information should be protected and stored against fire, earthquake, electricity failure; computer ime etc. wered The data should casily.
Origination of errors
Errors may happen in the first steps in the data processing cycle. 1. Collection document):
data (source
At this stage, manual operation is used. Badly designed forms for collecting data and poor handwriting may result in error.
2. Preparation of data in the suitable.
kubider
28-MS)
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District administration
Was
The district administration system
provide desigried to
effective channels of communication between the central
the government. and
Vocal
an well as people, as
effective administration for every district in the territory.
District boards
The main function of the district boards is to advise the government on matters concerning the welfare of their. residents. The boards have no government members. Their advice, to
only the government
concerns the interests of the particular people or area they represent. The government, turn, consults them on important
·Community issues.
in
One way in which the board members can discover public opinion is through a meet-the-public scheme. Residents can make appointments to meet their board members in their local district office, to express their views on local issues and problems.
to by
Another way for the boards discover public. opinion 15 consulting officers of the rural Committees and mutual aid committees.
District management committees
The OMCS: are "composed entirely of government officials. They do not usually deal directly with the public, but they frequently act as a direct channel of communication between the. districts and the central government,
Imagine, for example, that a school, a district board about complains to noise from a nearby factory. The board: informs its DMC, and the DMC then informs the. relevant government: department:
for example, the Environmental Protection Department.
District offices
The district offices have provided direct assistance to local residents For many years.
日期星 日七十月二(一九九一)年十八國民中( 32 )
government information, and answer general enquiries about government services.
These centres are used often by the public. In 1987, the centres dealt with 16 million visits by people making enquiries and seeking assistance. Many people with problems first go to their district office and ask for advice about what to do.
we
Non-government bodies
have read, The government, as consults, a wide range of people before it introduces new laws and policies." It consults the specialist advisory boards.it uses. the district administration system to discover the views of local residents. On major issues, it publishes Green Papers..
The
government also regularly consults many non-government bodies. One of these non-government bodies is the Heung Yee Kuk. Others include the rural committees and urban community organizations, such as the mutual aid committees.
The Heung Yee Kuk
The Heung Yee Kuk (or Rural Consultative Council) is one of Hong Kong's oldest councils. Ever since the: 1920s, it has been the most important consultative body on New Territories affairs, and has provided the government with the opinions of the people living in the New Territories.
Rural committees
The Heung Yee Kuk represents the New Territories as a whole. The rural committees provide communication at a more local level between the people of the New Territories and the government.
The district ces operate meal aid committees then ED Public Entice Centices
forexame, administer
dist Advice Schame
Legal
medium and input of data to the processing system:
Typing is commonly used in these two stages. But the data may be misread
Typing errors or omitted. common especially typing a long list of data.
Data Control Methods
1. Verification of data:
(a) Data
Aid Committees and Owner's Corporations were, first formed in the.
are the range of tion mark. - It should freshould not be less than Me lower limit 0 and should
not be greater than upper limite
are
iii. Consistency TESLynk
are checked during transcription and preparation. Then it is verified and signed by the personnel involved by a Checklist.
Example:
The HKCEE applications: The Hong Kong Examination Authority will send a checklist to the school. The candidates have to verify the inputting data by themselves and sign.
(b) Data are proof read through the VDU before the processing stage. (c) Two operators are requested to same piece of data. type the The two versions are checked by a key verifying machine or
program.
2. Validation of data:
(a) Field checks:
progr
characteristics of the
checked by
and reposted
1. Character test:
valati
Checks for the, presence and the correct type of data, e.g. alphabetic or numeric,
are inputted correctly.
ii. Limit test:
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DO'S
Most data encountered should be within a certain limit,
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Two or more fated fields are checke
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rules.
(b) Check digit:
they consistency
Number input is always error prone. Check digit is the most. common method used to validate a number. The check digit is generated by a Mathematical formula defined arbitrary. The check digit then becpart of the number,
e.g. The H.K. identity card:
Alphabet
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Branch Check "Account number
Code digit Calculation of check digit: Calculate the check digit of the number 1379 when
the corresponding weights are 4, 7, 3, and the modulus is 8.
early 1950s. They were formed for a particular purpose so that residents could work together to improve the maintenance and security of the multi- storey buildings they lived in. The government promoted the formation of these urban committees, just as it had already promoted the formation of rural committees.
GREEN PAPERS, WHITE PAPERS
SO
Consultation with an advisory board or through formal representative channels is not always enough. Some issues are
and important
of such general interest that the government feels the need to approach everybody in. Hong Kong It does this by publishing a Green Paper on the subject, followed by a White Paper.
Green Papers
a
A Green Paper is an official statement of a government proposal or government study of a particular problem. The paper is published in the form of a booklet by the government, and the government invites the public to make comments on it by a certain date. ·
The whole aim of a Green Paper is for the government to obtain public comments and criticism before it makes final policy decisions.
A Green Paper may be published if the matter is:
of major importance.
of wide public interest
not urgent
a
some matter allowing choice of policy
White Papers
genuine
A White Paner is an official statement or the government's final plan.
Once the government has collected and assessed the public's comments and criticism on the contents of the Green Paper, it can amend and finalize its proposals. These are then published, usually within about six months, in the form of a White Paper.
Solution:- The number
Weights
Product
1.3 7.9 473-1
4 21:21 9
Sum of the products = 4+21+21+9
=55 Divide the sum by the modulus
8155
48
**7* (Remainder)
The check digit
Modulus Remainder
8
Remarks:
The check digit may be added anywhere in the number as defined,
e.g. At the end of the number
- 13791
At the beginning of the number
= 11379-
3. Program control:
(a) Structural programming and well
documentation
are highly recommended.
Therefore debugging of syntax, and logical errors are easy. (b) Intensive testing:
The processing program should be test before application. 'It should be tested by a ·wide variety of correct data, extreme data and incorrect data before. actual processing.
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